MODULE 6: COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

LESSON 1: Basics of Writing, Academic Research and Documented Essay in the

st
21 Century

BASICS OF WRITING

Writing – the process of using symbols to communicate thoughts and ideas in readable
form.

FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES OF WRITING

1. Expository writing – Expository writing’s main purpose is to explain. it is a

subject-oriented writing style in which authors focus on telling you about a given
topic or subject without voicing their personal opinions.

Key points in writing an Expository Essay

- Usually explains something in a process.

- It is often equipped with facts and figures.
- It is usually in a logical order and a sequence.

2. Descriptive writing – Descriptive writing’s main purpose is to describe. It is a

style of writing that focuses on describing a character, an event or a place in
great detail. It can be poetic when the author takes the time to very specific in his
or her descriptions.

Key points in writing a Descriptive Essay

- It is often poetic in nature.

- It describes places, people, events, situations, or locations in a highly detailed
manner.
- The author visualizes what he or she sees, hears, tastes, smells, and feels.
3. Persuasive writing – Persuasive writing’s main purpose is to convince. Unlike
expository writing, persuasive writing contains the opinion and the biases of the
author. To convince others to agree with the author’s point of view, persuasive
writing contains justifications and reasons. It is often used in letters of
complaint, advertisements or commercials, affiliate marketing pitches, cover
letters, and newspaper opinion and editorial pieces.

Key points in writing a Persuasive Essay

- Persuasive writing is equipped with reasons, arguments, and justifications.

- The author takes a stand and asks you to agree with his or her point of view.
- It is often asks for readers to do something about a situation (this is called a call
to action).

4. Narrative writing – Narrative writing’s main purpose is to tell a story. The author
will create different characters and tell you what happen to them (sometimes the
author writes from the point of view of one of the characters – this is known as
first person narration). Novels, short stories, novellas, poetry, and biographies
can all fall in the narrative writing style. Simply, narrative writing answers the
question: What happen then?

Key points in writing a Narrative Essay

- A person tells a story or event.

- Has characters and dialogue.
- Have definite and logical beginnings, intervals and endings.
Academic Writing

The label "academic" refers to a student's informed, scholarly, and insightful contribution
to ongoing discussions of relevant topics or issues. Thus, it is important to clear such
misconceptions about academic writing.

Specific and Clear Language

Academic writing should not sound pompous. Pompous language obscures meaning,
as given in this example:

Scintillate, scintillate, globule aurific

Fair would I fathom thy nature specific

Loftily perched in the ether capacious

Strongly resembling a gem carbonaceous

(Rocco & Hаtсhее 2011)

The highly technical and scientific words, for example, "carbonaceous gem" for
"diamond" hide the very simple meaning of the stanza, a paraphrase of the nursery
rhyme "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star."

Academic writing should not be difficult to read because academic knowledge is meant
to be shared with others. Besides, obscure and pompous prose is irritating.

● Specifically, one should write in the register or style of academic writing. This
means following the rules of Standard English or avoiding usages that are
considered ungrammatical or non-standard. This also means avoiding language
used in colloquial or conversation and informal contexts.
Table 1. Informal/Non-Standard vs. Formal/Standard Usages

Informal/Non-Standard Usages More Formal/Precise Equivalents

alright, alot, result to, discuss about, cope all right, a lot, result in, discuss, cope with
up with (non- standard, informal, or (acceptable usages in Standard written
unique to certain varieties of English) English)

can't, won't, I'll, she's, didn't cannot, will not, I will, she is, did
(conversational, speech-based not(spelled out as two words)
contractions)

ASAP. BTW, (acronyms that may not be as soon as possible, by the way (spelled
universally known) out)

lol, afk, #feels (informal Internet or text laugh out loud, away from keyboard, a
messaging language) wave of emotions (spelled out or
explained)

Other terms one should avoid or use with care are technical or specialized terms that
are specific to a professional discourse community.

