6 7. SHORT FORMULA (GYAN SUTRA) Ss Distance Formula: d= Yk, F Hy, -vaF Section Formula : xe MEM | y = MeN men mn Centroid, Incentre & Excentre: [Rite 1X Ys bo Yo (emcee ayytby26¥a | controls (S478 2) incense [ BEBO, SBA) %+DX, + OX —ays +bys+6Y> | a = a+ DYat OY Area of a Triangle: [4 aasce 3|x: Ye 4 x ve | Slope Formul: (Line Joining two points (x, y,) & (x, y.), m= 2% oy Condition of collinearity of three points: xyz Xs Ys Angle between two straight lines : tan@ pon Two Lines : ax + by + ¢=0 and a’x + b’y +c’ = O two lines t.parauelit = #5 parallelit oa # cyt 2. Distance between two parallel lines = |--*S2- jfa?b? 3 Perpendicular: If aa’ + bb’ = 0.10. 1. 12, NOE Apoint and line: 1. Distance between point and line = ~~ ya? +b’ ax j+by y+6 2. Reflection of a point about a line: — a?+b 2% _ YoY ___akysbyy te 3, Foot of the perpendicular from a point on the line is 4" > ath? Bisectors of the angles between two lines: %12¥*¢ ereo amb? an he, Condition of Concurrency zofthree straight lines axt by + 0,=0,1= 1,2,31582 bs & bs b, | A Pair of straight lines through origin: ax’+ 2hxy+ by*= 0 If is the acute angle between the pair of straight lines, then tan @ = CIRCLE Intercepts made by Circle x°+ y+ 2x + 21y + on the Axes: (a) 2\9"-€ on x-axis (b) 2yf-¢ ony -aixs Parametric Equations of a Circle: x=h+rcos®; y=k+rsin@ Tangent : (a) Slope form : y=mx+ a vismé (b) Point form : xx, + yy, = a or T=0 {c) Parametric form : x cos +y sinc Pair of Tangents from a Point: Ss, = 7° Length of a Tangent : Length of tangent is JS, Director Circle: x + y’= 2a fore + y= a? Chord of Contact: T= 0 2LR 4, Length of chord of contact VRE 2. Area of the triangle formed by the pair of the tangents & its chord of contactart | PR) 43, Tangent of the angle between the pair of tangents from (x,, y,) 4. Equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle PT, T, is: (x—x) (K* 0) *Y—¥,) #9 =0. Condition of orthogonality of Two Circles: 24,0,+ 24, Radical Axis : S,- $,=0 ie. 2(9,-9,) x+2(f,-f) y+ @,-¢) =0. Family of Circles: S, +k S,=0,S+KL=0. +e, PARABOLA Equation of standard parabola : y= 4ax, Vertex is (0, 0), focus is (a, 0), Directrix is x + a= 0 and Axis is y = 0 Length of the latus rectum = 4a, ends of the latus rectum are L(a, 2a) & L'(a, - 2a) Parametric Representation: x = at? & y = 2at Tangents to the Parabola y* = 4ax: 41, Slope form y= mx += (m #0) 2. Parametric form ty = x + at* 3.Point form T= 0 Normals to the parabola y? = 4ax : (x— x, at (%, y)) iy = mx— 2am — am? at (ams, ELLIPSE 2am); y + tx = 2at + at? at (at, 2at) Standard Equation : 2 yf ate where a> b&b? = a? (1~e%), Eccentricity: ¢ (0 a*m® + bt Tangents: Slope form: y= mx Ja?m®ib® , Point form xcose . ysing ab Parametric form:r 8. 2 3. 4 5. 25 pt 2p ax _b 0? Normals: Y 2 at b?, ax. sec by cosecd = (a? — bi), y = mx— bv?) 7 ye? bem? Director Circle: x’ + y?