Volcanostratigraphy Study of Way Ratai Geothermal Prospect in Pesawaran Regency, Lampung Province

ITB International Geothermal Workshop 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1014 (2022) 012005 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1014/1/012005
Volcanostratigraphy Study of Way Ratai Geothermal

Prospect in Pesawaran Regency, Lampung Province
M. Arif Al-Hassan1 and Mochamad Iqbal2

1
Department of Geology, Sumatera Institute of Technology (ITERA)
2
Petrology, Volcanology, and Geothermal Research Group, Geological Engineering,
Sumatera Institute of Technology (ITERA), Jl. Terusan Ryacudu, Way Huwi, South
Lampung, Indonesia
Email: marif.15117042@student.itera.ac.id
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0226-7756
Abstract. Way Ratai geothermal area is volcanogenic geothermal system located in Pesawaran
Regency, Lampung Province, Indonesia. The presence of the geothermal system in this area is
indicated by the distribution of geothermal manifestations such as hot pools and hydrothermal
alteration. Understanding the geological setting of this area plays an important role in
considering the prospect of geothermal resources. This paper aims to determine the prospect of
the geothermal area by investigating the relationship between volcanic units, geological
structures, and geothermal systems in the Way Ratai. The study was conducted with remote
sensing analysis and volcanostratigraphy study to interpret the stress regime, the permeability
zone analyzed by the lineament density, the lithological unit, and the dimension of the
volcanoes. Three groups of structural lineaments are identified from remote sensing analysis:
NW-SE trend, NNE-SSW trend, and circular feature. Mount Ratai Volcanic Crown consists of
19 lithological units such as lava dome, lava flow, pyroclastic products, and surface deposit.
The estimation of the volcanic product dimension is about 55 km3 that widespread radially
which indicates the presence of a significant heat source beneath the surface. The volcanic
activities occurred during the Pleistocene to Holocene with andesitic composition. Based on
the lineament density extraction, the prospect area located on the southern flank of Mount
Ratai has good permeability. Lineament maps that are overlaid by volcanic rock distribution
maps will result in the relationship between the volcanostratigraphy units and the geological
structure pattern of the area. From this study, the characteristics of the area show that this area
has a good geothermal prospect to be developed and needs further investigation.
1. Introduction
Sumatra is one of the largest islands in Indonesia, located at the boundary of the subduction of the
Indian Ocean Plate and the Eurasian Continental Plate. Since the Tertiary to the Quaternary period, the
subduction process has been going on with a relatively gentle subduction angle [1][2]. These
circumstances have formed a magmatic arc in the westernmost part of Sumatra Island and have
significant geothermal potential. There are at least 30 high-temperature geothermal prospects
associated with Quaternary volcanoes. One of them is Way Ratai geothermal prospect [3].
This study aims to determine the prospect of the Way Ratai Geothermal area regarding the
distribution and volume of the volcanic products and its relation to the geological structure in the
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prospect area. The study area is located in Pesawaran Regency, Lampung Province, on the west side of
Bandar Lampung City (Figure 1). This area has two central volcanic cones, namely Mount Ratai and
Mount Betung. The geothermal manifestations are hot pools scattered in the southern part of the study
area, precisely in Way Ratai and its surroundings.
Understanding the volcanostratigraphy in Way Ratai geothermal prospect is essential. It will help
to find out the relation of the geothermal system with the volcanic activity. Thus, delineating the
volcanostratigraphy unit will assist in estimating the potential heat energy and interpreting the location
of the heat source of the geothermal system. Furthermore, this study also can help to determine which
areas need to be studied for further development.
Lampung Bay
Semangko Bay
Figure 1. Map location of study area.
2. Geological Setting
2.1. Morphology
Generally, the morphology of the study area is a composite stratovolcano with two prominent volcanic
cones, namely Mount Ratai and Mount Betung. Circular features in this area are visible on the peak of
each volcano, which is craters as the main eruption centers. In addition, a circular feature has eroded in
the southeastern part of the study area with a diameter of more than 5 km. It is thought to be the
remnant of an ancient caldera from Gebang Volcano that occurred at the Tertiary age. There is also a
row of hills located in the southwestern part of the study area, which extends in the northeast-
southwest direction following the body of Mount Ratai and Mount Betung lineament.
Two volcanic bodies are divided into six volcanic facies (Figure 2). The facies classification is
based on [4], which considers lithological association, topography, and geological structure. The
volcanic facies of Mount Ratai consist of central facies, proximal facies, medial facies, while Mount
Betung has central facies, proximal facies, and medial facies. The analysis of volcanic facies and
lithological aspects were identified using satellite imagery data. The central facies are located at the
mountain's peak forming volcanic craters and dominated by lava dome products. The proximal facies
2
is located at the upper slope dominated by lava flows. In contrast, the medial facies were located at the
lower slope and characterized by lithology in lahar and pyroclastic.
Figure 2. Identification map of Mount Ratai and surrounding area, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung
Province.
2.2. Rock Formation and Structural Geology

According to [5], the study area is comprised of several rock formations from old to young,
respectively: Gunung Kasih Complex (Pzg), Paleozoic, which consists of metamorphic rocks,
especially schist and gneiss; Menanga Formation (Km), Early Cretaceous, consists of alternating shale
and claystone with basalt, intercalations of chert and lenses of limestone; Tarahan Formation (Tpot),
Paleogene, consists of welded tuff and breccia with intercalations of chert; Shabu Formation (Tpos),
Paleogene, consists of alternating conglomerate breccias with sandstones; Hulusimpang Formation
(Tomh), Late Paleogene, consists of andesitic-basaltic lava, tuff and volcanic breccia with lenses of
limestone. However, the study area is primarily covered by Quaternary Volcanic Deposits of Mount
3
Ratai and Mount Betung (Qhvr and Qhvb), which consist of andesitic-basaltic lava, breccia, and tuff.
As the youngest unit, Unconsolidated alluvium is located in the southeastern part of the research area,
consisting of sediment of various sizes.
The research area's geological structure is composed of several faults and lineaments that extend
northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest [6]. In addition, two craters can be seen on top of Mount
Ratai and Mount Betung, also the old caldera feature of Gebang Volcano on the east side of Mount
Ratai (Figure 2). The craters can be defined by the circular depression that is shown on DEMNas
satellite imagery with hill shading and artificial illumination process.
3. Methods
Methods used in this study are volcanostratigraphy analysis and remote sensing analysis using primary
and secondary data. The primary data is a digital elevation model national (DEMNas) with a spatial
resolution of 0.27 arcsecond or around 8.1 meters, downloaded from the page
http://tides.big.go.id/DEMNAS/. Meanwhile, secondary data regarding magma evolution and the age
of the volcanism are obtained from the previous study. Volcanostratigraphy and remote sensing
analyses are effective methods to review the geothermal prospect of an area in the early stage of the
exploration before conducting the field study [7][8]. The analytical methods are explained below,
respectively:
3.1. Volcanostratigraphy Analysis

Volcanostratigraphy is a study of volcanoes that specifically describes the spatial and temporal
relationships between volcanic products and divides them into specific units [9][10].
Volcanostratigraphy in this study follows the concept of geothermal exploration based on [11] to
determine the prospect of the Way Ratai geothermal prospect, as shown in Figure 3.
At this stage, several volcanic parameters of Mount Ratai and Mount Betung need to be known.
First, delineation of volcanic products was carried out referring to research conducted by [6]. Then, it
is compiled into a geological map of the volcano and its stratigraphic column (Figure 4). Next, the
total volume of a volcano is calculated automatically using Global Mapper 20 software with the
command: pile volume calculation. The degree of magmatic evolution and the volcano's age is known
based on regional geological mapping report by [5]. While the stress regime and vent distribution are
known based on remote sensing analysis using DEMNAS data and topographic maps.
3.2. Remote Sensing Analysis

In geothermal exploration, remote sensing is used to identify structural features such as circular and
linear features that are determined as permeable zones. In this study, volcanostratigraphy and remote
sensing analyses are strongly intertwined. In conducting volcanostratigraphy analysis, remote sensing
becomes a tool to simplify the analytical process since the regional conditions of an area can be seen
clearly in remote sensing. Apart from assisting in the volcanostratigraphy analysis, this research also
analyzed the geological structure based on the lineament density. Lineament is defined as a linear
geological feature with different origins, ages, depths, and scales. It is generally associated with
permeable zones such as faults and fractures [12].
The lineament extraction process was conducted using DEMNas as the input data and then
processed using the Geomatica 2015, namely the librarian algorithm - lineament extraction function.
According to [13], the lineament extraction result using the lineament extraction function at
Geomatica 2015 has provided valid results considering the geological conditions. The result of
lineament extraction was then used to interpret the stress regime in the study area by overlaying the
lineament map with the geological map of the study area.
In addition, a lineament map was also used to generate the lineament density map using ArcGIS
10.4 utilize density map tool. The density map is then used to interpret and predict the area that has a
high permeability. The final step in determining the prospect area is to overlay all of the maps that
have been evaluated, resulting in a final compilation map.
4
Figure 3. Flow chart of geothermal exploration [11].
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Volcanostratigraphy
Volcanostratigraphy of the Way Ratai Geothermal Prospect Area (Figure 2), generally, is composed of
four topographic landforms, respectively: Mount Ratai and Mount Betung with each crater at the peak,
a caldera formation with a diameter more than 5 km called Gebang Caldera, and the ridge area which
is part of the Banjarmeger volcanic products. It is estimated that relatively the younger eruption
centers are in the Mount Ratai and Mount Betung landforms with the dimension of craters,
respectively 2.7 km and 2.2 km. The relative chronology of two volcanic cones is known based on the
cross-cutting relationship of volcanic products. From satellite imagery it can be seen that the lava
product from Mount Ratai (RL-3) is partly covered by lava product from Mount Betung (BL-4), while
in the other side, the lava product from Mount Betung (BL-8) is covered by lava product from Mount
Ratai (RL-11) (Figure 4). It shows that these volcanoes are relatively active during the same period of
time. The volcanostratigraphy units show that the study area is in the Ratai-Betung Brigade that
composed of two crowns, namely Ratai Crown and Betung Crown. Each crowns have several flank
eruption centers delineated as a hummock unit. The lithological boundaries from each
volcanostratigraphy unit are delineated by considering the morphological aspects of volcanic products
in the form of lava and pyroclastic and refers to the geological map from [6].
5
Figure 4. Geological map of Way Ratai geothermal area (modified from [6]).
6
Ratai Crown is located in the middle of the study area, covering about 50% of the whole area. The
flow pattern of the river on Ratai Crown is generally radial towards the peak. The surface texture that
can be seen on the satellite imagery shows a coarse to fine texture that indicates volcanic product such
as lava and pyroclastic. Based on the classification of [14], the erosion stage in Ratai Crown shows the
adult stage which is characterized by the presence of river channel that has eroded and formed a very
deep valley. Ratai Crown predominantly consists of lava flows and partly pyroclastic flow and fall.
The volcanic products are divided into 19 lithological units, as can be seen in Figure 4. The results of
volcanostratigraphic identification shows that Ratai Crown has four parasitic cones delineated as
Miwang Hummock, Pesawaran Hummock, Ratai Hummock 1, and Ratai Hummock 2.
Betung Crown is located in the northeast of Ratai Crown and covers about 25% of the whole area.
The river's flow pattern at Ratai Crown is a radial pattern leading to the top of the crater. The surface
texture shows a coarse texture that indicates the level of erosion is at the mature stage. Compared to
the local geological map from [6], the eruption product from Betung Crown is dominated by lava
flows. It also has the parasitic cone located in the northeast towards the medial zone of Betung Crown.
Then, it is delineated as a hummock composed of lava.
Based on the identification of the volcanostratigraphy unit, each volcanic morphology remains a
good volcanic cone. Circular features and radial flow patterns in each volcano also indicate a
possibility of a magma chamber below the surface that stores sufficient heat energy and has the
potential to become a heat source in a geothermal system. Thus, it is supported by the presence of
manifestations in the form of hot pools scattered in the southern part of the Ratai Crown. These
manifestations are distributed at the proximal and medial zones of Ratai Crown, with the dominant
lithology being lava and lahar. Since the distribution of manifestations is more intense in the Ratai
Crown, the subsequent discussion of volcanostratigraphy is limited to the Ratai Crown.
Ratai Crown is a mountain with a 15 km diameter. The highest elevation is around 1,600 masl, and
the lowest is 0 masl at the medial zone near the Ratai Bay at the southern. The total volume of this
landform reaches ±55 km3. According to [11], the crowns with a volume of more than 50 km3 indicate
a large magma chamber and store potential heat energy as a heat source in the geothermal system. In
addition, the distribution of volcanic vents in Ratai Crown (Pesawaran Hummock, Miwang Hummock,
Ratai Hummock 1, Ratai Hummock 2) is widespread radially following the shape of the volcanic
cone. It also supported the presence of a heat source below the surface. Based on geological mapping
[5], magmatic evolution suggests that the volcanic rocks that formed the study area evolved from
mafic to andesitic composition. A lava dome product is also present on the peak of the Ratai Crown,
according to the geological map of Mount Ratai (Figure 4). The lava dome is usually formed by
dacitic to silicic composition [15]. The volcanic activity period has the relative age from the Late
Pleistocene to the Holocene. It means that the Ratai Crown was formed more than 10,000 years ago.
Based on its characteristics, the stage of Ratai Crown is sub-mature to mature and has the potential to
form a geothermal system.
4.2. Geological Structure Interpretation

Based on the lineament extraction, generally, there are two lineament patterns in the study area (Figure
5). Those two patterns form an angle that is relatively perpendicular to each other and interpreted as a
pair of synthetic and antithetic lineaments. The synthetic lineament pattern suggests the same direction
as the Great Sumatran Fault (GSF) trend. It indicates that the Great Sumatran Fault is controlling the
structures that developed in the study area.
The lineaments map then be processed using ArcGIS software into a lineament density map (Figure
6), and it shows that several areas have high-density values. A high-density value indicates the area
has a better permeability than an area with a lower-density value. Permeability is essential in a
geothermal field because geothermal fluids can circulate adequately, especially in catchment and
discharge areas.
The lineament density map shows a medium to a high value (0.31-3.41) on the fault zone.
Furthermore, most of the geothermal manifestations are scattered around the high-density value area.
7
However, geothermal manifestations in the research area are not always associated with high-density
areas and the fault zone. There are also some manifestations where located in low-density value areas.
It might happen if the volcanic products have already buried the permeability features such as faults or
fractures.
Figure 5. Rosette diagram of Way Ratai geothermal area.
The lineaments map overlaid with the volcanostratigraphic unit map shows the relationship
between the volcanostratigraphic units and the lineaments of the structures. For example, in Figure 7,
there are two structural patterns in four different landforms. The Gebang Caldera, which is relatively
older than the others, has a northwest-southeast direction. In Banjarmeger Volcanic, the lineament is
trending to northeast-southwest. Whereas in the other units, which are relatively the youngest, Mount
Ratai and Mount Betung, the patterns are relatively northwest-southeast following the straight line of
the Great Sumatran Fault. Based on this analysis, it is probable that the studied area experienced two
tectonic periods with opposing directions and produced lineaments with contradictory trends.
In younger landform units, Mount Ratai and Mount Betung, the existence of the structures may be
affected by the force forming of the Great Sumatran Fault. It is supported by the presence of
geological structures in the form of normal faults (Figure 6) with relatively trending northwest-
southeast (A, D, F, L, N, Z) and trending north-south to northeast-southwest (B, C, E, G, H, I, J, M).
The development of the normal faults that dominated in an area indicates the stress regime which
works in that area is an extensional regime [16].
The volcanic complex in the study area is a part of the southern domain of the Sumatran Volcanic
Arc [17]. [1] has made a synthesis model of the principal Quaternary volcano-tectonic of Sumatra,
including the southern part regions (Figure 8). The study area is located near the transtensional
segmentation of the Sumatran Fault and made up the releasing band to form the volcanism in this area.
This structural setting corresponds with the transtensional model (Figure 9) of the dextral strike-slip
fault by [16]. The extensional regime triggers the gravity mass load to form the normal faults in the
study area.
8
Figure 6. Lineament density map of Way Ratai geothermal area.
9
Figure 7. Lineament map of volcanostratigraphy unit on Way Ratai geothermal area.
10
Figure 8. Synthesis model of southern domain Sumatran Volcanic Arc (modified from [1]).
Figure 9. Transtensional stress regime model of the strike slip fault [16].
11
4.3. The Relation Between Volcanostratigraphy, Structural Geology, and Geothermal System of Way
Ratai
Based on the volcanostratigraphy analysis, the study area belongs to the Ratai-Betung Brigade unit.
This unit comprises two crowns and has intensive geothermal evidence in the surface where located in
the Ratai Crown, precisely on the southern side near the Miwang Hummock. The volcanic system on
the brigade unit implies a high intensity and long-lived volcanism [18]. This condition will affect the
formation of the geothermal system in volcanic settings. The volcanogenic geothermal system, has the
characteristic that the distribution of geothermal manifestations will be associated with young
stratovolcanoes [3]. The manifestations that scattered around the study area are hot pools with
temperatures 80-100oC and neutral pH (Figure 10). Then, the presence of the caldera on the study area
also will imply that the rock formation below the volcanostratigraphy units will has a good
permeability and potentially good to be the reservoir of this geothermal system.
[3] classified Ratai geothermal prospect area as a liquid-dominated system with high enthalpy. It
means that the reservoir of the system is dominated by liquid-phase fluids and the surface flow tends
to move laterally as an outflow zone caused by strong hydraulic gradients [19]. In liquid-dominated
geothermal and high-relief terrain systems, the upflow zone is generally located at the center of the
eruption. Therefore, it is predicted that the upflow zone of the Way Ratai Geothermal System is
located in the central facies of Ratai Crown. The main heat source on the system itself also interpreted
comes from Ratai Crown. The circulation of the thermal fluids flow by following the topography to
the south as an outflow zone in the medial facies of Ratai Crown. The fluids are flowing through a
permeable zone formed by fault N that trending relatively northwest-southeast and lineament that
trending north-south near fault N (Figure 6). Furthermore, it is supported by the research from [20]
using the geophysical method that mentioned the surface fluids are flowing from the north towards the
south.
12
STA-1 STA-1
STA-2 STA-3
Figure 10. Thermal manifestations in the form of hot pools in several locations.
Based on the regional structure analysis from remote sensing, Way Ratai geothermal system is
interpreted as formed in the transtentional zone of the Great Sumatran Fault. The driving forces caused
the depletion of the continental crust and became an ideal zone for magma flowing to the surface as
volcanic activity and formed Ratai Crown and Betung Crown. Way Ratai geothermal area is
dominated by volcanic products of Ratai Crown and its flank eruption in lava with an andesitic-
basaltic composition. According to [11], rocks with a basaltic composition are less potential for
geothermal development. However, [21] have a different hypothesis where the composition of the
basaltic magma will transmit a more significant amount of heat than the felsic magma. Therefore, the
geothermal system with this composition still has the potential to be developed. In addition, several
geothermal systems in the Sumatra Island that have similar conditions have also proven to produce
reliably, for example, in the Ulubelu geothermal field, which is still producing until now [22].
To find out the prospect area for further research, overlay on all maps generated from the previous
analysis is carried out to produce a prospect area map of Way Ratai geothermal area (Figure 11). By
considering the density value, structural geology, and the distribution of thermal manifestations, the
map of Way Ratai geothermal area shows that the further recommended prospect area is in the
southern part of Mount Ratai.
13
Figure 11. Prospect area map of Way Ratai geothermal area.
5. Conclusion
Based on the volcanostratigraphy and remote sensing analyses, the Way Ratai Geothermal Prospect is
located in the Ratai-Betung Brigade with a high intensity of volcanism. The thermal manifestations are
occurred on the medial facies of Ratai Crown in the form of hot pools with 80-100oC and neutral pH.
Ratai Crown has a big volume that indicates the presence of a large magma chamber and stores
potential heat energy as a source of heat for the geothermal system. The regional structure (Figure 8)
shows the lineament with trending northwest-southeast affected by the extensional regime of the
Sumatran Fault. This area also has a good permeability indicated by the high value of lineament
density, especially near some fault area. Based on this study, the Way Ratai Geothermal Area has a
good geothermal prospect to be developed and needs further investigation, especially on the southern
part of Mount Ratai.
14
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ITB International Geothermal Workshop 2021 IOP Publishing

Volcanostratigraphy Study of Way Ratai Geothermal

M. Arif Al-Hassan1 and Mochamad Iqbal2

Figure 1. Map location of study area.

2.2. Rock Formation and Structural Geology

3.1. Volcanostratigraphy Analysis

3.2. Remote Sensing Analysis

Figure 3. Flow chart of geothermal exploration [11].

4. Results and Discussion

4.2. Geological Structure Interpretation

Figure 5. Rosette diagram of Way Ratai geothermal area.

Figure 6. Lineament density map of Way Ratai geothermal area.

Figure 7. Lineament map of volcanostratigraphy unit on Way Ratai geothermal area.

Figure 11. Prospect area map of Way Ratai geothermal area.

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