● For instance, when lawyers converse with each other they use "legalese" such
as "bench trial" for a trial without a jury and the Latin reclusion perpetua for life
imprisonment.
At times, there may be a need to include some technical terms from the discipline or
area one is writing about. If this is the case, definitions of these terms should be
provided for readers unfamiliar with them. At other times, non-English terms may
appear in the paper for purposes of discussion, in which case, these should be
italicised or placed in quotation marks, as well as defined.

Quite importantly, Academic Writing is also characterized by bias-free language. A

student, scholar, or academic should be careful to use words and phrases that do not
discriminate against particular groups, whether in terms of race, gender, age, social
class, or disability.

A Balanced and Credible Voice

Besides using clear and specific language, academic writing should not be stiff or stilted
or somber in tone. The writer's voice need not disappear entirely, but this voice should
sound credible and, therefore, balanced, objective, and not overly emotional.

● In academic writing, this means doing away with emotive punctuation marks like
exclamation points, whether single (!) or multiple (!!!). and dramatic ellipses (...)
used as a way of trailing off.
● Emotions or emojis, which in the Internet speak and text messaging are meant to
convey facial expressions, do not have a place in academic writing.

The writer's personality and reactions are more subdued in an academic paper because
the focus of the reader should be on the subject of the paper. At times, whether to use
or avoid "I" becomes a matter of taste when either the professor or the course
discipline allows the use of personal pronouns in required papers. However, overuse of
expressions such as "I think," "I feel," or "I believe," may clutter the paper and may not
even be necessary.
Compare the following two sets of examples:

Cluttered writing:

I found the Dulaang UP play Haring Lear (King Lear) to be not just entertaining but also
insightful because I felt that the Tagalog translation effectively and humorously
conveyed the spirit of Shakespeare's original dysfunctional family. To a contemporary
Filipino audience.

Tighter writing:

The Dulaang UP play Haring Lear (King Lear) was not just entertaining but insightful
because the Tagalog translation effectively and humorously conveyed the spirit of
Shakespeare's original dysfunctional family to a contemporary Filipino audience.

Writer-focused:

Our group conducted a survey on 100 University of the Philippines freshmen to find out
their opinions on the new academic calendar.

On the subject:

A survey was conducted on 100 University of the Philippines freshmen to find out their
opinions on the new academic calendar.
DOCUMENTED ESSAY

- is a piece of writing in which you incorporate information facts, arguments,

opinions – taken from the writings of authorities in a particular field.

The Writer requires to:

1. Read and gather information from a variety of relevant sources on a chosen

topic.
2. Clearly acknowledge the supporting sources.
3. Add to scholarship by selecting, arranging, commenting on, or even debunking
the information from the sources.

Documented Essay vs. Standard Essay

- Documented essay requires concrete supporting information from relevant

sources while standard essay generally known facts and personal experience of
the writer are sufficient to support a thesis.
- Both a standard essay and documented essay consist of an introduction with an
explicitly stated central argument or thesis, three or more supporting paragraphs
and a conclusion.
- Moreover, in this type of essay, when these sources or any material quoted,
paraphrased, or summarized are mentioned, there is an explicit
acknowledgement or citation of these sources.
- Failure to properly cite a source result in plagiarism.

What is Plagiarism?

- Plagiarism is the wrongful appropriation, stealing and publication of another

authors language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions and the representation of
them as one’s own original work.
Telltale signs of plagiarism

1. Writing varies dramatically in tone and style

2. Highly unusual vocabulary
3. No clear topic, research question or argument
4. Missing references
5. Data or statistics that seems out of place

The Principles of Documentation

- American Psychological Association (APA) – emphasizes the author and the date
of a piece of work.
- Chicago – widely used in history and economics.
- Vancouver – used in medical and scientific papers.
- Modern Language Association (MLA) – most often applied by arts and
humanities.