= a+ b* HYPERBOLA 2 2 ‘Standard Equation: standard equation of the hyperbola is > z Foci: S = (tae, 0) Directrices :x= + * Vertices :A=(+a,0) Latus Rectum (¢):¢= —~ = 2a (0-1) Conjugate Hyperbola are conjugate hyperbolas of each. Auxiliary Circle : x + y2= a Parametric Representation : x= a sec 0 & y= btan Position of A Point 'P' w.r.t. A Hyperbola : 1 >, =0r< 0 according asthe point (x, y,) lies Inside, on or outside the curve. Tangents : (i) Slope Form :y=mx+yi'w (i) Point Form: atthe point (x, y,) is Gi) Parametric Form ; “80-3100 Normals : wx by (a) atthe point P&, y,) is +" x Yl (b) atthe point P (a sec, btan 6) is att bes ater sec® ” and (+6? ho (6) Equation of normals in terms of its slope 'm' are y = mx + > e bm? Asymptotes : * + t =0 ad *X 0. Pair of asymptotes: a aRectangular Or Equilateral Hyperbola : xy = 2, eccentricity is /2 Vertices : (# 6) ; Foci (+ /2ex: v2c}. Directives :x+ y= V3 Latus Rectum (!) TASCA Parametric equation x = ct, y= cit, te R— {0} Equation of the tangent at P (x, y,) is a 28atP(His ie ty=2c. Equation of the normal at P(t) is xt®— yt = ¢(t*=1). Chord with a given middle point as (h, k) is kx + hy = 2hk. LIMIT OF FUNCTION Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as x > a when, Limit ¢a—hy = Umit ¢(a +n) = some finite value M (Left hand limit) (Right hand limit) Indeterminant Forms: 0X20, 69 ~ 09, 609, 08, and 1" Limit SiNx, = = Limit Limit @*=4 2 Limit £0(1+) ay x x oe x 1 Ut cape = Un 2 fog.a,a 0, Yine 22" ” ww tanx= x (wi) tay + (vi) sir n=) (n= ‘(n-2) ) forki asxsa=liM = gimtoo-naw Sandwich Theorem or Squeeze Play Theorem: =Himit hx then Limit oe se (x) = If £0) SG) Sho Vx & Limit Gx = METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION Differentiation of some elementary functions d : d a1 a . 4. gy) = ox 2 Bg (MDE 4 Gy 080) = Sng d a a 5. gy (Sin x) = cos x 6. 3 (cos x) =~ sin x 7. 5- (sec x) = seox tan x aa 5 a oe aa 2 8. gy (Cosec x) = ~ cosec x cot x ae WAN) = sect x 10. J (cot x) = ~ cosec? x Basic Theorems a Ve a a a (f 4.9) =f) 0%) 2. ay KFODD EK Gr FO) 3. Ge FOd. 04) = F00) a'00) + 060 FO) a (100 a atx) FO)- tog) x (90) > a P(x) 5. Sy MO) = (90) 9°) Derivative Of Inverse Trigonometric Functions. dsin'x 1 doos!x ax ine x for-1~a) < ff(xddx 0= nneo. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS ion: ax? + bx + aso ‘The expression b 4 a¢=D is called discriminant of quadratic equation,b Ia, are the roots, then (a) a+B=- 2 (b) a ‘A quadratic equation whose roots are « & B, is (Xa) (xB) =0 Le.x*-(a+B)x+ap =O Nature of Roots: Consider the quadratic equation, ax? + bx+¢=0 having o. fias its roots; | Fda D=0 Deo Roots are equala:= B =~ bi2a Roots are unequal a,b,cc R&D>0 a,b,.ce R&D<0 Roots are real Roots are imaginary «=p +ia, B= p—iq abc Qe abceQe Disa perfect square Disnot aperfect square = Roots are rational = Roots are irrational 1 Fo - M= 0-8 a=1,b,c¢ 18Diga perfect square woot are Ha Common Roots: Consider two quadratic equations a,x + b,x+ c, a,x +b,x46,=0 ()_ttwo quadratic equations have both roots commonythen 4 wi If only one root @ is common, then a =—1=2 “251 ba = 020) Range of Quadratic Expression f (x)= ax? +bx+c. Range in restricted domain: Given xe [x,, x] @ tLe fe, «thon, £6) [min {1(x,), 6x2) f, max {(4),6c2) fl } max {t(x,). 