Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma

LIGHTING
G G

Light is a part of the electromagnetic

energy spectrum. Video &
Photography both use light,
Photography, light reflected
from subject to create images.
Therefore light is a key element.
element

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma

 In a Photo-graphy or Video-graphy
Lighting means to control light and
shadows for three principal reasons:
(1) to help the television camera see well,
well
that is, produce technically optimal
p
pictures;
;
(2) to help the viewer see well—to
recognize what things and people look
like and where they are in relation to
one another and to their immediate
environment;
((3)) to establish for the viewer a specific
p
mood that helps intensify the feeling
about the event. Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Visuall artists
Vi ti t refer
f t lighting
to li hti as
painting with light.
 A lighting director or director of
Photography can use lights just as
effectively and expressively as any
painter uses color pigments to evoke
a specific mood or visual
impression.

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma

 Lighting
g g
The five important considerations are
keep in mind during the shooting:
•Intensity
•Direction
•Level
•Color
•Contrast range and color temperature.

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma

 Lighting
g g cont….
Intensity- Intensity refers to the relative
strength of the light. This varies
according to the output of the light
source and the distance from the
source.

The light’s intensity (brightness) affects

exposure.

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma

 Lighting
g g cont….
Direction- Where there is a single g
source, the direction is clearly
defined. Where there are multiple p
sources, or the light is diffused as on
a cloudy y day,
y the direction is less
evident or totally absent.

The direction of the light has an effect

on the appearance of the subject.
subject
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Lighting
g g cont….
Level-
Li hti
Lighting l
levels
l f
for t l i i
television are
generally set by adjusting the incident
li ht or the
light, th light
li ht striking
t iki the
th subject.
bj t

• The
Th unit it off measure for
f incident
i id t light
li ht
is the foot candle, which is the amount
off light
li ht produced
d d by
b a standard
t d d candle
dl
at a distance of one foot.

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma

 Lighting
g g cont….
•To measure the useful incident light for
television
television, the meter is held near the
subject and pointed toward the camera.

A light s quality refers to whether it is

light’s
concentrated “hard” shadow , forming
light or diffused “soft”
soft shadowless
illumination.
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Lighting
g g cont….
Color Light varies in color depending
Color-
upon its source and the substances
through which it passes.
Natural sunlight has a different color-
mix from incandescent lighting or
electronic flash, and the color of
sunlight itself varies depending upon
atmospheric conditions and the time of
day.

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma

 Lighting
g g cont….
Contrast- Contrast ratio is the difference
between the brightest and the darkest
spots in the picture.
D D
•The brightest spot is called the reference
white as it determines the “white level”
•The area reflecting the least amount of
light is the reference black, which
d
determines
i the
h black
bl k level.
l l
•The reference white should not reflect
more than
th f t
forty or fifty
fift ti
times th
the
reference black. Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Lighting
g g cont….
Color Temperature-
Every source of light has a
characteristic color. This color is
related to its "temperature."
temperature.
Lower color temperatures tend to be
red or orange while higher
temperatures tend to be green or blue.
Color temperatures are measured in
degrees Kelvin.
The light
light’s
s color temperature refers to
its overall color quality.
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Lighting
g g cont….
The Kelvin Scale- Measures the relative
Reddishness or bluishness of light
Kelvin Scale
20,000 K Outdoor light on a stormy day

15,000 K Outdoor light on a cloudy Day

5600 K Outdoor light on a beautiful sunny day (Approx)

3200 K Studio lighting (Quartz/Halogen light fixtures)

2800 K Fluorescent lighting fixture

2200 K Incandescent Light fixture

1200 K Candle light

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Television Lighting
g g cont….

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Types of Lights
In a television or film production, types
of lights is a based on their source,
nature and uses.
 On the basis of source there are two
yp of lights
types g i.e. natural & artificial.
 On the basis of nature is categories in
a d & So
Hard Softt lights.
g ts
Types of lights used in television
studios are mainly three types: Spot, Spot
Broad & Flood.
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Hard Light
Hard light
g is transmitted directly y from
a small point source and it gives the
light
g a hard,, crisp,
p, sharply
p y defined
appearance.
• Hard light
g casts a sharp,p, clearly
y
defined shadow.
yp of lighting
• Several types g g instruments
are used in TV production to create
g , including
hard light, g the beam-spot p
projector and the ellipsoidal spotlight.
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Advantages of Hard Light
 It is directional, so it can easily be
restricted to illuminate jjust the desired
areas.
 It casts sharp p shadows and amplifiesp
texture.
 It can produce dynamic, bold, well well-
defined effects.
 The intensity of a hard light source does
not fall off significantly with distance.
 Subjects can be effectively illuminated
from some distance away.
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Disadvantages of Hard Light
 Distracting or ugly shadows can be difficult
to avoid.
 Results may look harsh and have a very
high
g contrast.
 Texture may be too emphasized, such as
revealing the irregularities in someone’s
skin.
 Hard light sources have restricted
coverage, so several lights may be required
to cover a wide area.
 Wh
When more than
th one hard
h d lightli ht source is i
used, the multi-shadows can be distracting.
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Soft Light:
g
Soft (diffused) light has the opposite
effect. Diffusers are used over the
front of lights to soften and
diffuse their beams.
 At the same time,
time diffusers also
reduce the intensity of light.
 Soft light sources are used in
production to create a broad, even
area of light.
light
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Advantages of Soft Light
 It can produce subtle delicate
shading.
 It does not generally create unwanted
shadows.
shadows
 It avoids emphasizing modeling and
texture.
texture
 It can lighten the shadows cast by
h d light
hard li ht sources so that
th t details
d t il are
visible.
 It can cover a wide area of the scene.
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Disadvantages
g of Soft Light
g
 It can flatten out all signs of surface
shape
p and texture in the p picture,, because
it does not emphasize texture.
 It spreads
p around,, floodingg all surfaces
with light. It can be difficult to restrict the
light
g from selected areas.
 It quickly falls off in intensity as the
lamp’s
p distance from the subject j
increases. So something fairly near the
source may be over lit, while another
subject a little distance away is
insufficiently lit. Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Studio Lighting
All studio lighting is accomplished with
a variety of spotlights and floodlights.
floodlights
These instruments, technically called
luminaires are designed to operate
luminaires,
from the studio ceiling or from floor
stands.
stands
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxN
l3Kt0Maw

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Lighting
g g forf Television
Objectives
In Television lighting there are three
objectives:
• To get enough light. (Flood)
• Use the light you have to shape.
(Broad)
• Define objects in the scene. (Spot)

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Types
yp off Lights
g

Spotlights- The spot has a narrow

beam that casts well-defined
shadows. It is having a specific type
of lens, which bends the light so that
it travels in relatively narrow path.
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Types
yp off Lights
g cont….
The broad- is a rectangular light that
has a somewhat wider beam and casts
softer shadows. Broad lights have a
small reflector behind a linear-filament
bulb. Most have small barn doors to
regulate the light spread which is use
to produce low-density shadows.

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma

 Types
yp off Lights
g cont….

Floodlights- are the simplest of all

li ht They
lights. Th provideid even illumination
ill i ti
of wide areas. It can be used to fill
shadows created by other lights. lights
It is made up of a simple metal bowl
and a bulb in the bottom.
bottom These bulbs
come in 3200K Drand 5600K.
Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
 Light sources
Tungsten (Quartz HMI or
Halogen/Tungsten Hydrargyrum
H l
Halogen)
) medium arc iodide
medium-arc

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma

 Fluorescent
LED

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIEKc7jhxKQ
https://www youtube com/watch?v=DIEKc7jhxKQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ma0kzi51tOY
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
One man, One Camera:
The simplest type of lighting involves
one camera shooting one subject.
The subject is placed in the setting far
enough away from any walls or
backdrops to avoid casting shadows
on the background near the subject.
subject
The camera is set up placing the
subject in front of the backdrop.
backdrop
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Key Light:
•The key lights are the brightest and, in
some ways, the most important lights
on the set.
•The key light determines the overall
recording or exposure level.
•It's positioned thirty to forty-five
degrees
•This lighting angle is best for people
with normal features.
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Fill Light:
•Fill light is used to provide general
illumination on the set and to fill in the
shadows created by the key lights.
•Fill light is usually softer than key
light.
•Fill light is added on the side of the
camera opposite the key light.

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma

Often a broad, scoop, or soft light is
used instead of a spotlight to provide
fill. Fill lights are also frequently
scrammed to soften them and reduce
their intensity.

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma

Back
B k Li
Light:
ht
•The back light is placed directly behind
th subject,
the bj t ini line
li withith the
th camera.
•It, too, is set at a forty-five degree
anglel from
f vertical.
ti l
•The back light is spotted down and
aimed
i d att the
th subject's
bj t' neck. k

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma

Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Background Light:
The background light,
light or fourth light,
light is
often used to locate the subject in the
set that is,
set, is to show the relationship of
the subject to the background.
The placement of this light can vary,
but the idea is to illuminate part of the
background to show its texture, shape,
and depth relative to the subject.
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Lighting for Moving Subject:
But what if the subject moves?
Depending on the movement,
movement there are
two ways of handling this problem.
Suppose the subject moves from one
important area to another along a pre-
determined path
path. It is neither
necessary nor desirable to provide full
key back,
key, back and fill along the entire path. path
It is necessary only to provide about
the same overall illumination along the
path of travel. Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
When movement of the subject is likely
to be random or to cover too large an
area of the set, it is possible to provide
a diffuse fill lighting to the entire area.
This is commonly called "base light"
and is designed to keep all shadows
within
i hi acceptable bl contrast range. Key
K
and back lights are then added for
specific
ifi areas and d camera positions
ii as
necessary.
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Dr Ramesh Kumar Sharma
Barndoors: The flaps attached to the front of the instrument,
instrument
they are manipulated to prevent light from striking unwanted
areas.
Cookie:
A cookie is a cut-out shape that you place in front of a
hard light. A hard light is a light that is usually small,
which you can focus and use to produce dark shadows
and highlights. The result is usually rather dramatic, but
- a word of warning - this is not the most flattering
light.
g
Umbrella :
This device looks exactly like its name sounds: umbrella-
shaped You place it in front of the light.
shaped. light You use an
umbrella to diffuse light; it can turn a hard light into a
large soft one. Remember that the interior of the
umbrella needs to face the light or it won't work properly.
Scrim :
This is not a diffuser, although sometimes you will hear
the term scrim used to describe a diffuser.
diffuser A scrim is a
screen-like metal mesh placed in front of a light and used
to reduce its intensity, not to diffuse it.
Black Wrap/Cutters:
Black wrap is a type of foil painted black, which
you can use to shape the light without worrying
about reflection problems.
Reflectors
Diffusers
Snoot :
It is a tube-shaped object that you place in front of
a light for projecting a sharp beam of light.
Pattern Kit :
Adding backgrounds to a video shoot will increase the
quality of the finished video and insure that your video
doesn't look amateurish or unprofessional. Many
producers look to add quality interview props and
backgrounds to their video equipment arsenal. The
Chimera window kit is one such item that will add the
quality you desire and with the least amount of effort.
https://youtu.be/hpBH2z8QtZw

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