Writing a Documented Essay

1. Pick a topic
2. Find sources
3. Outline and write
4. Document sources

References:

Chapter-3 - . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . - Chapter 3 The Documented Essay on a

Concept The previous - Studocu. (n.d.). Studocu.
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/western-visayas-college-of-science-and-technol
ogy/accounting/chapter-3/31921449

Four Types of Writing. (n.d.). Scribd.

https://www.scribd.com/doc/232295358/Four-Types-of-Writing
LESSON 2: Critical Thinking, Collaboration and Writing Process

1. Critical thinking = For the purposes of critical thinking you need to be able
to examine sources, arguments, theories and processes, and explain how they
work. Good analysis also involves examining, interpreting and explaining the
interaction of evidence, reasoning, assumptions, methodologies, claims and
arguments.
2. Collaboration = Communication and collaboration are vital and is foundational to
student learning and achievement. It allows the student to receive consistent
feedback that supports engagement, builds academic confidence, and steers
desired performance on tasks.
3. Writing process = A writing process describes a sequence of physical and
mental actions that people take as they produce any kind of text.

According to (DONALD M. MURRAY, 1972) PROPOSED THAT EDUCATOR SHOULD

"TEACH WRITING AS A PROCESS, NOT A PRODUCT.HE PROPOSED THAT
WRITING CONSISTS OF MORE THAN JUST DRAFTING A PAPER BUT RATHER AS
THREE STAGES THAT MURRAY CALLS, "PRE-WRITING, WRITING, AND
REWRITING"

According to (OLSON, 1999) AGREED TO THE IDEA OF MURRAY THAT THE

CONCEPTION OF WRITING AS A PROCESS HAS VERY IMPORTANT
IMPLICATIONS: "THAT WRITING ID FIRST AND FOREMOST A SOCIAL ACTIVITY;
THAT THE ACT OF WRITING CAN BE A MEANS OF LEARNING AND DISCOVERY

3 Stages of writing processs

A. Pre-writing Stage

1. Choosing the topic limiting = Before you choose your topic in a documented
essay, you must consider first doing brainstorming exercises and a preliminary
research to select of before you choose a topic.Once the topic has been chosen,
this should be limited based on the type of written output required.

Example:

General topic: The tingi tingi system (the practice of buying and selling by piece or
small amounts, e.g. one stick of cigarette versus a pack, a sachet of shampoo versus a
bottle)

Specific topic: The Cultural significance of the tingi-tingi system in the twenty first
century.
 2. Asking Research Question and Establishing the Significance of One's
Research.

The next helpful step is to barrage the specific topic with questions to come up with
the essay's main Research Question. Although it is helpful to begin with questions that
ask who, what, when, or where, these should be used as background research
questions.

For example, the answers to the questions listed here can be readily looked up.

● What does the "tingi-tingi system" mean? What is the nature of tingi?
● Who exactly practice this?
● When did this practice begin?
● Where is this practiced? In what context/s?

Questions that ask how and why are more likely to invite a deeper research and lead to
more interesting answers.

● Why is tingi-tingi system a prevalent practice in the Philippines?

● How did it develop? How was is practiced in the past? How is it practiced
today?

Finally, the student should pose a tougher question, the "so what?" question: Now that I
know all of these, so what? What makes my research socially or culturally significant?

● Brainstorming Research Questions: What cultural and social values as well as

realities, led to the practice of buying and selling by tingi? What impact does it
have on buyers and sellers? What larger implications does this have about life in
the Philippines and its socio-economic system, especially today?
● Main Research Question: Why is the continued use of the tingi-tingi system in
the twenty-first century Philipppines significant?

The "so what" question is the main research question. Another way to arrive at this
question is to begin by naming the topic, adding a reason for studying the topic, and
adding significance to the reason for studying the topic, as in the examples here.

● State your topic: I am studying tingi culture in the Philippines.

● Add a reason for studying it: I am studying tingi culture in the Philippines
because I want to find out what it reflects about the values of Filipinos.
● Add significance to this study: I am studying tingi culture in the Philippines
because I want to find out what it reflects about the values of Filipinos in order to
help my readers understand why there are larger implications of the practice in
the twenty-first century.
 ● RESEARCH QUESTION: Why is the continued use of the tingi-tingi system in
the twenty-first century Philippines significant?

3. Composing a Thesis Statement = This is the explicit statement of what will be the
paper's central idea, point, or argument, that is- the main assertion that will be
supported by the entire essay. It is also, essentially, the tentative answer to the
research question.

● Resarch Question: Why is the continued use of the tingi-tingi system in the
twenty-first century Philippines significant?
● Thesis Statement: The continued use of tingi-tingi system in the
twenty-first-century Philippines reflects a lack of change in the economic situation
of the Philippines, as those from the poorer sectors of society are forced due to
lack of available funds, to both buy small and think in the short term.

ACCORDING TO KIM AND MICHAEL FLACHMANN (2011) THE THESIS

STATEMENT IS A CONTRACT BETWEEN THE WRITER AND HIS/HER READERS.

4. Preparing the Writing Outline = An outline consists of three main section, THE
INTRODUCTION, THE DEVELOPMENT, and THE CONCLUSION.

FOR EXAMPLE:

1. Introduction: The tingi-tingi system

A. Interesting examples of buying by piece

B. Definition and origin of tingi and the tingi tingi system

C. Main idea: continued practice of tingi culture as a reflection of prevailing poverty

and thinking in the short-term

2. Development: The social and cultural implications of the tingi tingi system

A. Why it was practiced in the past

B. Why it continues to be practiced today

C. Buying small as equivalent to thinking small

3. Conclusion: Looking back and looking ahead

A. Recap of why the system has significant cultural implications

B. Final insight about the need to think in larger and longer terms
 5. Doing the Research and Finding Credible Sources = Writing is not only a
social activity but a collaborate one. Writing an academic essay means adding
one's voice to the conversation of other writers and scholars. To do this, a writer
needs to familiarize himself or herself with the conversation; in other words, a writer
must first do research and gather information from a wide variety of sources
available.

B. The Writing Stage = This is writing or "the act of producing a first draft," which
Donald Murray (1972) says is the "fastest" part of the writing process, taking up as 1%
of the writer's time. According to educators Murray Suid and Wanda Lincoln(1989),
writing or drafting is "like making a "sketch for painting: the painter doesn't worry about
getting all the lines perfect the first time"; similarly, the writer does not expect to get all
the words and information right in the first draft. Included in your draft that must already
have the complete parts of your text, is your careful selection of the transitions to ensure
a smooth flow of your thoughts.

C. The Rewriting Stage

THE REWRITING STAGE INVOLVES RESEARCHING, RETHINKING, REDESIGNING,

REWRITING, AND FINALLY, LINE-BY-LINE EDITING, THE DEMANDING AND
SATISFYING PROCESS OF MAKING EVERY WORD RIGHT (MURRAY 1972)

In this stage, the writer reviews the paper to see how it may be improved asking such
questions as:

● Is the title appropriate and effective?

● Is the first paragraph interesting and compelling? Is it related to the topic?
● Does the introduction include a clearly stated main idea?
● Does each paragraph support the essay's main idea?
● Are transitions and connections between ideas smooth and signaled clearly?
● What needs to be added, omitted, or reorganized?
● Does the conclusion flow naturally from the body of the essay?
● What should be edited in terms of grammar and mechanics?
● Have all sources been properly acknowledged via in-text citations and a
bibliographic list?
LESSON 3: Concepts of Social and Culture Significance

CONCEPT OF SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE

Society plays a vital role in shaping the lives of individuals and providing a framework
for their interactions, beliefs, and behaviors.

1. Influence Society
It affects our values—what we consider right and wrong.

2. Social Behavior
Describes how our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors respond to our social world,
including our tendencies to conform to others, follow social rules, and obey authority
figures.