102) 2} © 1B ex xtten, 109 [9 thn). tea) -B5. Location of Roots: Let f(x) = ax + bx+ 0, where a> O&abce R () Conditions for both the roots of f(x) = 0 to be greater than a specified number'x,’ are bP ac 2 0; {(x,) > 0.& (-b/2a) > x, (Conditions for both the roots of f (x) = 0 to be smaller than a specified number ‘x,’ are be 4ac 20; {(x,) > 0.& (-b/2a) 0: F(x) > 0 & x, < (-b/2a) atd (i) Three numbers in A.P. can be taken as ad, a, a+ d; four numbers in A.P. can be taken as a~3d,a—d,a+d, a+3d; five numbers inA.P. are 2-24, ad, a, a+d, a+2d & sixterms in A.P. are a 5d, a-3d,a-d, atd,a+ 3d, a+ Sd etc, Gi) Sum of the terms of an A.P. equidistant from the beginning & end = sum of first & last term, Arithme! Mean (Mean or Average) (A.M.): If three terms are in A.P. then the middle term is called the A.M. between the other two, so if a, b, care in AP, DISAM. of a &. n—Arithmetic Means Between Two Numbers Ia, b are any two given numbers & a, Ay, Apion Ay Bare in A.P. then Ay, Ap... A, are the MAM:s between @&b.A,=a+b—¥ Aear2@ad.aseae SOO 3, A,=nAwhore Ais the single AM. between a& b Geometric Progression: a, ar, ar, a1, ar... is a GP. with a as the first term & r as common ratio. fer = art (Sum of the first n terms Le. S, via na, rat Gil) Sum of an infinite G.P. when |r| <1 isgivenby S., He)Geometric Means (Mean Proportional) (G.M.): Ifa, b, ¢> Oare in GP, bis the GM. between a & c, then b?= ac n-Geometric Means Between positive number a, b: If b are two given numbers & a, G,, G>, bare in GP. Then G,, G,, Gy,..., G, are nGM.s between a & b. G, = alba)", Gy = abla)". G, = a(bra)%"! Harmonic Mean (H.M.): 2ac If a,b, © are in H.P,, Bis the H.M, between a &c, then b= 14 HM. Hof ay, a, ais given by f= 2 Relat n between means : G=AH, AM.2GM.2HM. and AM.=GM.= HM. Important Results OY @+o)=S a2 Fv a ¥ ka=k¥ a, di) D k=nk; where kis a constant nad = (it) Qn+, (wD rete zeoe +n : a See oS Bee ateote cca aE (i) 2 Sa Fata oases. as) Sh _ BINOMIAL THEOREM ~ 1. Statement of Binomial theorem : ifa,bé RandnOand JA-B< 1. If mis an even integer, then (I+) (1 ~f) =k" Properties of OFC HC Ft C= 2 i)", ="C, +6. +1, =0 il) CFPC, FIC. EPC, FC HC, + "ners "yr Binomial Theorem For Negative Integer Or Fractional Indices M FC, eC, w (ersten eeee——“(“eertt z J 3! TT Tat PERMUTATION & COMBINNATION umber of permutations of n different things take at atime ia Peni 1) (0 Quatnaret) =a Circular Permutation ‘The number of circular permutations of n different things taken all ata time is; (a - 1)! nip, ae Selection : Number of combinations of n different things taken rat a tim ‘The number of permutations of 'n’ things, taken all ata time, when’p’ of them are similar & of one type, q of them are similar & of another type, ‘r of them are similar & of a third type & the remaining n= (p44 far allltferentis Sear Selection of one or more objects @ Number of ways in which atleast one object be selected out ofr distinct objects is 1C,4°C,#°0,+ +°0,=2'=1 (©) Number of ways in which atleast one object may be selected out of 'p' alike objects of one type 'q' alike objects of second type and 'r' alike of third type is FN @ecrt)—-1 () Number of ways in which atleast one object may be selected