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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    8 views36 pages

    Chapter 11

    Uploaded by

    Afshiya Anjum
    Chapter 11

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 36
    Linear Functions and Graphs ATM A Have you ever wondered how so many airplanes can fly in the sky without crashing into each other? The traffic in the air is controlled by air traffic controllers. Air traffic controllers must know the location of every airplane at any given time within specific geographical boundaries. Coordinates are assigned to each airplane in theair in order to describe its location. In this chapter, we will learn to: state the coordinates of a point ona two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system; plot the graph of a set of ordered pairsas a representation of a relationship betweer two variables; recognise a function; represent linear functions in various forms and draw linear graphs find the gradient and y-intercept of linear graphs: and solve problems involving linear functions ir real-world contexts @®) cartesian coorpinares a= coon sys When describing the position of a seat in a cinema Ce aod hall, we use a letter to. represent the row followed by 2 : cae number to represent the seat. For example, 004 refers + quadrants toseat number in row D. Using a similaridea,how | + ess pe would you describe the position of your seat inyour | 3 classroom? | * Soraonen Teen eet Re |e René Descartes (1596-1650), a French mathematician, aati came up with a system known as the Cartesian coordinate system to describe (Ne axe Positions of points and lines in a plane. We can construct a Cartesian coordinate system by placing two number lines perpendicular to each ather as shown in the diagram, PEXTRAINFO ‘One day, a5 René Dereare. was gazing atthe celine. yranis he saw a fly moving ont temade him wonder bow to describe the postion qr of the fy at any instant. Pla,b) Finally, he come up with * the dea of using two numbers in a coordinate system to describe the 2nd quadrant position ofa point. You can gather more information about René Descartes on the internet. 3rd quadrant ‘4th quadrant IGHT Cartesian coordinate system All points on the x-axis and the y-axis do not belong to The horizontal and vertical number lines are called the x-axis and the y-axis suet, respectively. The point of intersection of the two lines is the origin, denoted by the the letter ‘O° The axes divide the plane into four parts known as the first, second, a third and fourth quadrants, The plane thus formed is called the Cartesian plane, Far abuse x-y plane or rectangular coordinate plane. ordered par The order of a.nd bis important. When a # b the poies In the Cartesian plane, the position of any point P can be described by an representing (a2) and ordered pair (a, b) of real numbers. We calla the x-coordinateand b the y-coordinate | (b.a) are differere of P. The coordinates of the point P are (a, b). We can locate a point on a plane if we know its x- and y-coordinates. On each axis, we use the same length to represent 1 unit. For example, if unit on the x-axis is represented by 1cm and 1 unit on the y-axis is represented by 2cm, we say that the scale on the x-axis is 1cm to 1 unit and the scale on the y-axis is 2m to ‘unit. Note that the scales can be different on the two axes. 61 WORKED @ examuc 1 Gyviscuss 7 What dows the notation (0, 0) represent ina Cartesian plane? Inthe given Cartesian plane, the scale of both ti bj lun the x-axis and the y-axis is }cm (a) Write down the coordinates of the points A and B. (b) State the quadrants in which A and B lie. (c) Mark and label the points ¢(2, 3), 0(0, 2), €(-3, 0) and F(-1, -2) on the diagram, (a) y Fl-1,-2) By drawing dotted lines from point Athat are perpendicular to thex-axis and y-axis, the perpendiculars meet the x-axis and the y-axis at -2 and 1 respectively. :-the coordinates of A= (-2,1), Similarly, the coordinates of 8 =(1,-2). {b) Al-2, 1) lies in the second quadrant. B(1, -2) lies in the fourth quadrant. gyiscuss t ads ate Given thatais a positive (@) raw a dotted line perpendicular tothe x-axis at x=2 cues Draw a dotted line perpendicular to the y-axis at y= 3. oursbac, where ae the The point of intersection of the above lines is C(2, 3). points (a, 0) and (0, b) Similarly, we can plot the points D(0, 2), E(-3, 0) and F(-1,-2) asshown in _—‘eated? the diagram in (a). (a Tre crderin ach thecoordnats are writen nan ordered pac isimportant ee Inthe given Cartesian plane, the scale ofthe x-axis is tem tot unitand the scale of the y-axis is 1em to 5 units. {a) Write down the coordinates of the points A and B in the above diagram. (b) In which quadrant does each point lie? (c) Using the same scale, draw the Cartesian plane on a sheet of graph paper. Mark and label the points P(2, 4), Q(-3, -2), R(1, -10), S(0, -9) and T(-3,7). Let us play a game of Battleship that involves the use of Cartesian coordinates. @x=m Objective: To specify and plot points on a two-dimensional Cartes @ Prepare your mathematical ocean on a sheet of graph paper. tis a two-dimensional Cartesian plane where both the values of x and y range from -5 to 5. jan plane in a game of Battleship. © You are given four battleships. The names and dimensions of these battleships are as follows: Aircraft Carrier (denoted by AAAAA) Cruiser (denoted by CCC) ~Sunits by 0.4 units 4.units by 0.4 units Destroyer (denoted by DDD) ‘Submarine (denoted by SS) ~3units by 0.4 units ~~ 2units by 0.4 units Place these battleships randomly on your ocean with the following conditions. + The ships must be either in a horizontal or vertical position. ‘+ The ships cannot overtap one another. ‘An example is shown below, Keep track ofall the missiles fred Fired to opponent Fired at me Coordinates Hit__[ Miss Coordinates: Hit x) fi ) (ony ) y ) ) y @ Play the game with a classmate. You and your classmate will take turns to fire missiles by calling out ordered pairs. If your opponent calls out an ordered pair on which your battleships are located, the missile is a hit. For example, given the battleships’ locations shown in the diagram, the ordered pair (2, 1) hits the submarine while (2, 3) is a miss, The result of every missile fired at you must be made known to your opponent. You can use the table in the example to keep track of all the missiles fired. © A ship will sink if all the pairs of integer coordinates of the ship are hit, The first person who sinks all the battleships of their opponent is the winner. In Activity 1, the coordinates (a, b) are such that a refers to a point on the horizontal axis while b refers to a is. Reading the coordinates in the reverse order will result in a different location. point on the vertical 83 @ Bink PRACTICE 11 this @xETTISe, Use a scale of Lem to Tunit on both axes when drawing a Cartesian plane, unless stated otherwise. (mascwastemy) @ (2) Write down the coordinates of the points A to Jin the given diagram. {b) Which points are in the first quadrant? (€)_ Which points are jn the fourth quadrant? {d) Which points are on the y-axis? © Write down the x-coordinate of each point. (a) A3,-2) (Bb) B-2,7) fe) CE-1,4)—(d) (0,0) © Write down the y-coordinate of each poi (a) P(4,-5)—(b) Q(3,2) (e) (6,7) (d) S(9,0) © Use a sheet of graph paper to draw a Cartesian plane for -60 or m <0? What about c? y (b) Ifm<0 andc <0, drawa possible graph of y=mx+c. yom (€) Identify the points where the line intersects the x-axis and the y-axis. What are the coordinates of these points in terms of m and c? | WORKED. EXAMPLE The diagram shows a straight line y= mx +c. (a) State the coordinates of the point A. Hence write down the value of c. (b) Find the value of m. Hence write down the equation of the straight line. ) (€) Does the point (0.5, 3) lie on the line AB? Explain your answer. The linear graph y= mx +chas a negative gradient m and a positive y-intercept c. Eerie (a) Coordinates of A are (0,4). Hence c=4, (b) Coordinates of B are (2, 0). Gradient of AB = eee chang Horizontal change Hence m =-2. The equation of the line is (c) Substitute x= 0.5 into the equation, Since x= 0.5 and y=3 satisfy the equation y=-2x + 4, the point (0.5, 3) lies on the line AB. =z Think of another method using the diagram to solve Worked Example 9(c). Which method do you prefer? Why? ‘ait CHOYTO H euumened 5 vourseur 9 The dlagran shows 9 straiuht line yemuse (a) Find the values of m and Hence write down the equation of the straight line, (b) Does the point (0.4, ~4) lie on the {ine AB? Explain your anvewer, 0 Real-life Applications of Linear Functions ‘Objective: To Identify what the y-intercept and gradient of a linear graph represents, ‘Acar drives along a straight road that passes through a city . Its distance, y km, from city P at time x hours is given by the function y = 50x+20ford

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