3. Social Status
The honor or prestige attached to one's position in society.
 CONCEPTS OF CULTURE SIGNIFICANCE

The concept of culture as a way of life. The word “culture” comes from the Latin word
“cult,” which means “to till, cultivate, refine, and revere.” Culture is described as nurturing
or perfecting anything to the point where the finished product inspires awe and
reverence in the viewer. Culture is regarded as one of the indispensable aspects that
influence living conditions for all individuals, irrespective of caste, creed, race, religion,
ethnicity, occupation, educational qualifications, gender, age, and socio-economic
background.

Cultures are described as complex systems that consist of a body of information,

morality, laws, and customs, as well as any other skills and behaviors that individuals
must use to function as members of society. The traditional, historically derived, and
carefully chosen concepts, especially their alluring ideals, make up the culture’s
essential core. Culture is made up of implicit and explicit behavioral patterns that are
learned and passed down through symbols. These patterns, which include their
material, and manifestation in artifacts, make human communities unique.

TYPES OF CULTURE:
- Material Culture (tangible)
- Non-Material Culture (intangible)

1. CULTURE CAN BE LEARNED

Cultural systems result from past actions and the building blocks of present and future
activities. It refers to the collection of attitudes, norms, values, and beliefs that people
must consider and implement in their daily lives. One significance of culture is how it
sets one group of people apart from another.

a. Enculturation
● The process of learning our own culture.

b. Acculturation
● Learning from other cultures to accommodate desirable traits.

c. Deculturation
● The neglect or loss of particular cultural characteristics.
 2. CULTURE IS SHARED
People with a strong sense of culture know the best ways to interact with others. One
should interact with others nicely and decently when they are not being acknowledged.
Additionally, when people research a culture, they might come up with information about
the numerous jobs and activities that must be completed in an orderly fashion. These
factors are valued in some situations while they are not valued in others. Therefore, it is
thought to be essential to understand culture’s purpose and significance.
- Intergenerational sharing of culture

3. CULTURE AFFECTS BIOLOGY

Human beings are biological creatures. We are composed of blood and bones and
flesh. At the most basic level, our genes express themselves in physical characteristics,
affecting bodily aspects such as skin tone and eye color. Yet, human beings are much
more than our biology, and this is evident particularly in the way humans generate, and
live within, complex cultures.
- Humans are born to cultures that have values on beauty and body.
- They alter their bodies to fit into the psychological norms that are dictated by their
culture.
Examples:
❖ Mursi Tuke on Ethiopia
❖ Foot binding in China

4. CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE
People can learn about the importance and meaning of optimism through culture. They
realize that being optimistic will effectively help them recognize their weaknesses and
make adjustments.
- Culture is serve as a tool in a never ending environment

5. CULTURE IS MALADAPTIVE
When a culture threatens the existence of another group’s culture, it is considered
maladaptive. Cultural traits, patterns, and inventions deemed to be adaptive may
become maladaptive because it inflicts harm and damage on people.
- The culture we build can cause problems.
Example: Climate Change
- Instead of adapting to the environment, the culture adapts to the environment.

6. CULTURE CHANGES
- The gradual changes depend on the environment. As the environment evolve, we
humans constantly adapt to these changes. Creating a culture that enables us to live to the
current events.
HOW CAN WE LEARN A CULTURE?
- The outer shelves

Greetings are the outer shelters of cultures.

- To absorb behaviors and emotion (to belong)
- Enjoy the moment (the uncomfortable becomes comfortable)

How is it possible that a random stranger sits with us and is more comfortable than
those people were known for long enough?
● Personal Space

Culture
- culture is our mental program
- The good and bad behavior
- Welcomed and unwelcomed
- rituals & norms

Adopt your behavior in a certain Culture.

Types of Shelf in a Culture:
1. Inner Shelf Culture
- values, logic of socializing, and how we understand culture in a deeper way.

2. Outer Shelf Culture.

- Everything that we sees, hear, and speak (verbal & non-verbal)

● We try to find these musical instruments that will make people dance at their
tables.
● We find connections

"The lens through which your brain sees the world shapes your reality.”
- if you change the lens not only you perceive other people's behavior but you can
allow yourself to see the world in someone else's perspective.

See the culture not based on your perspective, but based on the means of culture in
their world.
REFERENCE

What is Cultural Significance | IGI Global. (n.d.).

https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/the-nature-and-scope-of-cultural-heritage-resource
s-management-in-south-africa/6422

THE STUDY OF FILIPINO SOCIETY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO PROGRAMS OF

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT on JSTOR. (n.d.). www.jstor.org.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43498112

H. (2013, June 7). The Concept of Cultural Significance - Heritage 21. Heritage 21.
https://www.heritage21.com.au/heritage-significance/the-concept-of-cultural-significanc/

(REPORTER: CARLO & CYRAH)

LESSON 4: Writing About Concepts
What is a Concept Paper?

A concept paper is often an overview of all the information associated with the project or
topic you have chosen. A concept paper outlines the purpose of the project, its
significance, and the methods and schedule for its execution.

Concept Paper has 3 different types and their uses

1.Academic Research concept papers

This is the most prevalent and widely recognized kind of concept paper. Students utilize
concept papers as a means of outlining potential research ideas for their academic
studies.

These concept papers are meant to assist students in developing all the details and
concepts associated with their subject matter in order to formulate a more focused
research question.

2.Advertising concept papers

The creative and concept teams at advertising and marketing agencies typically write
advertising concept papers.

The creative and concept teams can add to or develop ideas on the concept paper,
which also functions as a bulletin board.

This kind of concept paper often covers the following topics: the campaign's intended
audience; the campaign's strategy; the campaign's implementation methods; and the
campaign's expected advantages and effects on the business's sales, customer base,
and other areas.

3.Research grant concept papers

Academic and corporate settings are the most common settings for this kind of concept
paper.

A concept paper for a research grant must also persuade the organization or funding
source for providing funding.

A proposed budget and schedule for the entire project should be included in the paper.

Additionally, it must be able to convince the sponsoring organization or company of the

advantages of your research project, including increased sales, increased productivity,
or benefits for the general public.
What is the difference a Concept Paper and a Research Proposal?

A Concept Paper is the first things you do when starting a research project. Ideas as
well as relevant data about the research topic are gathered during this process in order
to formulate the research hypothesis. Therefore, the research proposal should always
come first in a concept paper.

A Research Proposal is a more detailed outline of a more developed research project.

Before beginning a research project, a researcher must complete this last step. A
research proposal is more detailed about how the entire research project will be carried
out, even though they both have similar components and structures.

How to write an effective Concept Paper?

1. Find a research topic you are interested in

When selecting a research topic, make sure it is something you are interested in
learning more about. If you're writing one for school, make sure it's still relevant to your
class's topic. Choosing a topic in which you are uninterested may cause you to lose
interest in your project later on, lowering the quality of the research you will do.
A research project can last months or even years, so it's critical that you never lose
interest in your subject.

Tips for finding your research topic

* Seek for motivation in all places. Go for a stroll outside, read a book, or use the
internet. Take in your surroundings and attempt to come up with ideas for everything
you see. When you ask yourself questions like "why is something the way it is" or "why
can't this be done instead of that," try to recall any previous questions you may have
had.
* Have a broad mind. Selecting a broad topic and working your way down should help if
you're having trouble coming up with a specific topic to base your research project on.

* Is it achievable? Many students make the error of selecting a subject that is

challenging to research in terms of available resources, information, and/or funding.
Make sure you take these factors into account before selecting a research topic. You'll
end up saving time, money, and effort by doing this.
* Be as detailed as you can. Choosing a research topic that is too broad is another
typical error made by students. As a result, they have to put in more work and waste
time on their research project. For instance, you could change the title to "The Impacts
of Cellphones on Academic Performance of College Students in Kolehiyo Ng Subic"
instead of "The Impacts of Cellphones on Students."
2. Think of research questions that you want to answer in your project
You need to develop research questions based on your project now that you have a
general understanding of the subject of your study project. The answers to these
queries will form the foundation of your project's objectives. Make sure these are
answerable and specific, just like your research topic.
Using the previous example as a guide, potential study questions might be:
* Do cellphones affect the performance of students academically?
* How does cellphones affect the academic performance of students in Kolehiyo Ng
Subic?
Formulate your research hypothesis You should include your hypothesis for each
research question after you have formulated the questions. A tentative solution to the
research problem is called a research hypothesis. Before beginning your research
project, you must be prepared to respond intelligently to the questions based on your
prior understanding of the subject. Based on the project's results, you will need to
confirm or refute these hypotheses after doing research and compiling all of the data
into the final research report

3. Plan out how you will achieve, analyze, and present your data
Make a plan for obtaining the information you will require for your study. Make a note of
the various analyses you will need to run on your data in order to obtain the desired
outcomes. Analyze the type of relationship that exists between the various research
variables.

Additionally, ensure that the readers of your concept paper can easily understand how
you have presented your data. Utilizing tables, charts, graphs, and other visual aids will
help you accomplish this.

There are 9 elements that will help you to generalize the structure of your
Concept Paper

1. Title
Your paper's title should be able to succinctly describe the main findings of your
investigation. Use straightforward language so that readers who only glance at the
research's title will understand its main points without having to read the complete
paper.

2. Introduction
The primary goal of your project should be stated in the introduction, which should also
provide the reader with some background information on the research topic. To
convince the reader that the research project is necessary, this section should also
include a brief summary of its advantages.
3. Purpose of the Study
Writing the Purpose of the Study in a way that persuades the reader that the issue or
knowledge gap that the research project seeks to fill must be addressed is important.
You must provide additional information in this section regarding the advantages and
worth of your project for the intended audience or audiences.

4. Preliminary Literature Review

Related papers and studies that will support and strengthen your research topic are
included in this section. In this section, examine the findings and approaches of earlier
research and address any knowledge gaps or issues that your project seeks to resolve.
You could also make an argument for the significance of your research using the data.
Make sure to use credible and pertinent sources when deciding which papers and
studies to include in the preliminary literature review. Academic journals, reputable news
sources, official websites, and other sources are examples of trustworthy sources.
Additionally, make a note of the paper authors because you will need to reference them
in the References section.

5. Objectives of the Study

Briefly describe the main goals that your research is attempting to accomplish. For the
reader as well as the researcher, the objectives ought to be able to suggest the direction
of the investigation. The objectives, like other parts of the paper, should be precise and
well-defined.

6. Research Questions and Hypotheses

In this section, compile the research questions and related research hypotheses that
you developed in the previous step.

7. Proposed Methodology
You should be able to guide the reader through the steps of how you plan to carry out
the research project in this section. Don't forget to specify the target population, the kind
of data that will be gathered, and the reason behind each step of the process.

8. Proposed Research Timeline

The duration of the entire process can vary greatly depending on the type of research
project you are working on. The most crucial thing is that you can outline a project
timeline that is both realistic and doable.

To ensure that the quality of your research is not compromised, make sure the amount
of time you allocate for each component of your study is neither excessive nor
insufficient.

9. References
Make sure you acknowledge the authors of all the sources you consulted for your paper.
You might have to follow your professor's instructions or the guidelines specific to your
field of study when it comes to citation style.
The Modern Language Association (MLA), the Chicago style, and the American
Psychological Association (APA) are the three primary citation styles.

The majority of papers written in the APA style are in the fields of education, psychology,
and science.

example of APA format:

Solumn, J. (2023, November 1). Explorations of genes. The New Yorker.
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/11/1/explorationsofgenes

References:
Raganit, Ruth. How To Write a Concept Paper for Academic Research: An Ultimate
Guide. FilipiKnow, 30 May, 2022,
https://filipiknow.net/how-to-write-a-concept-paper/#google_vignette
.

Betts, Jennifer. (2019, December 5). APA Reference Page Examples and Format
Guide. https://www.bibliography.com/apa/apa-reference-page-exa

(REPORTERS: JEANE MAE & MARIAN)