from 'n’ objects where ‘p' alike of one type 'q' alike of second type and 'r' alike of third type and rest n= (p+ q+) are different, is OF D|+N (HBr ~ Multinomial Theorem : Coefficient of x’ in expansion of (1~x)"= "0, (ne N) Let N= pt q? Fu. where p,q, fn. are distinet primes & a,b, c..... are natural numbers then {a) The total numbers of divisors of N including 1 & Nis = (a+ 1) (b+1) (c+ 1)(b) The sum of these divisors is = (B+ Pt Pa PHANG HG) (OH EPH HA, {c) Number of ways in which N can be resolved as a product of two factors is, Hern Nera. Nisnot apertet square Flas +r(e+9...01] Nis a perfect square (4) Number of ways in which a composite number N can be resolved into two factors which are relatively prime (or coprime) to each other is equal to 2 where n is the number of different prime factors in N. Dearrangement : Number of ways in which 'n’ letters can be put in n’ corresponding envelopes such that no letter goes to (tte ae Dr fi-te ttt correct envelope isn! t= 55 3." 35 gy PROBABILITY Classical (A priori) Definition of Probability : I¥an experiment results ina total of (m+ n) outcomes which are equally likely and mutually exclusive with one another and ifm’ outcomes are favorable to an event ‘A while ‘n' are unfavorable, then the probablity of occurrence of the event ‘A’ = P(A) = —™ = MAD m+n” mS) We say that odds in favour of A’ are m:n, wile odds against are nm PA) = = 1 = PA) Addition theorem of probability : P(AUB) = P(A) + P(@) - P(AT8) De Morgan's Laws: (a) (AU B)"= A'n Br (0) (ANB) = AUB Distributive Laws :(a) AU (B.C) = (AUB) O(AUC) (0) AN(BUC)= ANB)U(ANO) @ Por B or C) = P(A) + PIB) + P(C) ~ P(A. B) - PB. 0) ~ PIC NA) + PAB 0) P (at least two of A, B, C occur) = PB mC) + P(E MA) + P(A B) - 2P(AM BC) Pexactly two of A, B, C occur) = P(B..C) +P(C NA) + PAB) - 3P(ANB nC) Plexactly one of A, 8, C occur) P(A) + P(E) + P(C) ~ 2P(B AC) ~ 2P(C MA) = 2P(AB) + SPA BC) PNB) Pe) Conditional Probability : P(a/8) = Binomial Probability Theorem Ian experiment is such that the probability of success or failure does not change with trials, then the probability of getting exactly r success in 1 trials of an experiment is °C, p'q”-*, where ‘p'is the probability of a success and q is the probability of a failure. Note that p +.q= 4 Expectation : If a value M, is associated with a probability of p,. then the expectation is given by © pM, P(A) = ,PC6)).P(A/B,) Total Probability Theorem7 Bayes’ Theorem : I an event A can occur with one of the n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events B,, B,, ..., 8, and P@,).P(A/B,) the probabilities P(A/B,), P(A/B,) ... P(A/B,) are known, then P(G,/ A) = PB). P(A/B,) By Be Bron, y A ANB) UROB) LAMB) Ue UAB) P(A) = PAB) # PAB) # vue PAB) = 2 PAB) Binomial Probability Distribution : (Mean of any probability distribution of a random variable is given by : (Variance of a random variable is given by, o® = © (x,- wy. p= Ep, x?- ue The complex number system 2= a+ ib, then a~ ibis called congugate of z and is denoted by z Equality In Complex Number: z,=7, > Re(z,)=Re(2,) and 1, (2,) ln (22): Representation Of A Complex Number: Properties of arguments (@ —ara(z,z,) = argtz,) + ara(z,) + 2mn for some integer m. Gi) arg(e\z,)= arg (2) arg(z,) + 2mx for some integer m: il) arg (22) = 2arg(2) + 2x for some integer m. ()— arg@)=0 zis postive real number ™ — arg(z)=+n/2 <> zis purelyimaginary and 2 +0 Properties of conjugate @ l=1zI i) z= 42? Gi) M 7-m%=%-% M z= Ae Ww (i) 2, +P =, +2) GPR) = ley! + leak? + 2,2. + 2yzy win) @) =z () —Hw=f(2), then w =z) ~ arg(z) + arg(z) Rotation theorem 11(),Q(e) and Re) ate thos complex numbers and ZPQR-= 9, then | 22810. Demoivre’s Theorem : Case 1: If nis any integer then @ (6088 +i sin @)"= cos nB + isin n8 (608.8, + i sin 8.) (cos Bi sin @,) (C088, + i sin 83) (C08 83 + i sin 8) ....(C08 8, + isin 8,) 7 005 (By + 8, + 83 + sss Oy) #1 SIN (8, + 8) # 89+ se + OD 2kn+po ( 2kn+ pe) Case I: If p, qe Zand q #0 then (cos 8 + isin @)P° ae oi lee where k= 0,1,2,3,040=4 : Cube Root Of Unity : © The cube roots of unity are 4, E+ 13, == (@ _Heiisone ofthe imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 + @ + oF = 0. In general 1 + af a= 0; where Te I but is not the multiple of 3 Logarithm Of A Complex Quantity : Log, (0+iB)= + Log, (or* BA) + (tax un) where ne I. Geometrical Properties: Distance formula: [zy~ zal mzp+12, mn (1) amp(z) = @ is a ray emanating from the origin inclined at an angle © to the x-axis. Section formula: z (internal division, z = "22M (external division) @ _|z~al = |2-bl is the perpendicular bisector ofthe line joining a to b. @) The equation of a line joining z, & 2, is given by, z= z, +t (2,~7,) where t is a real parameter. (4) The equation of circle having centre z, & radius p is 225] = AMM 252, 2,2+ 2.2, —p* pgm tne torm 27+ E2407 +k=0,kis real, Centre is =o & radius = JOG — k Circle will be real ifo.c: — k =0. ©) If lz,-z,| + zz, = K> [z, ~z,| then locus of z is an ellipse whose focii are 2, & 2 © =p] Re 1,0. then locus of zis circle Mtl |2=2,|~|2~25] | =K< [2,25] then locus of 2 isa hyperbola, whose foci are 2,82, VECTORS Position Vector Of A Point: let © be a fixed origin, then the position vector of a point P is the vector OP. If a and b are position ‘vectors of two points A and B, then, AB = b-a = pv of B- pv of A.DISTANCE FORMULA : Distance between the two points A(a) and BiB) is Al na*mb Mid point of AB = 2~ SECTION FORMULA mn Scalar Product Of Two Vectors: 4.5 =|a|| 5| cos, where |a|,| 6 | are magnitude of @ and B respectively and @ is angle between @ and B a I * projection of 4 on B = Wa =ai+aj+ak&b =bi+bj+bkthend.b =a,b,+a,b,+ a,b, a a) 151" The angle g between & 6 isgiven by 5 ¢ ososn Oed1b +0640) Vector Product Of Two Vectors: sin® ii, where i isthe unit vector Hab are two vectors & @ is the angle between them then Axb Perpendicular to both &B such that , b & ii forms a right handed screw system. Geometrically|@ x b| = area of the parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are represented bya & b ixi 1b bj- kink i iain Wi=a,itajtak &B=b,i +0.) +0,k then axb=|a, ay ay by by by Axb=6 e a and are parallel (collinear) (a #0 , 6 ¥ 0)i.e.a-Kb , where Kis scalar, Unit vector perpendicular tothe plane of && Bis == 2%® laxd] If@,b & & are the pv's of 3 points A, B & C then the vector area of triangle ABC = i + ei] The prints 8 &C ae colinearit xB + Bd + 8x8 = a AA 1 ‘Area of any quadrilateral whose diagonal vectors are d, & d, is given by |a,xd (abyScalar Triple Product: ‘The scalar triple product of three vectors , b & & isdefined as: Axb.