A/ an, the and zero article 1 ‘We usually use the when we talk about ~ ‘Ye things which are unique; that i, there is only one-of them (or one set of them): © theworld thesky the atmosphere the sun the ground theclimate thehorizon the human race the environment thetravelindustry the Intemet ‘Ye general geographical areas with the asin: © thebeach thetown thesea(side) theland the country(side) (where ‘the country’ or ‘the countryside’ means ‘the area where there are no towns’) oe © thepast thepresent the future Note, however, that some nouns like this can be used with zero article (ie. no article) to refer toa concept in general: © Climate is one of the many factors involved in changing farming methods. (or The climate ...) C)_ These flowers grow best in sandy soil and sun. (= sunshine) © Inautumn the temperature difference between land and sea decreases. (or... the land and the sea ...) fe want to describe @ particular instance of these we can use a / an, Compare: I eould see the plane high up in'the sky. and When | woke up there was a bright blue sky. © Wiiat are your plans for the future? and © Shedreamt of a future where she could spend more time painting. ‘We can use the when we make generalisations about classes of things using singular countable nouns. (Gee also Unit 47A,) Compare the use of the and a / an in these sentences: Cl The computer has revolutionised publishing. (this refers to computers in general) but not ‘Acomputer has revolutionised publishing. (computers in gerieral have done this, not an individual computer) © The computer is an important research tool. and Cl A computer is an important research tool. (this statement is true of both the general class and the individual item) As an alternative to the + singular countable noun we can use a plural countable noun to talk about a class of things: O Computers are an important research toot, ‘Note that if the is used with plural and uncountable nouns we refer to a specific thing or group: © The computers have arrived. Where shall! put them? © The music was wonderful. | could have listened to the orchestra all night. When we define something or sey whet is typical of a particular class of peaple or things, we generally use a / an rather than the: Q Acorkscrew isa gadget for getting corks out of bottles G Agardem is there to give you pleasure, not to be a constant worry. ‘Some nouns can be used uncountably when we talk about the whole substance or idea, but countably ‘when we talk about an instance or more than one instance of it. When these nouns are used countably we can use a /an (and plurals). Compare: Idon't drinkcoffee. and CQ Would:you tke a coffee! CO Heshookwith fear. and OQ Helasafearof heights. ‘There are many other nouns like this, including conversation, grammar, Importance, fon, pleasure, ‘shampoo, sound, Some.of these nouns (e.g. grarrimar, iron) have different meanings when they are used countably and uncountably. (=a cup of coffes)Exercises 45 ‘Complete both sentences in each pair using one word from the box. Add the or a/an in an appropriate place. 3 beach future past world 1 a Ithink the best Australian wine is as good as aMy IM... b Asa child, Dariya would often daydream about travelling forward in time to... very different from the one she lived in. 2 a lfweare elected, we will build our policies on the simple belief that our purpose is to create bright enn for our children rather than achieving short-term goals for ourselves. b Although our current financial position is worrying, we have many new orders for our products ang. ~-»»ei8 looking very positive, 3 a ASI get older, I remember... better than things that happened recently. b Many tourists come to the village looking for ....._.......that never really existed. 4 @ Ifyou want to get away from it all, you can take a small boat to deserted... on one of the istands, b Dear Mum and Dad, We're having a great holiday. The weather's wonderful and we're spending most of our time on EBD Uncertine the correct or more tikely answer, If both answers are possible, underline them both. 1 We get some strange requests in our shop. We had the customer /a customerin the other day who wanted to buy chocolate-covered ants. 2 Jtoften seems that the individual / an individual can have little impact on government policy. 3 The invention of a car// the cars normally attributed to the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler, 4 The television | A television has changed the way we think more than any other modem invention. 5 The campaign against smoking in public places argues that its harmful effects are not confined tothe smoker ! asmoker. Complete the sentences using the nouns from the box. Use each noun twice. If necessary, insert a/anin the correct place. conversation grammar iron pleasure sound @ 1 My sisters were clearly having X serious...con .~$0 | didn't like to disturb them. 2 Ttnow gives me great nn.w------ut0 introduce that marvellous ventriloquist, Marco Lutman, ‘3 As we walked through the rainforest we heard... we weren't expecting - the ring of a mobile phone. 4 The failure to teach... in schools has affected people's ability to write well. 5 Most red meats relatively high in... 6 ‘travels at different speeds, depending on the temperature of the air. 7 It's reat... to travel by rail in Sweden. The trains are clean and punctual. 8 Ihave... of English printed in 1890 on very thin paper. 9 Although he's g0t nn... he never seems to use it. His shirts are always creased. 40 As she walked into the party, o..n.--nnm» Ceased and everyone in the crowded room stared at her. ~ Additional exercise 10 (page 246) 31A/ an, the and zero article 2 We use a / an to say what a person's job is, was, or will be: © She was a company director when she retired. ‘© Against her parents’ wishes, she wants to be a journalist. However, when we give a person’s job ttle, or their unique position, we use the or zero article (le.no article), not a / an. Compar © She's been appointed (the) head of the company, and G _ Ima production manager at Fino. (« there may be more than one production manager) | After the position of, the post of, or the role of we use zero article before a job ttle: G_Drsimons has taken on the position of Head of Department. ‘We usually use zero article (ie. no article) before the name of an individual person or place. However, we use the ~ © when there are two people with the same name to specify which one we mean: © That's not the Stephen Fraser | went to school with. | but compare ‘There was a Stephen Fraser in my class’ (=a person named Stephen Fraser) | ‘3t_when we want to emphasise that the person we are referring to is the most famous person with that I name. Used this way, the is stressed and pronounced /®lif: © Do they mean the Neil Armstrong, or someone else? | 3% with an adjective to describe a person, or another noun which tells us their job: | Othe fate Michael jackson i © (the) artist Joseph Turner (‘the is sometimes left out, particularly in journalism) +k when we talk about a family as a whole: © The Robinsons are away this weekend. Note that a/ an, or sometimes zero article, is used with a name when referring to the particular ‘excellent qualities of the person named: © Majid plays tennis well, but he'll never be (a) Roger Federer. We also use a / an when we refer to an individual example of a product made by a particular manufacturer (eg I've just bought a Mercedes) or a work by a particular artist (eg. Do you think it could be a Van Gogh /a Rembrandt?). You can use a / an before a person's name if you don't know the person yourself, Compare: ©. DrLee is here for you. (=! know Dr Lee) and Theresa DrAmy Lee onthe phone. (=t haven't heard of her before) Doyou want totalk to her? in stories and jokes in conversation, this is commonly used instead ofa / an to introduce 3 new person or thing, Using this highlights the person or thing as the topic of what is to come next: ‘As | was walking along, this spider (= a spider) landed on my head, and ... 3 Taisman (=a man) goes into a chemist and he says. We use the before a superative adjective (the biggest, the most ‘expensive, etc) when the superlative adjective is followed by a noun or defining phrase: CO Heis the finest young player around at the moment. However, we can often leave out the, particularly in an informal style, when there is no noun or defining phrase after the superlative adjective. Compare: Oa: Why did you decide to stay in this hotel? 2: Itwas (the) cheapest. and It was the cheapest I could find.Put a/ an, the or zero article (~) in the spaces. Give all possible answers. EB ttre Exercises 46 necessary, correct any mistakes in these sentences. If they are already correct, write 7. EQ) ‘She was determined to be author one day. She recently became the minister in the new government, ‘A: What make is your computer? &: its Mac. | found myself talking to George Clooney! Not George Clooney, of course, but someone with the same name. 5 I didn't even know Clara was interested in art until | heard that she owns Van Gogh. 6 I've been offered the position of Director of Personnel 7 We're going on holiday with Nielsens. 8 He's really keen on athletics. He likes to think of himself as the Usain Bolt. RWNo 1Im. marketing adviser at Unifleet. 2 Leon's —..nn-.tmanager of his local football team. 3 She has been appointed Minister for Industry. 4 Aspecial award was given to novelist ian McMurphy. 5 Let me introduce you to.......... Georgia Rossi. & We met our good friend iza Borg when we were in vo Malta. 7 When Lucia was young she kn2W . ss. PIC8S50. 8 Linda Green is outside. Do you want to see her? sed the can be left out of these sentences, put brackets around it, 1. It's the best ice-cream I've ever tasted. 2. Rodrigo’s boat wasn't the most elegant in the harbour, but it was certainly the biggest. 3. I thought the second competitor was the best, even though he didn't win a prize. 4 This is by far the most valuable painting in the collection. 5A: Why did you ask Martina to go first? B: Because she's the oldest. 8 Sapphires occur in a variety of colours, but blue ones are the most valuable. 7 The Pacifici the biggest ocean in the world, & It’s supposed to be the oldest post office in the country. aS as ‘the email with a / an, the, zero article or this. Give alternatives where possible. DIU PDE SEE Ee oe SHE counted Sheek Spaling ¥ Something very strange happened to me the other night. As 1 was going home (a) ~ man came up to me, He had (2)... untidy halr and (3) ........... paint all over his clothes. He told me that he was (4) x... head of the local council and that hhe was offering me a job as (5) ........... road sweeper He said that (6) ....cuconn Foad sweeper earns a great deal of money and that I would become very rich in (7) .. | future. Well, I Just said ‘No, thanks’ and walked on. When I looked back he had stopped b @).. woman. He was telling her that he was (9) .. _.. President of the United States and that he wanted her to be (10) Defence Secretary ... “> Additional exercise 10 (page 246) 93A/an, the and zero article 3 With plural and uncountable nouns, zero article (ie. no article) is used to talk generally, without definite people or things in mind. The is used when we ‘assume the listener or reader will understand who or what we are referring to, ‘er when other words in the noun phrase make the reference specific. Compare: ‘The government has promised not to tax books, (= books generally) and © The books have arrived. (= the books you ordered) ©. Masie played an important part in his life. (= music generally) and © I thought the music used in the film was the best part. (= that particular music) ‘We often use zero article with the names of holidays, special times of the year, months, and days of the week including Easter, Ramadan, New Year's Day. But compare: © Milsee you on Saturday. (=next Saturday) ©. We met on Saturday. (= last Saturday) © They came on a Saturday as far as | can remember. (Wwe are only interested in the day of the week, not which particular Saturday) © They came on the Saturday after our party. (a particular Saturday, specifying which one), ‘With winter, summer, spring, autumn, and New Year (meaning the holiday period), we can use either zero article or the: ‘© In (the) summer | try to spend as much time as can in the garden, ‘We use the when it is understood or we go on to specify which summer, spring, etc. we mean: © Id like to go skiing in the autumn. (= this year) O ‘first went skiing in the spring of 2002. ‘We say ‘in the New Year’ to mean near the beginning of next year: Ml see you again in the New Year. ‘When we want to describe the features of a particular holiday, season, or other period of time and say that it was somehow special when compared with others, we can use It/ That was ... +a/an + noun + modifying phrase. Compare: © That was a winter Ill never forget. (= compared'to other winters it was unforgettable) and © That was the winter we went to Norway. (=a statement about a particular winter) We use zero article with times of the day and night such as midnight, midday, and noon: If possible, I'd like it finished by midday. ©. Midnight couldn't come quickly enough. But note that we can say either the dawn or dawn: He got back into bed and waited for (the) dawn. We use the + moming / afternoon / evening for a day which is understood or already specified: © enjoyed the morning, but in the afternoon the course was boring. But compare: ©. Morning is the time | work best. (= mornings in general; The morning ... is also possible) © Mile there by (the) morning / evening. (but... by the afternoon, not ... by afternoon) ©) twelted all morning. (more usual than all the morning / afternoon, etc.) ‘You look upset.’ "Yes, I've had a terrible morning.’ (= compared to other mornings) ‘We often use by-+ zero article to talk about means of transport and communication. Compare: © Igenerally go by bus to work. and © I generally take the bus to work. ‘Also: go / travel by car / taxi / bus / plane / train / air / ‘sea; contact / communicate by post / email / phoneExercises ‘Complete both sentences in each pair using one word from the box. Add the where necessary. agriculture children fire holidays islands money parents rain 1a as young as ten are working in the clothing industry. b While you're painting the sitting room, I'll take... over to the park. 2 a Asthe soll quality deteriorated, s0 too did naan on which the region depended. b Around 60% of the labour force in the county is supported by Eee 3 2 Around the world... are being threatened by rising sea levels. b off the east coast of Malaysia are beautiful. 4a I'vebeen really busy at work, so 'm really looking forward to... b _-inthe Brazilian rainforests are now becoming popular with travellers. 5 a Farmers will be hoping for... in the next few weeks. b Last night... ‘was torrential. 6B INCL ae J owe you on your desk b Itissald that........_.._.... isthe root of all evi. 7 8 ens snimemns Will be able to use this software to check thelr child's use of the Internet. b em F Paul Thomas claimed that he was at home at the time of the robbery. 8 a Itisn’t known how _ started. b Animals fear... nn more than anything else, GBD complete the diatogues with a / an, the or zero article (-), whichever is more likely. Where more than one answer is possible, consider any difference in meaniny 1 a: What's the matter? 's: ['ve been working in the garden all mau @ftemoon and my back aches, 2 a: Can you remember when we last saw Alex? Bit was. Sunday in June, I think, 3. &: When did you get your laptop? 8: July 1Sth last year, | remember because it was also... day | passed my driving test. ‘4: | haven't seen Subin for months. #: He's been away in South Africa for... winter. ‘A: ’ve spent... afternoon on the phone to my mother. 8: Why? Is there a problem? 4: Shall we go out walking on.. Sunday? &: No, I'm busy this weekend, +:Do you remember when Mateo did all the cooking? 8: Of course. It was. a: Christmas the rest of us had flu. see you again after .ummunChristmas. 9: Okay. Have a good holiday. 4 That old coat of yours won't be warm enough for... winter, 8: You're right. [need a newone. 10 &: Remember when Lars and Ella had that terrible row? 8: How could | Forget? That Wa... day | wouldn't want to go through again. Nous od ESD complete the sentences using the words from the box (more than once). Add any other necessary words. air car email post 1 acl got from Carla yesterday, s: How is she now? 2 The train was cancelled so | had to come. 3 Research has found that living plants are efficient at absorbing pollutants in... 4 The application forms came in nen this morning. 5 The exam results will be sent. ones OM 24th August. 6 t's raining so think I'l take... 7 x Shalll send Goran aletter? &: No, the quickest way to get in touch with him is. - 8 Thailand ~ Getting there... ..nes-ninn-nnn-n! The main international airport in Thailand is Suvarnabhumi Airport... Additional exercise 10 (page 246)EXPRESSIONS OF |_| USED WITH COUNT NouNs | USED Wir NoNCOUNT | An exprestion of quantity QUANTITY NOUNS ray precede # noun. Some expressions of quantity are @ one ‘one apple oO used only with count nouns, each ‘each apple o sin (@) and (). every | every apple o (b) 9, ec. | two apples o book both apples ° a couple of a couple of apples ° afew afew apples @ ‘coral several apples ° many many apples 6 a mumber of a number of apples © alin ° ca little vice ‘Some are used only with much ° much rice roncount nouns, a8 in (¢). 4 great deal of ° a great deal of rice @ no ‘no apples ‘no vice ‘Some are used with both somelany somelany apples somelany rice ‘count and noncount nouns, alorofilos of | a lot ofllots of apples | alot oflots of rice asin @). plenty of plenty of apples | ploney of rice most ‘most apples ‘most rice all all apples ell rice *@ = not used. For example, you can say “Tate one apple” but NOT “Tae ane rice.” 1 EXERCISE 19. Expressions of quantity. (Chart 7-9) Directions: Draw a line through the expressions that CANNOT be used to complete the sentence correctly. Item 1 has been started for you. 1. Jake has homework, a. three b. several c. some d. alot of, €. too much f. too many afew h. alittle 2. Isabel has a. three b. several . some a lot of e. too much too many afew . a little assignments. a number of j. a great deal of K. hardly any 1 no . g number of a great deal of hardly any |. n0C EXERCISE 20. MUCH vs. MANY. (Chart 7-9) Directions: Write much or many. Also write the plural form of the italicieed nouns as necessary. In some sentences, you will need to choose the correct verb in parentheses, cities 1, haven't visited ___wany ity in the United States. 2. There (isn’v/aren’t) __iswt __ _wuch money in my bank account. 3. Uhaven’t gotten _____ mail lately. 4, Tdon’t get_____ denser. 5. There (isn’varen’t) hotel in my hometown, 6. There (is/are) ____ too ____ furniture in Anna's living room. iY JS ir \ id any 2 ee DS 7. There (isn’varen’t) traffic today, 8. There (isn’v/aren’) ______________ car on the road today. 9. can’t go with you because Ihave too ___ work to do. 10. A: How ___side does a pentagon have? B: Five, 120 CHAPTER 711. I couldn't find information in that book. 12, How ____ homework did the teacher assign? 13, Thaven’t met people since I came here. 14, How __ postage does this letter need? 15, I think there (is/are) ____ too violence on television. 16. Idon’t have ___ patience with incompetence. 17. The doctor has so __ patient that she has to work at least twelve hours a day. 18, A: How _____toth does the average person have? B: Thirty-two. 19, There (isn’v/eren’t) international news in the local paper. 20. How ____ fish (is/are) _____ there in the ocean? 21. How ______ continent (islare) ____ there in the world? 22, How ___ progress has your country made in improving the quality of medical care available to the average citizen? Cl EXERCISE 21. Expressions of quantity. (Chart 7-9) Directions: If the given noun can be used to complete the sentence, write it in its correct form (singular or plural). If the given noun cannot be used to complete the sentence, write @. 1, Helen bought several ... 3, Sam bought 2 lot of .... lamp ——lewes stamp stows furniture ___@ rice ASSESSES Tw SOREEEES jewery snuff sku __ necklace __necklaces thing things 2. Jack bought too much .... 4. Alice bought a couple of . . shoe Pee bread salt a loaf of bread equipment equipment _ honey tol Jar of honey Nouns 1215. Tread afew... 9, Nick has a number of .... novel etait shirt literature homework poem pen poery chalk 6. I bought some .... 10. I don’t have a grear deal of . onange juice patience Hight bu wealth hardware Sriend Sai aanas pencil 7, We need plenty of .... 11. Ineed a little . . sleep ee Tuck information money feted icatentsezsasseontead advice ip Hee eect next hat 8. Isaw both... 12, The author has many... . oman idea PaaS icse_psssniastastninasss theory scene hypothesis Romeo PEE TCE Ienotledge Cl EXERCISE 22. Expressions of quantity. (Chart 7-9) Directions: Use many or much* with the following words, changing the words to plural if necessary. Pronounce final ~s/-es loudly and clearly. The cuer’s book is open. The responder’s book is closed. If you use this exercise in pairwork, switch roles after Item 14. Examples: sentence + many sentences water + much water thief + many thieves 1, furniture 8. piece 15. music 22. hypothesis 2. desk 9, mouse 16. progress 23, mail 3. branch 10. advice 17. race 24, office 4. equipment LL. sheep 18. knowledge 25. slang 5. machinery 12. homework 19. marriage 26. roof 6. machine 13. prize 20. information 27. shelf 7. woman 14. goose 21. luck 28. tooth "You may want ro practice some of these words in sentences, Muck is usually not used in afirmative sentencess instead, a lot of or a great deal af is frequently used. Much ie used primarily in negative sentences and questions. 122 CHAPTER 7feo alitde ND LITTLE (@) She has been here only two weeks, but she has A few and a little* give a positive ideas they already made a few friends. indicate that something exists, is present, a5 in. (Positive idea: She has made some friends.) (@) and (6). (b) I'm very pleased. T've been able to save a little ‘money this month. (Positive idea: J have saved some monty instead of spending all of it.) ? Tiele (©) Livel sorry for her. She has (very, few friends. | Few and little (without a) give a negative idea; (Negative idea: She does not have many friends; she | they indicate that something is largely absent, has almost no friends.) @) Theve (very) Hittle money. 1 don’t even have Very (+ fewltittle) makes the negative ‘enough money to buy food for dinner. stronger, the number/amount smaller. (Negative idea: I do not have much money; have almost no money.) “A few and few ae wsed with plural count nouns. A File and Witte are used with noncount nouns, Cl EXERCISE 23. Using A FEW and FEW; A LITTLE and LITTLE. (Chart 7-10) Directions: Without substantially changing the meaning of the sentence, replace the italicized words with a few, (very) few, a little, or (very) little. a lithe 1, I think that seme lemon juice on fish makes it taste better. (very) few 2, Many people are multilingual, but net-many people speak more than ten languages. 3. Some sunshine is better than none. 4, January is a cold and dreary month in the northern states. There is nor much sunshine during that month, 5. My parents like to watch TV. Every evening they watch mo or three programs on TV before they go to bed. 6. Idon’t watch TV very much because there are harily any television programs that I enjoy. 7. Ifa door squeaks, several drops of oil in the right places can prevent future trouble. 8. If your door squeaks, put some oil on the hinges. 9, Mr. Adams doesn’t like to wear tings on his fingers. He wears almost no jewelry.EXERCISE 24, Using A FEW and FEW; A LITTLE and LITTLE. (Chart 7-10) Directions: Complete the sentences with a few, (very) few, a little, or (very) little. 1. Do you have afew minutes? T'd like to ask you a few questions. Ineed a little more information. 2, Diana’s previous employer gave her a good recommendation because she makes very few mistakes in her work. 3. After Steve tasted the soup, he added __ salt ro it. 4, I don’t like a lot of salt on my food. I add salt to my food. 5. Ilike music. I like to listen to ________ music after dinner before I begin studying. 7 6. Driving downtown to the stadium for the baseball game was easy. We got there quickly because there was __ traffic. 7. Jim is having a lot of trouble adjusting to cighth grade. He seems to be unpopular. Unfortunately, he has ___ friends. 8. We're looking forward to our vacation. We're planning to spend days with my folks and then days with my husband’s folks. After that, we're going to go to a fishing resort in Canada. 9. A: Are you finished? B: Not yet. Ineed more minutes. 10. A: Are you finished? B: Not yet. Ineed ____ more time, 11 Iwas hungry, so I ate ____ nuts. 12, Because the family is very poor, the children have _____ toys. 13, Into each life, __ rain must fall. (a saying) 14, Natasha likes sweet tea, She usually adds __ honey to her tea. Sometimes she adds _________ milk, too. 15. Has anyone ever called you on the phone and tried to sell you something you didn’t want? Ihave _____ patience with people who interrupt my dinner to try to sell me a magazine, 16. He’s a lucky little boy. Because his parents have taken good care of him, he has had problems in his young life.(a) Correct: A lot of books are paperbacks. ‘Some expressions of quantity (such as a dot of) always @) connecr: Alot of my Books aze paperbacks. | contain of, asin (@) and (b). See GROUP ONE below. (© snconnecr: A lot books are paperbacks (@) CORRECT: Many of my books are paperbacks. | Sometimes of is used with an expression of quantity, as in (©) iNcoRREcT: Many my books are paperbacks. (@) and sometimes of is NoT used with the same ‘expression of quantity, as in (£). See GRouPTwo below. (£) connect: Many books are paperbacks. (@) INCORRECT: Many of books are paperbacks. [EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY THAT ALWAYS CONTAIN OF a number of a majorigy of great deal of plensy of GROUP TWO: EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY THAT SOMETIMES CONTAIN OF AND SOMETIMES NOT al (op) many (2) one (0D) bath Ca some (oD) most (of) much (of) wo (of) several (of) any (of) almost all (of) afew (of) three (of) afte oD a (2) Many of my books are in English | Os used with the expressions of quantity in GROUP Two G4) Many of those books are in English | when the noun is apecific. A noun is specific when iis 7 at shelf are in English, | Preceded by: (Ges a is feo i St ore oe 1, mos dof’ (or any possessive) asin Qh). 2. this, chat, these, oF those, as in (). 3, the, as in @) () Many books are in English. Ofis Nor used with the expressions of quantity in cour ‘Two if the noun it modifies is nonspecific. In (K): The noun books is nonspecific ie. the speaker is not referring to “your books” or “these books” or “the books on that desk” ‘The speaker is not referting to specific books, but to books in general. Cl EXERCISE 25. Using OF in expressions of quantity. (Chart 7-11) Directions: Add of if necessary. Write @ if of is not necessary. 1, Iknow several of Jack's friends. . Pvé made several 0 friends lately. students are hard-working. . Some students are lazy. Most . Some the students in Mrs. Gray's class are a little lazy. books have an index. . Most ____Ali’s books are written in Arabic. . Tbought a few ___ books yesterday. 2. 3. 4. 5. Most 6. 7, 8. Dve read a few ___ those books. 9, . Pm new here. I don’t know many ____ people yet.10. Pve just moved into a new apartment. I don’t know many ___ my neighbors yet. 11. Have you taken any ___ trips lately? 12. Sam hasn’t met any ___ the students in the other class. 13. Tusually get a lot mail. 14. A lot ___ the mail I get is junk mail. 15. Our class has 30 students. Mr. Freeman’s class has 25 students. Ms. North’s class has 20 students. Of the three classes, our class has the most 16. Most 17, Out of all the students, Ali usually asks the most his questions are about grammar. 18. Most 19. Most 20. China has the most students.* the students in our class are very smart.* questions during'elass. Most people need six to eight hours of sleep every night, the people in this class always hand in their assignments on time. people of any country in the world. 2 ALL (OF) AND BOTH (OF) (a) CORRECT: AI of the students in my class are here. (b) conrscr: All che students in my class are here. (©) CORRECT: All students rust have an LD. card. (@) Inconrecr: All of students must have an I.D. card. When a noun is specific (c.g. he students), using of after all is optional as in (a) and (b). When a noun is nonspecific, of does Nor follow all, as. | in (©). (€) Lmow both (of) those men. (1D) CORRECT: Llmow both men (@) mconzacr: I know both of men Similarly, using of after both is optional when the noun is specific, as in (e). ‘When a noun is nonspecific, of does Nor follow both, asin (). C1 EXERCISE 26. ALL (OF) and BOTH (OF). (Chart 7-12) Directions: Of is not necessary in any of these sentences. In the sentences in which the use of of is optional, write (of) in the blanks. If of is not possible because the noun is nonspecific, write @. 1, All {o8) the children listened to the story. 2, Almost all children like fairy tales. compares (1) The most eclative, ‘The superlative is used to'compare three or more persons or things. The most is never immediately followed by of. Example: Out of ll che boy, Tom ate the most food, @) Mose (not preceded by the) = an expression of quantity whose meaning ranges from “over fifty percent” to “almost all” Example: Most of the food at that restaurant is good, but m0 all of 126 CHAPTER 73. Both ____ those books are mine. 4. [bought two books. Both books were expensive, 5. Almost all students study hard for exams. 6, All birds can fly. Both ___ the birds in the picture are incapable of flight. birds have wings, but not all 7. Thave two brothers. Both __ my brothers e& are in school. ey aa 8. Do you know all ___ the people in your biology class? 9, All __ the students in my class are studying English. 10. Not all ____ people are friendly, but most people have kind hearts. O EXERCISE 27. Using OF in expressions of quantity. (Charts 7-11 and 7-12) Directions: Add of and/or write @. 1. Some __@ fish are surface feeders. Others are bottom feeders. 2. Some __¢f __ the fish we caught were too small to keep. 3, Almost all of on @ the fish in Jennifer’s aquarium died. She finally had to admit that she didn’t know much about taking care of tropical fish. 4. I bought several _____ books at the used book sale. 5, Several _______ my friends and I have volunteered to clean up the litter left on the school grounds by thoughtless students. 6. The airline was crippled by a strike last month, but now it's over. All ____ the pilots were happy to get back to work after the strike. 7. Most ______ people have 2 little ____ trouble using the currency in a foreign country fora few _____ days after they first arrive. 8. There’s nothing I like better than a good book, but I haven’t done much reading for pleasure lately. Most ______ the reading I do is related to my work. 9, It’s important for young people to have goals in their lives. My mother always told me that any ____ dream is worth pursuing if | know in my heart it is what I want to do. Few people have made great accomplishments in life without first having a dream—a personal, inner vision of what is possible.10. Square dancing is a traditional folk dance in the ‘United States. We all had a lot___ fan learning to square dance at the party. Many ! the people at the party had never | done any square dancing before. 11. When my parents were young, they had litde _____ opportunity to travel. 12. Afew ________ children are given their first watch by the time they are six years old. However, most __ these children cannot tell time correctly. 7-13, SINGULAR EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY ONE, EACH, EVERY (2) One student was late to class. (b) Back student has a schedule, (c) Every student has 2 schedule One, each, and every are followed immediately by singular count nouns (never plural nouns, never noncount nouns), (@) One of the students was Iate to class. One of, each of, and every one of are followed by (e) Bach (one) of the students has a schedule. specific plural count nouns (never singular nouns; (4) Every one of the students has a schedule. never noncount nouns). Every one (‘wo words) is an expression of quantity; e.g, Thave read every one of shoe books Booryone (one word) is an indefinite pronoun; it has the same meaning as everybody; ¢g., BveryonelBverybody has a schedule. NoTR Each and every have essentially the ssme meaning, Each is used when the speaker is thinking of one personthing at a time: Bach suuden has a schedule. = Mary has @ sede, Hiroshi has a schedule, Carlos has a schedule. Sabrina has a schedule, (ee,) Bvory is wsed when the speaker means “ll: Poery student has schedule, = Al ofthe students have schedules CO EXERCISE 28. Using ONE, EACH, and EVERY. (Chart 7-13) Directions: Complete the sentences with the correct form, singular or plural, of the noun in parentheses. 1. There is only one ___givl_ on the sixth-grade soccer team. (girl) 2. Only one of the in the sixth grade is on the soccer team. (girl) 3. Each of the got a present. (child) 4, Mr. Hoover gave a present to each (ehild) of the club. (member) 5. We invited every 6. Every one of the came. (member) 128 CHAPTER 7Cl EXERCISE 29. Using ONE, EACH, and EVERY. (Chart 7-13) Directions: Some (but not all) of the following sentences contain errors. Find and correct the errors. student 1, It’s important for every stadenss to have a book. 2, Each of the students in my class has a book. (no change) 3. Spain is one of the country I want to visit. 4, The teacher gave each of studemts a test paper. 5. Bvery student in the class did well on the test. 6. Every furniture in that room is made of wood. 7. One of the equipment in our office is broken. 8. L gave a present to each of the woman in the room. 9. One of my favorite place in the world is an island in the Caribbean Sea. 10. Each one of your suitcases will be checked when you go through customs. 11, Ie’s impossible for one human being to know every languages in the world. 12, I found each of the error in this exercise. 1 EXERCISE 30, Activity: expressions of quantity. (Charts 7-9 > 7-13) Directions: Conduct an opinion poll among your classmates. Report your findings using expressions of quantity. Prepare five yes/no questions that ask for opinions or information about the respondents’ likes, dislikes, habits, or experiences. Possible questions: I, Do you read an English language newspaper every day? 2. Do you like living in this city? 3, Do you have a car? 4, Have you ever ridden a horse? 5, Are you going to be in bed before midnight tonight? Record your classmates’ responses, Then in your report, make generalizations about this information by using expressions of quantity. For example: Only a few of the people in this class read an English newspaper every day. ‘Most of them like living in this city. ‘Three of the people in this class have cars. About half of them have ridden 2 horse at some time in their lifetime. Almost all of them are going to be in bed before midnight tonight. yeepCi EXERCISE 31. Review: expressions of quantity. (Charts 7-9 > 7-13) Directions: Most of the statements below are inaccurate overgeneralizations, Make each statement clearer or more accurate by adding an expression of quantity. Add other words to the sentence or make any changes you wish. The following list suggests expressions of quantity you might use. Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class. all (of) many (of) one (of) some (of) each (of much (of) ro (of) several (of) every a number of half of (@) few (op) almost all (of) @ great deal of 50 percent of (a) little (of) most (of) aloof three fourths of hardly any (of) a majority of none of hundreds of no thousands of millions of Example: My classmates are from Japan. Possible sentences: + Most of ney classmates are from Japan. > AIl (of) my classmates are from Japan. + One of my classmates is from Japan. “+ Hardly any of my classmates are from Japan. ~» None of my classmates is from Japan. . My classmates speak Arabic. . People are friendly. . The pages in this book contain illustrations. . Babies are born bald. . The students in my class are from South America. . People like to live alone. . The people I know like to live alone. . The countries in the world are in the Northern Hemisphere. 9. The citizens of the United States speak English 10. Children like to read scary stories. 11, The children in my country go to school. 12, Airplanes depart and arrive precisely on time. 13. The rivers in the world are polluted, 14. The pollution in the world today is caused by human beings. 15. City dwellers do not have cars. 16. The food at (name of the place you usually eat) is very good. SN AURENe 130. CHAPTER 7Too and Enough Too and enough indicate degree. They are used with adjectives. ‘+ Too means more than what is needed. + Enough means sufficient. Examples He is too old to play football with the kids. Dave is intelligent enough to do the right thing. You're not working fast enough Idon'thave enough time. He has too many friends. She has got too much patience Use of too and enough 1, Enough comes after adjectives and adverbs: He isn't old enough to watch this program. ‘We're not walking quickly enough. 2, Enough may also precede nouns: We have enough money. Ihave not got enough money to buy this computer. res and adverbs: 3. Too comes before adjet It's too hot to wear that coat. Iwas driving too fast. 4, Too may also come before nouns when it is used with the expressions too much and too many. a. Too much is used before uncountable nouns. ‘There is too much salt in this food. b. Too many is used before countable nouns ‘There are too many students in this classroom.Fill in the correct word (too or enough). 1. left the coffee for'a minute to cool because it was. hot to drink. 2, He wasn't strong to lift that heavy box. 3. Therearen't policemen in our town, 4. Doyouhave information to help me with this problem? 5. Itis, difficult to do for allittle child. 6. Idonothave much time to prepare dinner. 7. I didn't buy the car because it was. expensive. 8. Hedidn'tworkhard, to pass the exam. 9, My mum can't sleep because she drinks. much coffee. 10. Sheisn'told__tostart driving. LL There were. many questions to answer; so | only did three. 12. I didn’t understand the lesson well but I managed to answer the teacher's questions. 13, The room wasn’t warm so the worker turned the air-conditioner on. 14, The tourist bought the jacket because it wasn't expensive for him. 15, My brother is old to drive the car by himself. 16. The test was far difficult for the students to do. 17. The suitcase was heavy for the kid to pick up. 18. We haven't got time to take a holiday this year. 19. The coffee was hot to drink; so Ileft it for a minute to cool. 20. The teacher must give students practice exercises to understand this lesson.DETERMINERS Determiners are words which come at the beginning of the noun phrase. They tellus whether the noun phrase is specific or general. Specific determiners: The specific determiners are: -the definite article: the -possessives: my, your, his, her, its; our, their, whose -demonstratives: this, that, these, those -interrogatives: which Weuse a specific determiner when we believe the listener/reader knows exactly what weare referring to: Can you pass me the salt please? _—_Look at those lovely flowers. ‘Thankyou very much for your letter. Whose coat is this? General determiners: The general determiners are: a; an; any; another; other; what ‘When we are talking about things in general and the listener/reader does not now exactly what we are referring to, we can use a uncount noun or a plural noun with no determiner: Milk is very good for you. (= uncount noun) Health and education are very important. Girls normally do better in school than boys. uncount nouns) = plural nouns with no determiner) _ Or you can use a singular noun with the indefinite article a or an: ‘Awoman was lifted to safety by ahelicopter. A man climbingnearby saw the accident. Weuse the general determiner anywith a singular noun or an uncount noun when we are talking about all of those people or things: It's very easy. Any child can do it. (= All children can do it) With a fill licence you are allowed to drive any car. like beef, lamb, pork - any meat. Weuse the general determiner another to talk about an additional person or thing: Would you like another glass of wine? The plural form ofanother is other: I spoke to John, Helen and a few other friends.CI nced a pen. Have you got one? (ons | GA: Ts there a bank near here? B: Yes, there’ one at the end of this street. one and ones ‘one (singular) ‘nie = hat/car/giel ete. this one / that one 1 Which cat is yours? This one or that one? (= this car or that cat) the one 1 A: Which hotel did you stay at? b: The one opposite the station, 1 [ found this key. Is it the one you lost? the ... one 1B I don’t like the black coat, but I like : the brown one. 1D Don't buy that camera, Buy the other one. a/an ... one O This cup is dirty. Can T have a clean one? 15 That biscuit was nice. have another one. whieh .. 2 Unit 47 another Unit 65 this/that Would you like one ? ' = Would you like a chocolate ? one = a/an ... {a chocolate / an apple ete.) @ pen) fone = a bank) ones (plural) ‘Which ones? = Which flowers? ‘Ones = Howers/cars/giels etc. these/those or these ones / those ones 1 Which flowers do you want? These or those? or These ones or those ones? the ones . 5A: Which books are yours? 3: The ones on the table. © T found these keys, Are they the ‘ones you lost? the ... ones © I dont like the red shoes, but I like the green ones. 1 Don't buy those apples. Buy the other ones. some ... ones 8 These cups are ditty. Can we have some clean ones? 1 My shoes are wery old. I'm going to buy some new ones. ete. > Unit 74.Exercises Unit 75 75.1 75.2 783 Aaasks B some questions. Use the information in the box to write B's answers. Use one {not a/an ..) in the answers. B doesn't need a car B has just had a cup of coffee | theres a chemist in Mill Road Bis going to get a bike Basne gent per B hasn't got an umbrella Can you lend me a pen? : P'm sorry, haven't. gob one, 7 Would you like to have a car? 8: No, I don’t 7 : Have you got a bike? B: No, but own iz rt Can you lend me an umbrella? I'm sorry. but... : Would you like a cup of coffe? : No, thank you. i A: Is there @ chemist near here? : Yes, ounewe RRERE Complete the sentences. Use a/an ... one. Use the words in the list, better big loan. different. © new old 1 This eup is dirty. Can I have 6 618MM. 2 2 I'm going to sell my car and buy ... 3 That's not a very good photograph, but this is Tae 4 T-want today’s newspaper, Thi 55 encore enn 5 This box is too small. I need -.. — = saee eee = = 6 Why do we ahvays go to the same restaurant? Let $0 10 avon Sas Ais talking to B. Use the information to complete the conversations. Use one/ones. 1 A stayed at « hotel. It was opposite the station. | 6 A is looking at a picture, Jt on the wall ‘We stayed at a hotel, ‘8: That's an interesting picture. B See Bi mene "A sees same shoes in a shop window ‘They're | 7A sees a gil in a group of people. She’ tall green. with long hai ‘like those shoes. A: Do you know that giel? 8: Which See eeateeee ine eee a : 3 Ais looking at a howse. It has a red door. 8 A is looking at some flowers in the garden. ‘A: That's a nice house. Theyre yellow. B 7 2 | a: Those flowers are beautifil a Eel eee St Aime a 7 4 ALG looking at some CDs They're on the top | 9 A is looking at a man in restaurant. He hes shelf a meoustache and glasses. ‘Are those your CDs? A: Who's that man? Peco aout teeter atc ae 5 A is looking at a jacket in a shop. Ws black. | 10 A took some photos at the party last week. 10 you like that jacket? A: Did I show you my photos?Use some in positive sentences: Use any in negative sentences: 10 I'm going to buy some clothes. 1g I'm not going to buy any clothes i There's some ice in the fridge. co There isn’t any milk in the fridge. 10 We made some mistakes. Q We didn’t make any mistakes. any and some in questions In most questions (but not all) we use any (wot some); 1D Is there any ice in the fridge? G Has he got any fiends? 1 Do you need any help? ‘We normally use some (ot any) when we offer things (Wotrld you like ... © &: Would you like some coffee? es, please, cor when we ask for things (Can I have ... ? etc) 1 A: Can I have some soup, please? Yes, Help yourself © A: Can you lend me some money? 8: Sure. How much do you need? some and any without a noun. 1 I didn’t take any photographs, but Jane took some. (= some photographs) 1 You can have some coffee, but I don't want any. (= any coffee) 1 F've just made some coffee. Would you like some? (= some coffee) 1B ‘Where's your luggage?” ‘I haven't got any: (= any luggage) ‘Are there any biscuits?” ‘Yes, there are some in the kitchen. (= some biscuis) something / somebody (or someone) anything / anybody (or anyone) 1 She said something. ‘b She didn’t say anything. F 1 I saw somebody (or someone) B I didn’t see anybody (or anyone). 1G Would you like something to cat? 1 Are you doing anything tonight? 1G Somebody's at the door 0 Wheres Sue? Has anybody seen her? | ‘and some —+Unit 6 somebody/anything etc. Unit 79Exercises Unit 76 76.1 76.2 763 76.4 Write some or any. 1 Lbought cheese, but I didn't buy PY... bread 2 I’m going to the post office, T need o-au stamps. 3 There aren't... shops in this part of town, 4 Gary and Alice haven't got ...... children. 5 Have you got ......-- brothers or sisters? 6 There are beautiful flowers in the garden. 7 Do you know... good hotels in London? 8 “Would you like... tea?” “Yes, please?” 9 When we were on holiday, we visited .. 10 Don't buy rice. We don’t need 11 T went out t0 buy ........ oranges, but they didn have in the shop. 12 Pm thirsty, Can T have water, please? very interesting places, Complete the sentences. Use some or any + the words in the box. cheese help milk questions batteries, friends _languages _ photographs shampoo. 1 Twane to wash my hair. Is there 2 The police want to talk to you. They want to ask you — 3 Uhaven’t got my camera, so [can't take 4 Do you speak... a 5 Yesterday evening I went to a restaurant with 6 Can Thave cn in my coffe, please? 7. The ragio isn't working. There aren’ Bee 8 es hot in this office. I’m going out for se feb 9 &: Would you like “ tate B: No, thank you. T've liad enough to eat. 10 I can do this job alone. I don't need... 7 eco Complete the sentences. