Verbz 2020 Cera ue Reel UROL el Ret eee 0) Book + [E] Online + BI Nyc Over iti a Dees Se cee eager! Pee ec nak cyGMAT? Official Guide Verbal Review 2020 Copyright © 2019 by the Graduate Management Admision Counc. Al sighs esred Published by John Wiley 8 Sons Inc, Hobokea, Ne Jersey. [No past of this publication may be eproduced, stored in retinal system or rane in any form oF byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording, scanning or otherwise exept as permed under Sections 107 or 108 ofthe 1976 United States Copright Act without eter the prior writen permission af the Publisher or auhorzationshough payment ofthe appopratper-copy fv t the Copyright Clearance Cents, 222 Rosewood Dive, Dantes, MA 01925, (878) 750-8400, fx (978) 646- '8600, or on the Web at wor copyrightcom, Requests to the Publisher for petision should be addesed to the emissions Department, Jan Wiley 8 Sone Inc. 111 Rive Steet Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 788 (6011, fox (201) 748-6008, o online ac hp /ww ie. con/ga/permisions. “The publisher and the author make no repesenations or waranis with respetto te acurcy oF ‘ompletenes ofthe contents ofthis work and specifically disclaim all warranties, cluding without [imitation waranies of nes for a parivulse purpose. 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The GMAT logo, GMAC™, GMASS™, GMAT™, Graduate Management Admission Counc, and Graduate Management Admission Tet™ se rademarl of GMAC inthe United States and other countries, Al otertalemar re the propery of thee respective owners Wiley Publishing, ne isnot anociated with ny prodact vendor mentioned in thisbooke For general information on or other product and services oro obtin technica suppor plsse contact our Customer Care Department within the US. t (877) 762-2974, ouside the US.at (317) 572-3993 o fe (G17) 572-4002 ‘Wily seo publishes its books in varity of electronic formas, Some content tha pean pint may not be avaiable in electronic books For mor information about Wiley products, plese vst our Web site at woe, ISBN 978-81-265.7872-6 Printed in nda by Shree Maley Pitech Pvt. Ld, Noida wos76s4g24at the GUAT" Exo Vy Take be GAT Esa? (cu Exam Fast ats th Concert fh Exar ke? naybca ing Assessment ‘grated Reasnng Seton Ouartae Ressonng Seton Vertal Reason Sector ‘What re the Tost Carters Lhe? How te Scores Cults? Howto Propare How to Pree How Shou Prepare to Tke te Test? ‘she GUAT Of Prep Prods ‘Whee Cn Get ate roce? (Genera Test Taking Suggests Reading Comprehension Reaang Corerenenson ats Hesse Test arg Sates Secon suchen: Sale Guests Daswer Rey aswer Eons Cia! Reaconing Cie Reason Vote eases Test Taking Sates escoing Cone to Kao or th GAT Secon acon, ‘Sample Questions Das Rey ‘aswer Ean Sentence Correction Sentence Corectan Some Conments Haut How t Works “he Eight Serece Corecion Categories ‘Stay Suggests ats Messirec Test Taig Sates Secon rstuctons Sarpe Questo ‘ser Key ‘rswer Exton‘Th Oc ue or GAT Verb Review 220, 60 70 open & Verbal Review Question ex CGMAT™ offs Guide Verbat Review Onine Index Anne Sheets Reading Conpretersion Aue Set (ea easonrg Arse Set Sfenee Comerton ner Sheet ae as ais 7Dear GMAT Test Takes, “Thank you for your interest in graduate management education. Today more tan 7,000 graduate progr rout the world wse the GMAT™ cxam to establish cele MBA, badness master and ‘ther graduate-level management degre programs as hallmarks of excellence, Nine of out 10 new MBA enrollments globally sre made using a GMAT score” By wsing the GMAT" Oficial Guide to propa forthe GMAT exam, you taking avery important step toward achieving your goals and posing admision to the MBA or business master’s program that Inthe best fit fr you “This book, GMAT™ Oficial Guide Verbal Review 2020, designe op you pepe for and build ‘confidence td your Best on the GMAT era. It the only ide tht feature real questions from pst exams published bythe Graduate Management Adasion Council (GMAC), the makers of the GMAT™ cam. or more than 60 years, the GMAT exam hs helped candidates ike you demossrate hei command ofthe sil needed for succes in the clsoom and showease to school thelr omunitment to parsing 1 gradate busines degre, Scholes and trust the GMAT exam a part of thee admissions process ‘Deas it proven predictor of clasronn succes and your ability to excel a yur chosen program, “The mission of GMAC i to enue talent goes undiscovered, We are dven 0 continue improving the GMAT exam a wel a elping you find and connect withthe best-fit schools and programs for dou applaud your commitment to educitnal sucess. Ths guide and the other GMAT™ Official Pps alll at wil give you the confidence to achieve your personal best on the GMAT exam and Inch or envigorate a sewing cares. wish you the best suscess onal your fur euatonal and profesional ends. Sincerely ny Sangeet Chawla resident 8 CEO ofthe Graduate Management Admission CounelGMAT™ Official Guide Verbal Review 20201.0 What Is the GMAT™ Exam?1.0 What Is the GMAT™ Exam? “The Graduate Management Adision Text (GMAT™) exam is standard exam used in nmisons decisions by mote han 7000 graduate management progeans worldwide, at approximately 2300 gate busines schools worlwide. It helps you gauge, and demonstrate shook your cadeni potential for acces in graduate-level management studies, “The four-part ex mesures your Analytical Writing, Integrated Reasoning, Vial Reasoning, and Qanttatve Reasoning skllhigher order reasoning sil that management fcuky, admissions professionals and employers worldwide have denied as important forincomirgstadent to hav "Tlighe order resoning kl involve complex judgments, and inlade ciel inking, analysis and problem solving, Unlike undergraduate grades and comico, which vary in dhe meaning across regions nd institutions your GMAT scores provide a standardized, seas valid a relable measure of how you ate ky to perform academically the coe curkalum ofa graduate management program, “The GMAT exan vty, hires and valu ia admissions have been well-ecbishedthough merous aeademic ud. “The GMAT exam ie delivered entiey in Engh and solely on a compute eis ruta est of business neds, bjt mater mastery, English vrabuly or abanced computation sills The GMAT ‘cam al doesnot mesure othr factors elated to sacs in graduate management sty sic 5 jb ‘perience, eadenhip ality, otvaton,andintepesonal sls. Your GMAT sxe intended to be used {Stone amiscons cteron among ther more ijt, teria such as admisins essay and interviews 1.1 Why Take the GMAT™ Exam? Launched in 1954 by a group of nine business schools [pode uniform mearie of dhe academic sills needed to ceed in thee programs dhe GMAT exam is now sed pines tan 700 grate maragerent programe st | 9/8 dontadheve high sore spprosnately 2,300 audons worldwide fn the GMA, wont got nt my top cio schools “aking the GMAT cam lps yo tan atin the aumision proces and denote yout edness and | F ~Thereare ret schoo Commitment oping graduate management edicaon. | tvalable for candidates at any Sthoks we GMAT scr olp them selec the most ‘Sma score range {ualied appicants—becase they know that canidates | cage nan 3 oe ne on 250000 Mhotate he GMAT cam ae wriowr about caring | peta ease ge [rune basins degeeandicta proven pesitorofa | Spee sexe tn rd mayne oe Soden’ ability to eceed a his rer chosen program, | 0 ares sgl pears et ‘When you consider which program to apply to, you can | Te Naas yx Adisoons fear look ata schools use ofthe GMAT exam sone indicator | Sinoneu'tScx cayacin at of quay School that use the GMAT exam eypially fst | Sndeyadne wad spat SEoe rage orveage scores in tec prfess0 you] een est ecrennod may also find these profes ell in gauging he academic | het ematon ten edeg won Competitiveness of program you arecomidting and how | fasees, "2 srl your performance onthe earn compas with hatof [tht ten the sadents enrolled i the rogram, [No matter haw you perm on the GMAT cea, you should contact the choos chat interest you to earn more ad oak how they re GMAT scores and other criteria (such as your undergraduategrades, essays and leer of recommendation) in thee admissions proceses School adasion offices, ‘we sites, and materials palished y acho the key anes informa when yo sr research about where you might want to got busines choo For more information onthe GMAT exam, tt prepartion materi registaton, how o use and send your GMAT scores to chook, and applying to busines shoal please visti. 1.2 GMAT™ Exam Format ‘The GMAT exam consists of our eparitely timed sections (eth ableon he not pag The Aye Wing Miphoa- FACT ‘ASeemen (AWA) con ons of oc oie di Ica Reologseion omen ef gaphlaad | 2/— cating @SI@agpeton Sista queria mlage maps oma |” weagenswe fi tt one uaa Vb Rewosing etn cosa a slip doce gustan F = You Sit not ba “he Quanitave and Vial Reson sens of he lvoe by te tety GMAT exam are compater adaptive, which means that the level of a question. tatdavn iowsinge oko esis wedortaate” | say graraece diene your bilevel and ou won ge many qucsons hat | aoe on Prt othe Teeharlortoncayforyu the ueonwilbe | Sralestevonge ea te ‘indi dityAryr momerech sion he” | ‘sma cee se Sryutersowe yar andrew sae | =o Teper toa pecedngquatonr wiceriherie, | eww acer sne openers al pecg Loge feeyar re prow be ate) Sod Cooperative et tome mor dificibe mow: | STaieeeaege eae Gorton jrutamcomeizinrpugeaqsenon | soammtataer ware Steiner thn the longterm | ot et ec te ‘mean you answered de lst question incorety. The test Ins co cover a ange of conten, both in the typeof question asked andthe subject mater presente Because the computer wis your answers to sclet your next quttions, you may not skip questions ogo hack nd change your answer to a previous quertion. Ifyou dont know the answer fon question yt eliminate at many choice 8 posbl then select he aniwer you think is best “Though the individual quetions are diferent, the mix of question types ith same for every GMAT ‘exam Your scores determined by the diclty and statetcal characteristics the questions you Answer a well dhe number of questions you answer corey By adapting each festa the (GMAT exam sable to accurately and eficenly gauge il eves overs all range of abilities from ‘very high very owe ‘The tet inches the types of questions found in this book and online a yw butte format and presentation of the questions ae different onthe compute. When you ake the test + Only one question or question prompt atime i presented onthe computer sen + The answer choices for dhe muliple-choice questions willbe precede ly radio buttons ther ‘han by eter.+ Diflerent question types appear in andom order the multiple-choice and Iterated Reasoning + Yuma ees ours sng te ope * Sanu che awed fin or bef mong on othe nx uo + Yuma to bc op ere n chng aren ope ent (Format of the GMAT™ Exam veri | Tining ‘Analyal Writing Avewment | 1 | 30min Tnvegrated Reasoning 2 | 30min ‘Malt-Source Resoning ‘Table Analysis Graphics Iterreaion “Two Par Analss ‘Quantitative Reasoning at | ean Problem Solving Data Suiieney Verbal Reasoning 36 | min ‘Reading Comprehension (Citi Reasoning Sentence Cometion ‘Total Time: | 187 min XL Immediately prio to starting your exam, yu wil have the laity to select the order forthe section ‘the GMAT exam fom three options. Order #1 Order #2 Order #3 “Analytical Wing | Veal Reasoning | Quaniaive Reasoning Avveument Tntegrted Reseoning ‘Optional inte Break ‘Quantitative Reasoning | Quantitative Reasoning | Verbal Reascning ‘Optional #-minte break Verbal Reasoning Thtegated Reasoning | Integrated Reasoning ‘Analvcal Wing | Analytical Waiting ‘Assessment ‘Assessment “The section onder selection wl tke pleat he test center on exam dit, mediately peoe wo the stat ofthe GMAT exam,1.3 What Is the Content of the Exam Like? ‘The GMAT sam measures higher-order analytic sls encompassing sev types of reasoning: The Analyial Writing Asesment aks you to analyae dhe easoning behind an mngurent and spond in ‘writing the Integrated Reasoning ston asks you to integpet and synthesise information from mutple ‘Source and in diferent formats to make rentoned coelsons; the Quanttaire Reasoning section ake you to reason quantitatively wing base arithmetic algebra, and geometry ard the Verb Reasoning section aks you to eed and omprchend wsten material and to reason andevahiste arguments ‘Test questions may adress variety of ebjers, but all ofthe information ou ned a answer the questions willbe included onthe exam, with no outside knowledge ofthe mbjct mater necessary. The GMAT exam i not a et of business knowledge, English vocabulary or advanced computational kl ‘You will aced to sead and write in English and have basic math and Engishskls to perfor well on ‘there but ts difculty comes fom analy nd rita thinking sites “The questions in this hook re oganied by question type and fom estes» most df, but keep ‘nmin that when you take the ts, you may sce diferent types of questions in any ode within exch 1.4 Analytical Writing Assessment “The Analytical Waiting Assessment (AWA) consis of one 30-minute wring task: Analyse of an Angument. The AWA measures your ability think erica commanicae yor ideas and formulate an appropiate and constructive citque You wll ype your esa ona computer keybond 1.5 Integrated Reasoning Section ‘The Integrated Reasoning section highlights the relvan leat business manages in oda’ data Akiven world need in oder to analyze sophisticated steams of data and sole complex problems, Te ‘measures your ability to understand and evaluate multiple sources and tyes filemon graphic numeric and verbal—as they elate to one another This section wl equi you to use oth quantitative and veal reasoning to solve complex problems and solve multiple problemin elation to ane anothex, Four types of questions ae used inthe Integrated Reasoning vetion + Mul-Souice Reasoning + Table Analysis + Graphics Interpretation + Bro-Part Analysis Integrated Reasoning questions may equire quantitative or verbal eaoning kl ora cminaton ofboth. You wil have to interpret graphics and sortable to extrac meaning from dat, but advanced statistical knowledge and spreadsheet manipulation kil are por necessary You wl have acceso !m on-screen cleulator wih basic functions forthe Interatad Reasoning seston, bat note thatthe Calealato is not avaiable o the Quantitative Reseoning section1.6 Quantitative Reasoning Section “The GMAT Quantative Reasoning ston measures your ability to reson quantitatively, solve _guantatve problems, and interpet graphic data “Two pes multiple-choice questions ae used in the Quantitative Reasoning sion + Problem Solving + Data Sulfisiency ‘Both are intermingled throughout the Quantative Reasoning section, and requ basic knowledge of arithmetic, elementary algebra, and commonly known concept of geomet For test-taking ips specific each quesin type in dhe Quantitative Reasoning ction, practice questions and answe explanations ee GMAT™ Ofial Guide 2020 ot GMAT Offi! Guide (Quanttatioe Review 2020, bath age avalable for purchase at 1.7 Verbal Reasoning Section “The GMAT Verbal Reasoning ection measures your ability t read and compretend writen material sind to reaon and evaluate anguments. The Verbal Reason section includes eating ection from “ever difeent content areas. Although you maybe generally falar wth some of the materi ether the reading pasages nor the questions asume deed knowledge ofthe topics cused “Thre types of muitple-choce questions ae intermingled througout the Verbal Reasoning section + Reading Comprehension + Critical Reasoning + Sentence Coston All three require basic knowledge of the English language, atthe Verbal Reasoning section isnot rextof advanced voeaboley. For test-taking ip spect to each question type in the Verbal Reasoning section practice questions, and answer explanations, ee chaps 3 through 5. 1.8 What Are the Test Centers Like? “The GMAT exam is administered unde standardized condition at over 700 tes: enters worldwide. Each test center haa proctor esting room with individual computer workstason tha allow you tosit forthe exam under ult conditions and with some privacy You wil eal: otake two optional minute breaks during the course ofthe exam You may not take notes or seratch paper with you ino the testing room, but an ertable notepad and marker wil be provided for yout we during the test For more information abou exam day vst1.9 How Are Scores Calculated? Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning ection are cored ona sale of 6 to Sin one-point Increments The Total GMAT score rages rm 200 to 800 and ie based om your performance In these ‘vo sections Yur score is determined ys + The number of questions you answer + The number of question you answer omety or ncorety + The level of daly and other satin characteristic of each question Your Verbal, Quantatveand Total GMAT seores are determine by an ait that aks into account the dfcaly of the quetons that were presented to you aid how yu answered them When {you answer the easier questions comely you get chance to answer harder uetons aking i pole ‘ocean a higher sore. After you hae completed all dhe questions on the tert or when Jour time ie pied the computer wl alclate your scores ‘You wil eeive thee Scots: Total Score which based on your Quantitative Reasoning and Verbal Reasoning scores) Integrated Reasoning Score and Analycal Weiting Asseument Score. The flowing table summarizes the diferent types of sores, the scales andthe inczement Type of Score Scale Increments Ta don Qt Reinga Vaal Reon) | 0300 | —_10 ‘Quantitative Reasoning os 1 | Vel Resin os 1 Inept Reon 8 1 Anal Wang Aseament v6 5 “Te school tha you have desgoated to recrve your cores may receiv copy of your Analytical Waiting Assesment esa with your score report. You wa copy of your cae report wil ot incl your actual ey, Your GMAT score includes 2 percentile asking that compares your sil el with other test-ales fom the past tree year. The percentile rank ot your score sows the percentage of ests taken with scores lower than your score Every Jl percentile ranking tables ae uated. Vist cor to ew ‘he mor resent percentile asking® tbls.To register for the GMAT exam, go to2.0 How to Prepare2.0 24 22 How to Prepare How Should I Prepare to Take the Test? “The GMAT eam is designed spell to measure resoning skills needed for management ducati, and the tet contain several question formas aniqa to the GMAT exam. At sinimum, Jou should be falar with the rest format andthe question Tormats before you it forthe test. Because the GMAT exam isa Gime exam, you should practice answering test question oot only to beter understand the question formats athe sls they rue, but 0 to bel you en to pace youre so yu ca inh each seton when you sit for the exam, Because the exam metres reasoning rather than rubject mater knowledge, you most ily will ot find Je hrlpil to memorize fac You do aot aed to study Iranced mathential concepts but youshould be sre (Yow need vy aanced math Jour grap of base amet algeey and geomet i Skis to get high GMAT score Tn eng hat you can ae ths clam quite problem sling Likewise, yon do not need to study ~The GMAT measures your franed vocabulary words bt you should Rave afer Teasoning and crt hiking Aindentanding of basic English vocabulary and grammar sb rather than your {reading writing and rewoning advanced math sil “This book and other study materials released by the biehrsnericl nena Grndte Management Admission Counc (GMAC) | ema aeapten rome sc te the ONLY souvcofquetion that have ben retired | at eri te QuAT™ Of! ffom the GMAT eam, All questions that appear ot ‘Sit 22 ae a Ge ve apyered onthe GMAT exam aecopwrgted and | Sure nay ‘med by GMAC, which doe not lcene them tobe | loge ard sates eo reprinted ewer, Accessing lve Integrated Reasoning, (aretrt be undrina mah t ‘Gpanttative or Verbal est questions in advance of Sharing test content during o afer you take the testis serious woaton which coud cause your sores to be cancled and school obe noted. In cases ofa enous olson, you mar be banned fom ature testing and othe lea emedis may be pursed Using GMAT Official Prep Products Because the GMAT exam is administered on a computer, we encourage you fo ratce the questions inthe GMAT Ofil Guide Fork! Review online 3s leycom All ofthe questions in this book. te avallable there and youl be able oeeateprctic ses and tack progres ore esi. Ia ation to the GMAT™ Offi Guide Virb! Review, we recommend wsing ome ual of ours GMAT Official Practice Exams in your preparation, Because the GMAT exam is computer adaptive, ‘meaning tat it adjusts to your ability ax you answer questions onthe exam, she best simulation ofthe (GMAT cxam experience through GMAT Offical Practice Exams. Like the wal thing the Oil Pretce Exams adjust fo your ality and use the same scoring algorthn as sheacual GMAT exam‘Ar of ude verb Review 200 2.3 24 ‘Tomauimize your studying efor, we recommend sting by laming abot the GMAT exatn and ‘the question types in che GMAT™ Of Gude ad in the GMAT Offical Starter Kit Then, ake GMAT Official Practice Exam 1 familiarize youre with the xm and a get abateline sere Dont wort about your sore on the fst practice exam! The goal to become falar with the exam and set {thaselne for measuring your progress, Following thitgo to petles cand pace the questions inthe Oficial Guide focusing on seas that rete your attention. As you contin to practic, take ditional Oficial Practice Exams to gage our progres, Before your rel GMAT exam tae nal (Offical Practice Exam to sce where you are and do "ry ru ofthe tru enerenc, Remember the fist two GMAT Official Practice Exams are part of the fee GMAT™ Official Starter Kit Pnctce Exams 1 and, which ao include 9 fe practice questions salable to everyone with Where Can | Get Additional Practice? you would ike adtional practice, GMAT™ Oficial Guide 2020 and GMAT™ Offi Gide Quanztaroe Review 2020 offer uiional questions that ae not publihed in thie gude, You ca also find more Quantitative, Veal, and Integrated Reasoning practice questions fl-length, computer dapive practice exams, Analytical Weng Assesment practice proms ard other help ty ‘materials a bacon, General Test-Taking Suggestions Sposfcest-takng strategies fr individual question types are presented ltr inthis book, The folowing are general suggestion o help you perform yur best on the test. Use your time wis Although the GMAT exam streses accuracy more shan speed itis importa toute your time wisely. ‘On average, you wil ave about 1 minates foreach Verbal question about? minutes for each. ‘Quantiative question, and about 25 minutes for ech Integrated Reasoning question, some of which ‘hve multiple questions. Once you stare the et an onscreen clock wl show the ie you hae lf You can hide this display if you want bu its a goo idea to check the clock periodically to monitor yout progres. The clock wil atomatialy alert you when 5 ninues remain rth section you ate swoksng on Determine your prefered section order before the acts! exam. ‘The GMAT exam allows you to selec the order i which to ake the secon, Use the GMAT Offical Practice Exams ss an. opportnity to practice and determine your prefered rde Remember: there it no right order in which io take the exam; you can practice each cade and we which one work best facyou. ‘Answer practice questions ahead of ime. ‘Alter yu become genrally familiar with al question types ue the practice questions in this book and ‘online a gate corm to prepare forthe actual ese (aoe tat Integrate Reasoning questions ae ‘only availble online). It ay be uel ote yourself x you answer the practice questions to gee an lea of how long you wll have foreach queton when you si fr the ata tx aswel ast determine ‘whether you ae answering quickly enough to Snish dhe te inthe alloted aeRead all test direction caret ‘The rections explsn exactly wha i equied wo newer each question type you read hasty, you may ‘nis important instrucon and impact your ably 0 nner corel To review directions during the ts, ‘lick on the Help ion, But be aware that the ime you ‘Spend reviewing directions wl count agains your Gime alloement for tha eon ofthe test. Read each question carefully and thoroughly. Before you answer «question, determine eat whats being kod and then select the best choice, Never skim question or the posible answers skimming may exe ou to miss important information or sans. ‘Do not spend too much time on any one question yo do no know the comect anne. orf the question is too ime consuming ryt eminate choices you Ieow are eong let the bs ofthe remaining answer choices and move on othe next question, Not completing sections and randomly guessing ners to question atthe end of ach test section ‘am signifcaty lower your score. As longa Yu have ‘worked on each section, you wl recive a score even i yu do not sh one of more sections nthe alloted tine. You will not earn points for questions you never pettosee. Contem your answers ONLY when you are ready to (On the Quantitative Resoning and Verbal Ressoning sections, once you hav selected your answer to a Imulple-choie queston, you wil be asked to confirm it Once you confiem your respons you cannot go back nd change it You may not skip questions In the Integrated Reasoning ection, there may be several ‘weston based on information provided inthe same {gestion prompt When cere fs more than one response (pa single screen, you can change your respons to any ‘ofthe questions onthe screen before moving on the next sceen, However, yo may no navigate back previous een to change any sponses Plan your essay answer before you bein to wre, ‘The bert yay to approach the Analysis of an Argument setin i is more important to respond ‘comrecty toe tert questions ‘ham it isto nish te test There is a significant penalty ~The fst TO questions are cia and fou should invest ‘he most time on those. All questions count. ‘me eomping an ine este ‘ne tee he guerre you ve isto ead the diretons carey tke 4 few minutes to ink about che questo, ad plan a response before you begin wsiting Take tine to organize your ideas and develop then ful, Bt leave tie evista you think would improve reread your sesponse ad take any3.0 Reading Comprehension3.0 Reading Comprehension Reading comprehension questions appear inthe Verbal Reasoning section of the GMAT™ exam “The Verbal Reasoning section wes alte choice quetons wo measure your abity ead and ompechend written atrial to reason andere arguments, and o comet wten material 0 Conform to standard writen English, Beeae the Verbal Reasoning section inches content fom & “iit of topics you may be general Faia: with some of the materia howeve neither the passages bur dhe quetions sume knowledge of the topics dicuned. Reading comprehenon questions ae Intermingd with cial reasoning and sentence correction questions throughou the Verbal Reasoning rection of the test. ‘You wil have 65 minutes to complete she Verbal Reasoning section or an average of about 1 mites to annwcr each question, Keepin mind you will ned time to ead the passages sothe average ime you ‘pend on thereang comprehension ston wil probably be slighty longer hun the overall Verbal Reasoning section average Howeve,the diference wil typically be oft by shorter times spent on sone of theless me-consusting sentence conection questions ifyoa work fet and manage your tine wisely dhroghour the section, Reading comprehension questions refer to writen passages consisting of around 200 words or around 5350 words The passages deus top inthe social scenes, humanities, and phyial or biological Sciences and sich business-related elds as marking, economics and human resource management Each pasage is accompanied by short sere of questions tat wil ask you to inerpre the feat apply the infomation yo gather fom the wading ad snake inferences (or sfoxmsed sumptions) based on the sealing For these questions you wl sa plit computer sren. The writen passige wl emai Wine onthe eft sie as each question sociated with tha passage appears, in tenon the eight side You wl sce nly one question ttn. However the numberof questions asocated with each passe maya [As you move through the seading comprehension sample question ty to determine a proces that ‘won bes fr you. You igh begin by reading» passage careflly and thoroughly Some esttakes prefer to skim the pussages the ft ime hough or even read the fst question before ean the [Prasage You may want to erent any seatence hat preset complicated ideas introduce terms tht [renew eo you, Read each question and series of annwer caefly Make sure yor understand exactly ‘what the question faking and what the answer choices ae Ifyou ned to you may seed any parts ofthe passage that are relevant co answering the question that Jou ar currently viewing but you wl no be able to return to other questions afer you ave answered {hem and move on. Somme questions ask exp about particule portions ofthe passages to which thy refer In some cases, the portion feted to is highlighted whe the evant quston i dspayed Tuck case, the question wil explcy refer to the highlighted par. “The following pages describe what reading comprehension questions are design! o mess, present the dection tha wl precede questions of hs type and describe che various question types. This ‘hapter alo provides test-taking strategies, srple questions and detaed exlaatons ofall the Gjuertons The explanations further strate the ways in which eading comprekension questions ‘alate basi eaing sills3.1 What Is Measured Reading comprehension question meas your ably to undenind analy app and evaluate infoeation and conceps presented in writen form. Al questions te abe acre on the ass of what is stated or implied in the ealing material and no specie por knowledge the materials equied Suess in all yes of GMAT quetons—eacepe those ht ae pure mthential requis song reading sills. People without che ecesaxy lel of reading sl wl be les kl than proce readers 0 «dowel onthoequstons Thus, fo some examines criteal reson, enters coretion and word sed _qunitatve questions neil et reading compechesion in aon to the sale that they primal ‘anger Bu they do so onic and nly the ee proficiency nec to demons te sills that are decay gtd. By conta the reaction question redesigned to fos dy on ‘sows components of radngcompehenson a wo meanite diferent lees sl in those componers. ‘The GMAT reading comprehension questions eat your ability to do the following * Understand complex, sophisticated nontacnicalwedng. _Efecivereading involves both undertanding words an phrases in context and acurtely lnrpretng the overall messages conveyed hy the write Although the questions donot dccly measure your weabulary knowledge (hey well ot ask yout show tat you know the sanded ‘meanings of ems) some ofthe mayest your abit ointerpet sped meaning of terms as they sre ured inthe reading pases * Understand te purposes and functions of passage components andthe logical nd etorcal telatonsips among concepts and among paces of informatio, Questions tat fects on this typeof dll may ak you, for example, to determine how a par of a pasage relates to other parts to determine the tong and weak pins of an argument, o ‘crate the clave importance of arguments and ess in a passage + ra ieforonces fom fet and statements, Anyone who thoroughly compchends text shoul be able, with ite reflection, to determine what further information canbe infeed from it Te inference quests wil ark Jou to consider factual statements, athow claims and opinions or other components fa eaing patage and reach conclusions on the basi of thse components * Understand and follow the development of quantitative concepts at they ae presented in writen material. Reading comprehension questions donot measure mathematical knowledge: However, the sages sometimes conta quantitative information or opinions abou such mates erentages, proportions, tends, probabil or tis expesedin ways that shouldbe ‘understandable withou echnical mathematial taining You may be asked to interpret crate, ‘apy such quantitative information oo dea inferences from te some cases, you might ven need to se some very stp arith ‘There are skins of reading ompreension questions, cach of which css clon a dfret sil Howes ther isinevialy sme peripheral overap between the sls ested byone ind of question and ‘hose este ahers For example denting the main pin of pasage often depends on econ st Jens inutile logo rhetorical suc of the te, and drawing inreces or aplyng infomation «depends onan accurate understanding ofthe passage ain dea and supporting ess. ring te est hee willbe no labelling which kindof reading comprebension question you are looking at but dhe wording ofeach question wil clearly indicate what you med toda Most of the reading comprehension question types wil be represented anwong the several reading comprehension sets in your est but you may no seal of the type“The reading comprehension questions ak abou the following are Main idea ach pansge is unified whole—that is the individual sentences and paragraphs support and develop one main idea or central point and ave a single uaiied purpose. Sometimes you wil be told the cent point in the passage itself and sometimes i wil be necessary for you to determine the cent point from the overall organization or development ofthe pasage. You may be asked ia this kindof question to + recognize an accurate summary cstatementor paraphrase ofthe main ide ofa pasage + identify she author’ primary purpose or objective in writing the passage + assign ate that summaraes, bre and pated the main idea develope in the postage. “Main idea questions are usualy esyto densify a och Tey generally ak epi aout the main ‘en or main purpose sing phases sch ae" Which of de following most acutely expresses the man ‘ex ofthe passage?" The rary purpose of the pasage aa whole is t0.-."er“In the passe the suthor eck primary to aco nae chokes fr these questions often take the form of desi the passage that are ubsiary cor angen othe main pin rather than the oun pie of the pase aa whole tatements tha ae ‘pera sar othe main abut are demonstrably inaccurate or aterent ht are simply ose {De scope ofthe psage dcunion eventhough ehey maybe concept ated tot ‘Yu may find it helps you red through a passage to conser the typeof ror statgy the autor wing Fr examples the author pinay eporting fics eens or other ites views, nguing fora poin of view, or commenting on oter views or on events oF states of afi? This is ‘Sern in asawering man idea question that ask forthe pase’ purpose Dut can also help Foss Sour thoughts fr thove that ask fora min idea a sch Here ae some major tetra types that you thay encounter in the eading pases: Argunenttion (primarily presenting renion or viene in sport of pst). In passages of his {ape the conectanawer toa mai-idea question wil typically bea paraphrase o description of ‘he conciion ofthe aegument™hat by the postion tat ee aor was racers to accept. That ‘poston i sometimes but not ways, stated excl inthe passage, When it i notte mature ofthe gumentaton will make clea o ciel, percep readers what the authors arguing fo The comet ‘wer choice may lb ince are reference to the reasons given in supporto the position. For ‘ample,"An analysis of cent ndings supports the hypothesis ha.” Argurentativeyasages have ‘any diferent purposes and flow many diferent reasoning sateen Some ofthe mar types are “+ pressive (primarily advocating the adoption o jection of policies, precedes, or laws oF eguing forthe acepance of ehclvewpeint) + evaluative (primarily arguing that something e good or bad desirable or undesirable, without ‘Msocting any partenlr poy or course of ation) + causal (primary arguing foro agsna an account of the causes, sons or motivations “derlying an event condition, dstoa, or outcome or an acount ofthe infvenes underying & Itermy or ast styl or movement). In some pasages of his type the asthor offers reasons for or against another author’ scent, historical or social hypothesis interpretive (primarily arguing fro against an account ofthe meaning, inpotace, | Impllation fe of abserations a theory an attic or Heary work, hisrial even),Exposition (primarily proenting etablibd fats conveying ater information, reerting tomzon ees ‘views, ations 0 roearc finding) Like argumentative psp, expostory psig: flow many Aierent strategies Some of the msor types ae *+ narative (primarily reporting or describing sequences of events): The ater to a main idea ‘question about a narrative passage canta vations forms, depending othe authors purpose and ‘os Fr example it may be expressed a concise one-entence summary of the events described ora statement ofthe overall outtome ofthe events, depending onthe ator’ focus * reporting (primarily eling the views or ining of another author researcher, theo, o ec oF ‘porting research findings artistic scomplishment, innovations et) + cescrpiv (primarily dseibng the appearance naar, charters of something for ‘example, plac, eciey artitie work, device, invention ete) * informative with no farther foncion (pez informing readers of etablished sient, historical or othe fics without arguing fr any parca viewpoint sea them), Supporting idea ‘These questions measur your ability to comprehend deus thu ace directly epresed in a passage and sliferentiat them fom des tha are either expressed nor implied in the pusage Tey also messse your ability to diferente supporting idea rm dhe msn fet and frm as that are implied y the Suthor but are not xpi stated, Like main idea questions, supporting idea questions simply ates whether yea understand the messages ‘conveyed the writing, without asking you to do anything frther withthe isormation. Supporting doesnot refer ony to ideas tha ar expressed as press supporting 4 min conchson Since each GMAT reading comprehension pase has an overall mai pint or purpose, every pact ofthe writing ‘an be thought of s supporting that enn point or purpose i some way citer dey o tangle ‘Therefore, supporting ides questions may ak you tundrstnd and dent aything other than the main pong) tha ssid in the passage, Cortct answers to supporting idea question almost never const of veratin quotations fom the Pasig, so you wll need to be able reagnize paraphrase or more sbtact expressions ofthe paste ‘materia. Among the passage components you maybe asked tundrstind at ecognize ae 1+ premise of an agument 4 tangential point sucha an acknowledgment of potential objection t the author's postion ora mention ofan exception a principle or generalization + an example given to illusteate a principle or generation - countercample intended to provide evidence agaist principe or geealization + a fic cited as background information eleva to the main idea or to bse idea + a component of complex explanation, dessiption, or naration| *+ brit statement of postion against which the author’ easoning dete * a deseripive deal used to support or elaborate on the main es. Whereas questions abot the main de sk you o determine the meaning of passage asa whole, ‘questions about supporting idea ask you to determine the meanings of inva phases, sentences,and paragraphs that contibueto the meaning ofthe passage aa whole. Tn many’ cases, these questions ‘an be thought ofa asking forthe main pint of one smal pat of the passage. Supporting ies “gestions oten contain keyphrases sch s:"According to the pasage =" Which a the following iB the author cite as "The passage mentions which ofthe allowing." er"Which of the filoming does the author propose?” ‘Success in answering supporting idea questions depends on remembering or quickly locating ‘the relevant information inthe pana. Occasionally it maybe posible ro anwer a question by ‘Gickly glancing to find the needed information without int reading throug the passage, but {Sr general approach, that could be risky and even time-consuming Supporting idea questions ‘ppially require a good understanding ofthe relationships among parts ofthe passage. ln many ‘es they wll al you o identify a pee of information that pays a specie role ors presented ina specified context. Thus, they may contin phrases such as:* Which ofthe following does the uthorofer as an objection to the theory dissed in the second paragraph?""According to the sage, new businesses ae tore likly to il f they." The passage compares the va turtles thermoregulation to Inference These question a about dea tha are no explily tate in a passage but arcimple bythe author ‘orotherwis fallow logically fom the information inthe passage, Unlike qustens about supporting hn which ask about information that sect expres in a passage, ference question ask about ideas or meanings that mast be feted fom information thats det tate, ‘Authors can make thes point in nec way, suggesting ideas without actual stating ther, Inference questions meaure your ability to understand an author’ intended meting in parts of pnsage whee the meanings ony suggested. They sometimes also measure you bility to understand Fares implications tat clear fll fom the information in the pasiage, ea the author does ‘ot dts intend them to be infred. Therefore, wen you read pasa, youshould concentrate fot ony on the expliit meaning of the author’ words, but alo on he subse meanings and unstated {plication of thoe words Tse questions do no ark shout obscure o tenons implications tat ae ‘ey remote fom the passage he, they ale shout thing chat any state, observant reader should be [bi to infer fon the psa after a litle flection Among the ype ofinfecnces that you may be asked to draw are +a kely case of phenomenon or sistion described in the passage + likely eff of phenomenon or station described inthe passage specie insanceo subset based ona generalization given nthe pasage For example ifthe pes indictes thal eps have certun property and also meno sat cocodes are {eptles, you could infer that crocodiles have the property in question. a statement chat the autho or someone refed t in the passage) likely considers tue o false + amevaluatve position that dhe author or someone refered to in the pase ely hols Forename, may be posible oinfer fom the author's words that se ohe disapproves of someting that i discussed in he passage + te intended meaning of word or phase based on how itis wad inthe sage. Howeres, GMAT reading comphension questions wil not ask you to dein a word chat is wsed in the pasage with astandal meaning thc coud be accurately guessed from backround vocabulary FeldIn some cases, he inference you are asked to deaw wil follow fom a single sateen o series of statements nthe psig In other cases, it wl equze consideration of 0 3 mote separate parts of the pesage, and none of those parts willbe efcent when considered alone The rlevant pats may be cose together ofr par but in ther cae they wll be significant apes ofthe passage, not inelevant or highly obscure deta. he question may refer esplicilyto one er nore portions ofthe passage ort may eve it up to you to lca or remember the relevant information, Inference question often contin phrases such a“Which f the flowing staements about. is most strongly supported bythe passage? "can be infeed rm the pasage that I the lis mde by the author about... are trie which of the allowing oe ely aln tre?™“he passage rpc that > “The infomation inthe pastage sages hat. Some ofthe inferences might depend on commonly known and obviously tv fit ination to the Information supplied bythe pase, For example, ithe passage says that an ent happened during Snowstorm, you could easoeably snr thatthe weather was not hot at that keaton a hat ine Incomect answer choices fr inference questions ae often statements that apps superficially rated to the pusage but are ao sported by the information in question, When the jueston asks what ean be Inferred fom aspecitcaspec ofthe passage, you should be atefl not to elect an answe tha allows fom sme other part ofthe passage but not fom the partin question. ‘You should aot expect o he able co tell which answer choice i comet onthe bass of whether itis rue or false Incoret answers ae often tre eventhough they are not supported the informatio a the passage Th other cases, the coeet answer could bes fils statement thai inp by false infomation {nthe pasage Fr example, when the author explains whya theory i mistaken, you right be asked to Ine that ifthe theory were tre, such and such acorect infomation woud alsa have to be tue ‘Occasionally it may no be posible to tel, merely fom che wording of quetion, wheter iti asking fran inference or fr recogition of something that x dry expressed, For example ‘nthe pasag, the author suggests." coud be asking yout note thatthe author excl makes a ertsin suggestion Inthe passage. Mor typically a phrase lke “The passage sugges." beasking you about Something theta ins even though the author does aot etl claim tat dows so. loweves if Jou understand the passage andthe relationships and implications os party wl beable to iad {he correct answer without having to worry about how the text writers my have lane he question, Application Applicaton questions measure your ably to dcr ltnships between stations or ideas [resented inthe pasage and ober situations rider beyond the diet cope of th pave, Te most ‘racials ivared nanewcrng these questions is tha of abxrcing key fests o rnp om ‘one context and applying them eect other contexts. This ail that people often ned when ‘working with scholar gl profesional or business wetings. The elevant fae canbe of varios ‘ypes especialy lgieal prac, fnctional or rato. Application questions take many forms. They ar often hypothetical or spective an therefore may ‘ontain words sucha ul, cul, mio ald or phrases sch a mat er exemplifies it mst ‘Similar ois most Hl ued ut by. Sse of hase exons poe analogies Setween passage topics and other topic Because aplication questions canbe about the relationships ofthe putage to topics outside its sope, you should noe expect tobe able to eliminate any anmver choice Based onthe fc hats ope doesnotappes inthe page, Fr instance ll the answer cise for an analogy question relating oa pasage’s ‘planation ofa watertreatinent proces might fe to hook- publishing process Here are some aor application types chat you may encounter inthe test Analg. hos ould ince + function or purpose that similar tothe function of purpose of something eid inthe pase ‘A queion might ask for instance Ia which of the followings he ole played by compute program row analogous to thereof the pot melee the pesticide dase athe pase?” + method oe procedure that is sia to one deserted inthe passage eventhough ts wsed in 8 “erent context + ago or purpose thas similar to the goal or purpose of something disused in the passage For “crimp pores demonstrations goal of bringing abou change in one country’s environmental pices would be more analogous toa political speakers goal of changing another counts’ food- ‘ifr regulations than it would to an employee's goa of finding new job +a yart-whole reationsip thts similar to part-whoe relationship dese inthe passage. This [SRIIUG for example, de way in which a machin or organism eltes to theres ofthe system oF the way in which a ook chapter lates othe book asa whole + logical relationship that similar tothe reaonhip between parts ofthe passage o betwen Cement of vomeone’s etoning deserbed i the passage Prins plc and rset You may be ask to deni for example, + sul or policy tha if enforced could help bring sbout a goal presented inthe passage + primipledhat sot explicit formulated in the pasage but can be understond ander the suthors reasoning +a generalization thats ikly to be tue base on range of spec instances refer to inthe pasage + anactin or situation that would volte ocoaZorn tare or policy mentioned in the passage + a potenti slution toa problem discussed in the passage + amalterative approach tha could have dhe same effect atone dscused in the pasage Extension ft ath rotor strategies These inlude such things 8 + ancxample that would effectively lurtrate a pont made bythe author + asttement representing how the author would mos likely respond to a objection ther or his postion + anadtional topic that cou be eleva added othe discussion in the pasage + an idea that snot expressed inthe passage but ha he author would probably gre or disagree ‘with on the bass of eaements made in the pasage What-if sare. ou night need to enti for ample, +a hypoescal tension ofa end o series of developments describe in he passage: What ‘would be a likely consequence ifthe wend continued?0A" otic ude Vr even 2020 * how a researchers conclusions would have been logically alte if some observed data had been Aliferent fom the data eporeed in the pusage + how circumstances woud key have been diferent fast of developments described in the passage had aot ocaed + how someone whose views are described in the pussige would likely respond if tha prion read the pesage. Evaluation ‘These questions require you t analyze and elute the organization and log of pasage. Thy all ‘ron into evo subcategories, analyse and rtque Analsis-typeevlation questions require you to determine how pars ofthe passage work and how ‘hey relate to other parts. These are offen expresed in ter ofthe author's purpose Ts they have something in common with main dea questions tat ak about autor’ purpes, but for man den ‘questions you wll identify a holistic purpose of de entire passage. ln thove exes you probably wll not need to explicitly analyze relationships among prt Ta cont, evasion quetons age the Durposs of wef lements within the passage and those purpoees usually inelelatonsips to ‘other parts Some eahaton question may ak yout identify the logical statute ofthe page or oF 2 portion ofthe pasage CCitque-type evaluation questions gure you to judge the strengths, weaknese, relevance ot _ffetivenes of parts ofthe passage and thei relationthipe to potential objections or justifetons ‘These often involve ve ofthe sme types of reasoning that You would eneoxnter in erie reasoning questions but with a light diferent approach and in a diferent context, Never rita reasoning ‘questions nor eadng comprehension eration questions rly on technical Kaowlege of formal loge—nor do they require you tobe fae with specific tet of logic or argumentation. Yu can ser these using the information inthe passage and careful etoning, “Brahaton queions often contin phrases such 5 “The purpose of. .°*Most asurately describes the rut of."*Moxestrengtens..""Wld most just -"Is moe nea othe objection that." "Which... adional information woul most help." Answer choices aoe abstract nd might ‘ot contin any words or eoncepts that appr the pstage. For expla quecon tata out the fiction ofa paragraph night hae anrer choices ofthe fon: jes 2 thoy tat presented te receding paragraph and ofers some caters that an alerative theory would nee! tomes” “ere ae some major application types that you shay encounter inthe est Anas. Ansnesso these questions might be, for example, statements or desciption of * how the pase asa wholes constructed. In such case, the answer williometime be expressed as mv abtract sammary ofthe elements that make up the passage *+ how a portion ofthe passage x constructed + he purpose or fiction of «specified par ofthe pasage—for instance, does it define compare of contrat present anew ies or efit an idea? how specified portion ofthe passage relates logically osetia to surrounding arts how the author tiesto persuade reader to acept ho her asertons + altel eon or mosvation fr a view that the author exprestes or atte someoneCritigue Ta these questions 90 may be asked identify for example, + anasumption that is involved in the author's reasoning orn someone els reasoning discussed inthe pamage + crac gaps in the information provided in the pasage + potential discovery that woud help rele an issue discussed inthe pasage + statement tha if te, would strengthen or weaken the author’ easonirg o someone eles ‘reasoning presented in the passage +s potential counterenample toa general lim made inthe passage Style and tone fective reading often depends on recognizing and eating the author’ tase twa topic and ‘he effet thatthe author intends the weting to have on readers There things often mpi in the page style and one rather than stated explicdy, ‘Some questions focus diecty and exclusively onthe seo tone ofthe passage a whole. They often involve phates sich ax "The overall tne of the passage canbe mort accurately Sexribed s..°"The sage asa whole functions primarily as. or"The author's approach to can be mst accurately Sesried a. -"Tn te answer choices, you maybe ad to select am adjective adjective phrase ‘hat acurtely describes the tone af a passagefor instance, ital, gutionng bat, disc ‘ubsiai Answers ay aso take the fom of nouns or noun phrases soc as dour aia ston a sarcastic partrayal ofa bisa trendy a ournabiiceaplratinofsome attempts tole a ‘problem. They tay also be more complex descriptions ofthe author’ approach “Toner thie typeof question, you wil typically have to consider the language of the passage a whole Tetakes more than ove poled ciel word to make the tne ofan ene passage or ection {tcal Sometimes, syle and tone questions ask what audience the passage wa: probably intended for ‘or what typeof publication would most appropriately appa To anewer ay question involving ‘tye and tone, you mst rk ourself what ates orobetves are conveyed bythe words of a pasage beyond the itera meanings. ‘You may sometimes ned to consider le and toe in acawering aay typeof rading comprehension guest, even one that doesnot expliciy ak abou tha aspect of the pasage Some question types ae ‘ot ky than others to involve this typeof consideration. An iferece quesion fo example, may Aaskyou to infer che authors artiude toward atopic, s you may need to consider he pasage' toe in ‘order o confidently identi is purpose and tome evaluation question require you to recognize the ‘torial approach the author takes in a portion of Ue pasage 3.2 Test-Taking Strategies 1, Do not expect tobe completly fair with any ofthe material presente in reading comprehension passages. ‘You may find some patages eases to understand than others, tall passages ae designed to present a challenge If you have some fait with the material presenal in a passage do note this knowledge inuence your choice of answers tothe questions, Answer questions onthe Bais cof what is tated ripe in the passage el.2, Anatyze each passage careful, because the questions require you to havea specific and detailed understanding ofthe materia ‘You may find i easier todo the analysis first before moving tothe questions. You may find that you prefer to skim dhe passage the int ime and read more cacefilly once ou understand what 2 question ak. You may even want o read the question before eaing th pasage Yow should ‘hose the method not suitable fr you, '3. Focus on key words and phrases, and make evry effort to vol losing the sense of whats ‘ducussed inthe passage. Keep the following in mind + Note how each fic relates to an iden ora argument + Note where the passage moves from one ides to the ext + Separate main des from supporting ise + Determine what eonchsioos ae seached and why. 4. Read th questions carefully, making certaln that you understand what asked [An answer choice tat acutely restates information in the pasage maybe icone fie does not ‘answer th question. Ifyou nee, fe back othe passage for clarification. 5. Read all the choices carey. [Never assume that you have elected the best answer without Sit reading the choices 6, Select the choice that answers the question bes in torme ofthe information givn inthe passage. Do not lyon outside knowledge ofthe material to help you answer the questions 7, Remember that comprehension—notspeed—is th eal succes factor when comes to reading ‘comprehension questions, 3.3 Section Instructions Go to wba comtaoralt view intraction fo the section and get el for what the rest center screens wil look at onthe actual GMAT ex,To register for the GMAT exam go to3.4 Sample Questions ach ofthe reading comprehension question is bated onthe conten ofa passage. After reading the passage, answer all questions pertaining tit onthe basi of whats stated orimoled i For each question, select the best answer of the choles given, Pee) ‘Questions 1-4 refer tothe passage, ‘experiment, bie on maring- Unione, — ‘oportons ae ered predominant tones 1 Accord he passa, wasn corparate conoing empoyees, ot fostering te orn, leaders iter tom eases iain ezanzatonsin (8) onicay, is ontaton creates the very ae condos tat predesine enpcyes to medace a encourage poe o concentrate on efomances. Over ime sipecer perfomance uae ree eertr ang ‘eques spar arng, because orgtrm porate sural depends on control expring (10) new tsiness and rznzatonal opportunites tat, 1B) enable empoyestorecngie ant conto Samia carpet macs ano deep can create new sources af growth. = Soo ae ecco eased ee een, eee emai eens oem ieeaueenteen ening So Soteceue nada spammy cg eos et pe i longer vate. nearing organizations, thnking and actg ae ograted tt lvl, Cora lesetsipis shared re eae became designers, teachers até stewards, oes eau, 2. Whe of te folowrg best deserbes employee beter eneoraged wt lesring ganizations, as such ganaatons are dscrbes nthe passoge! (25) new sls ability to build shared vision, to (Careful cfring ces jb descgton ant revol and change pealng ment model, nt ‘aking cr to aad dations rom t {0 foster roar, more tegrated pats of (8) _esigng mentor programs that anew ‘ing, ears nara amit aired sxe ressansbl for bung erga hich reese be proces tt hve bec 650 roles conta arg ests ad {Somnath capa to sap hx hte (©) Coneniing anes firs on masta oe dopet ofa cnptate task (©) Suajg an oganatnsl peor, oping 8 reper ad sib to copct eadey ter ooo 2a apoben rset protetiy, Imig 3 econ stat ston sd incre tatoos3 eco othe ata fhe passage, corporate Tear ol he re sould co wih of flown? |W Tey shoul encourage empoyes to at longterm goss aad of starr pots 1B) They shud exercise mre cnt one employees in der a censtvanprodcion cst. (©) They soul redefine ncertnes fr eoloyees perormance mprveret (D1 They stad provide employes wth oper to gan Rew sks ad expand te aati. IE) They sou pomote india managers who are comme 1 estabishos corny paces. “he peer purpose ofthe passage is to 1) endorse 0 vastiona corporate race 1B) stoduce anew approach 0 corporate Teaertp an eat cet fit (© exon competing theories about managerent bactees ad reonce ther 1D) conast wo type corporate onion strocies (© prope an aerate ta common cereale proach Samo Qesonto uo? a5) 5) 35) 00) Sct unenploment—te anerolyrent ‘hat remains een ate peak of he conan psnirgs—is caused by an mbsonce etree the ‘ypes ad locaton of ralabeeroloenton he ‘one hand nd the quaieaons ard leat of workers te te har ihe such an mba es, both abr shortages ad unalone may ‘occur, despite blace betwen supp ard demand feriaber nthe econo as 9 wl ‘Because tecnsogcal change iia odenace some workers, tis a map factor n produce stuctual unrpioymert Wie teciaogea atiance ast mara rests mss deans for eferet yes of workers, & does ot necessary esi n unre. elt Sr gradual changes inden ar ky to case Iie unerleymert. hel fem oven in the labor market as whee, oa ein ay be stein orede he sie ofthe work force tw atete cccipstns, Relive Inge rape changes, however, cat case serous problers Workers may setae nd fn herseves toate ss necessary to obtan ne bs, ‘Water tis dsplacenent leads to soctral Uuemplomert depends one amu of ue a rate sector esures dovted to reanng and lacing tase wares Workers canbe encaaped to move where tee ae bso eed or tan ‘emsees of rere natn, ote actors afectng stuctrl unemployment, so a5 cata ‘moverant, can be cata Inreased src uremooymert, shoud acu, mes taut rte econ ache dered ow rates ef unarpoyet slog wh ow rates of wfson tere isa groning pot of workers wh ck ihe reessry sl or fe aval bs, ree ital labor demand wl ray generate sartges ofan vwethrs AS the wages of ose worker ae bd lor costs and ths res, re, Ths peromenen may be an tmporant ator be ing es, observes fore pas to decaes of nenpioynent conbied witht, Goverment policy has laced a prety on retiing inten, ese fos hve never cased nerpyment tinrase, Questions 5-10 referto the pasage, Aloft owing re metoned a5 way of antling te rage of stuccl ereloyment Beet (A) using pli is to create obs (8) twactng new sist deplaced workers (C1 atoning dspace orters to rere (©) comrotng te moment of apt 1B) encowagng wrk o move to where bs a bvalobie The Dssage suggests tt a potential atcome of higher stvctral rempleent i (A) inseased publ secing fr sock sercas (8) placerent of workers nob for tic they re rot uid (C1 tigher ages tor Uose workers who ave sls tate in man 1D) _anccreasein th igh of ie obs rein les (© _ashitinthe govreentseconomie poicya sample Quasi ‘can be infer fom the passage that even when ‘9. The passage’s primary concerned wth Seen rena mere : ieee aeeeeer ci ee es Si eanereoans a oe 0 enor a scanneeee pesca oa Se ns se enesaenae meee aeatetoacesia! — ee eaeeaeest oer cee anuneeey eee eee aetna Shee neac meres onl ae (C)_ an economic problem that results {ror | {D} normal attrition is ofter sufficient to reduce the eee mecca ers ‘ations {E) workers are usually flexible enough to learn new eee cena ta Somme © _aneconom probe thst cn beeline by relate smal charges inte aber Frene a0) as) co ‘30 35) 1n 1971 researchers hoping to prc eartiiaesin ie shor er y ering pecrsry penomena ‘those at occur afew ay eto le ues but nt ohersice umes i ateton fo ranges in selsme woes tat had ben detected pr to ‘earausts. An epanation for such changes was fered by “atany thea,” based on a weino¥n ‘henomenon served nck inte brary 35 sbess bls, merolractres in rack ee, ecreasing te rocks volume, Bt 38 stress Continues to increase the rok begs 1 crack and pad in volume, long roundatr to seep in, weakening he rock. Acorn to ths tory, sich fects cul lead o seer precursor phenome ia the el, cing» change ne vlc of sesmic waves, and annrease isa ery errs. Researchers tal epred sucess ertng these possible precursors, at subsequent anaes of ta dita proved disheartening. Sesic waves ‘wth ust vebies wer recorded beer some ‘artes, fu while he stoic eo contrs tratmest age earthcuakes are receded by minor ‘vemos, these foresters nate nating aout ‘he mapntce ofan mp cube nd ae ‘istingushabe on ater moor Wears at occ itoat ge earths. Ine 1980s, some resarchers trea tie cfforts tam sorte toot pedion, Noting tat eartauaks tendo ooze repeaedy cata regns, Ln an ake atomoted 0 ietty patterns of recirence or eathaak ccs, cn wich to base peictns ne study of eataakepre sts ong te San Areas Fait, hey determined that quakes occured at ena of approx 22 years ne oe te ae Conchita there wa 2 95 pear probaby of an earthen Wat area by 1982. Te earaiake i no eccur win he re ‘tame predicted ower Lise 40) ws) 4, idence agi theo regulor ethane cles that ch ane Baker Wied to esalsh has cone fam araavely na fel, paosesmaogy. aleossmolgiats hae ered 2 dtd gel eatires sh 25 aut saps tat were causes by erties tousands of yas ago They hve eters that th avenge tl beeen en earns tat took pe at ove st ona the San Andes Fastin bapast wo mena was 152 yea, bt nid tals ranged ret, ‘rom 440 322 en. Qe ions 11-16 refer to the passage “The passage is primarily concerned wth o © o e cling why enerrethod of eathause predict has aren roe practicable than an ‘temabve method suggsing that arcuate eartauste forecasting rust combine elenets gtr nd shor term predicton chalenging the wseness of latency teary for expan he ccurence of precursoy penomena iscusing to ceeny of wo methods by ‘hich restarcers av stomps to pret he ccurence of eartuskes eserbing the dewlepment of maths for establishing ates inthe ocuence of past eartquakes