¢ = in cos Volume of tetrahyaron V6] Ina scalar triple product the position of dot & cross can be interchanged Le. 4. 6xd)=Gxb).8 OR [44] = (Bea) = (845) (xb) ie, [FbE lay a> a If d=aitajeak; b = b,itbjeb,k &6 =c,itc,j+c,k then[abé] =|b, b, b,| ©. es Ingeneral, fi =a,i ta,M+ai:b=b1 +d,M+d,i &T=qi +e,M+ cA then[abz]=lo, b, b,| [7m]; where? i & i arenon coplanar vectors. 13,58 are coplanarea!labB1= 0 4 ie Volume of tetrahedron OABC with O as origin & A(a), B(b) and C(C) be the vertices gare The positon vector of the centroid of a tetrahedron if the pv's of its vertices are, h, ¢ & d are given by Liasbeeedl a Vector Triple Product: i x(x )= @.Hb~@.He. @xb)xF=G.Hb- = @xb)xé # Ax (Hx oy ingeneral Reciprocal System Of Vectors: 10 a, B, 3 & FB ,@ are two sets of non coplanar vectors such that 4a’ =6.6' =<.é' = 1 then the two bxé éxa axb systems are called Reciprocal System of vectors, where a= b= £X (abl [abel label 3-DIMENSION Vector representation of a point : Position vector of point P (x, y,2) is xi + yj + zk Distance formula : V(%1~%)" +(¥1~Y2)" #122)", AB=|OB - OA| Distance of P from coordinate axes : PA=\y? +2*.imxp-+Xy_ Myp ny; mag +n2y Section Formula Mid point : x= 5 Direction Cosines And Direction Ratios (Direction cosines: Leto, B, be the angles which a directed line makes with the positive directions of the axes ofx, y and z respectively, then cos 0, cosB, cos 7 are called the direction cosines ofthe line. The direction cosines are usually denoted by (¢, m,n). Thus ¢ = cos a, m= 0s B, n= cos 7. (ii) Fm, nbe the direction cosines ofa line, then 12 + m?-+ n?= 4 (ii Direction ratios: Let a, b, c be proportional to the direction cosines £, m,n then a, b, ¢ are called the direction ratios (iv), m,n be the direction cosines and a,b, © be the direction ratlos of a vector, then b c t= I Vespa ab ac (vi) Ifthe coordinates P and Q are (x,,y,,2,) and (x, ¥5,2,) then the direction ratios of line PQ are, a x, DEY, and n= *1PQ) Angle Between Two Line Segments: [PQ] aja + bbe +eyC2 cos @ =| 2 fai +b? + c% faa ‘The line will be perpendicular if a,a, #b,b, + c,c, = 0, parallel i Project n of a line segment on a line HPO, Yu. 2) and QC, >, 2.) then the projection of PQ on a line having direction cosines f, m, nis ex — x) + my, —y) tml, —%)] Equation Of A Plane : General form: ax + by + cz + d= 0, where a, b, c are not all zero, abcde R (i) Normal form; ex + my +nz=p {ii) Plane through the point (x, y,,2,) "a (X—x) # (y-y,) #6 (2-2) =0 yy iii) Intercept Form: ~+¥ 0) pt Ane I(iv) Vector form: (7 a). 41 (¥) Any plane parallel to the given plane ax + by + cz +d=Ois ax+by +cz+2=0. Distance between ax + by + cz +d, = Oand ax+ by + cz+d,=0is= Sal ve? +b? (vi) Equation of a plane passing through a given point & parallel to the given vectors: 7 = G+26 +e (parametric form) where A & 1 are scalars. or ¥.(bx@) =4.(6x@) (non parametric form) APlane & A Point (Distance of the point (x’,y‘, 2’) from the plane ax + by + cz+ Cis given by (i) Length ofthe perpendicular froma point (@) to plane 7 fi = dis given by p=" (iii) Foot (x’, y’, 2’) Of perpendicular drawn from the point (x,, y,, 2,) to the plane (iv) To find image of a point w.rs. a plane: Let P (x,, yw 2) if given point and ax + by + €2 + d = Os given plane Let (x, y’,2) is the in (ax; ry, +025 +d) be apse 10. Angle Between Two Planes: i 5 image point. then *8t=¥ aa+bb'sc0" Vet oF Va? bP Ve cos 8 $ Planes are perpendicularif aa’ + bb’ + cc’ = O and planes are parallel if ‘The angle between the planes 7.8, =4,and F. ji, =, \sgiven by, cos@= = Planes are perpendicular if. iz = 0 & planes are parallel if fi, Lig, his. soalar 11. Angle Bisectors (The equations of the planes bisecting the angle between two given planes ax+by+oz+d,=Oandaxtby+oz+d,=Oare axthytentd, 2, axthyteetd, ya? +b; +e) ya +b} +312. 13, 14, (ii) Bisector of acute/obtuse angle: First make both the constant terms positive. Then a,a,+b,b,+0,0,>0 = origin lies on obtuse angle aa,+bb,+00,<0 = origin lies in acute angle Family of Planes ()Anyplane through the intersection of a,x+ by +¢,2+ axtbytoz+d,+haxtbytoz+d Baxtbytoz+d,=0is (i) The equation of plane passing through the intersection of the planes Fi ii, 1, IS. (9, + ila) =, + 2d, where 2is arbitrary scalar Area of triangle : From two vector js and AC, Then areaisgiven by 4 |ais xAC| Volume Of A Tetrahedron: Volume of a tetrahedron with vertices A(X, ¥,,2,), BCX» ¥o. 2), © Oy Yo XY hm X Ya ta 1 L 2) and Dix, ¥,.2,) is given DIVE Ix, ys zy I 1 n Of A Line (i) Astraight lines intersection of two planes. itis reprsented by two planes ax+by +c,2+d,=Oandaxtby+toz+d (i) Symmetric form: (ii) Vector equation: 7 = +25 (vi) Reduction of cartesion form of equation of a line to vector form & vice versa KEY] +z, E+ AQ] +d] + eK). (If Bisthe angle between tine + and the plane ax + by + cz +d=0, then sin A a¢+bm+en [erst act) (tambon? (ii) Vector form: If @ is the angle between a line; =(q +A) and; . =d then sin O=, Condition forperpendicularty “= "=" Gxq=0 it) Condition for perpendicularity — = B x oy ee a c (iv) Condition for parallel af+bm+cn=0 bei =03. Condition For A Line To Lie In A Plane XX) LYTM Lz (Cartesian form: Line = a Would ie ina plane ax + by +z +d=0, ifax, + by, #07, #d=08 al + bm+cn= (ii) Vector form: Line? = +46 would lie in the plane? = dit hii 4. Skew Lines: aie (i) The straight lines which are not parallel and non-coplanar i.e, non-intersecting are called ana BB Y-¥ skew lines. IfA=| ¢ mn | #0, then ines are skew. com or (iii) Vector Form: For lines 7 = i, +i, and F =, + Ab, tobe skew (é, x 6). (iy ~ i) # 0 Ga) xb (iv) Shortest distance between tines in +ubis a 5. Sphere tab at General equation of a sphere is x’ + y' + 2° + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz+d=0. (-u, ~ v,—w) is the centre and Jara? wa isthe radius ofthe sphere SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE ' . of 1. Sine Rule: saa aE 2. Cosine Formula: () cos (i) cosB ii) cose ry 2ab 3. Projection Formula: (i) a = b cosC + c cosB (ii) b = ¢ cosA + a cosC (ill) c = a cosB + b cosA 4. Napier’s Analogy - tangent rule: A c cot > Gi) tan 5. Trigonometric Functions of Half Angles: a, (epee sind ae “ A_ [epeo_ 4 asbre (iy tan = FES seh meres= = 2S is sem’ perimete of tangle 2 2a WW) sinks \SG=wIE=DIE=O) = (ivy sin te ® ra1 6. Area of Triangle (A) : yS(s=a) (6b) (=e) 7. m-n Rule: a BD: DC=m-=n, then & (m+n) coto = meota~n cots =n cotB~ m core 8. Radius of Circumcirlc B a = c ooo 2sinA” 2sinB 2sinC 4 9. Radius of The Incircle : wee (ivr (eaten =(e-oyten? = @-oten’ taye=22E5 gon ganenarain’® snk sin 10. Radius of The Ex-Circles one (npg= ston: SEM = a0 AES. & soon (vie, =4R sin. cos cos 11. Length of Angle Bisectors, Medians & Altitudes : abe cos (9 Lengt ofan ange bisector om he angleA= B=; . - J (i) Lengtn af median fromthe angle A= m,= +2? #26" —a ‘ A 8 © & Gi Length of altitude from the angle A = 12. The Distances of The Special Points from Vertices and Sides of Triangl A (i) Circumcentre (0) : OA=R & O,= RosA (i) Incentre (): Ar cosec > & A (iii) Excentre (1,) 1, A= r,cosec (iv) Orthocentre : HA= 2R cos A& H, = 2R cos B cos C If ()— Centroid (@) Gi 13. Orthocentre and Pedal Triangle: ‘The triangle KLM which is formed by joining the feet of the altitudes is called the Pedal Triangle. (0 Its angles are x - 2A, x - 2B and x - 2.(ii) Its sides are a cosA = R sin 2A, bcos8 = R sin 2B and © cosC = R sin 20 (ii) Circumradii of the triangles PBC, PCA, PAB and ABC are equal. 14, Excentral Triangle: The triangle formed by joining the three excentres I, I, end I, of A ABC is called the excentral or excentric triangle. (SABC is the pedal triangle of the 41,1, An Barc x ji) Itsangles are © at “ ales are 5 855 A b c Gi) Mis sides are 4R cos. 4 Rosy 84 R cos A B c (12 4Rsin 11s 4Rsing 11-4 R sins (0 Incentre Iof ABC isthe orthocentfe ofthe excentral_ 1.1 15. Distance Between Special Points : (0 Distance between circumeentre and orthocentre R® (1-8 cosA cos B cos C) Al Bo C. (1=8sin 5 sin 5 sin 5) =RE-2Rr (i) Distance between circumeentre and incentre 1 i) Distance between eireumcentre and centroid OG'= R= gate b+ 0) Principal Values & Domains of Inverse Trigonometric/Circular Functions: Funetion Domain Range @ y=sin’x where -1sx<1 Esysk w cos*x where tsxst qi) y= tan*x where xeR wy osec'x where xS-torxet o =sec'x where xs-torx2t (y= cot*x where xeR P-2 @ — sin“(sinxy (i) eos (cos x)2 iy tanttanxy =x, Pex ct @™ — cot"(cotxy= x; O 4 0) costxs cosy =dfafayaviee =F], xe 0 yyi-# (i) tax + tary = tan x>Qy>O8xy<1 Li x>O.y>O&xy>1 =F. x>0,y> 08x91 = nt tan! 0 2 © sintx—sinty = sin] xy) @ — costx~ costy = cos xy + Vt= x ii) tax tanty = tan n-2sin"x if x>t 0 sio( (e+ 2si-tx) it weeny tion Ost oe tax if [xjet pee a) pedtante. it nent ua —(e-2tanx) if x>4tax if [x|st rm 2tan'x if x>4 fe+2atan'x) if x<—1 NOTE: 0 ttan xe tan'y #tan'z=niten «+ y #22 (tanta etany stan'z = ten ay ye zn 1 1 124tan'3= Patent nee tan *1#tan 2+ tan '3= 5 tant stand stan 5 = 2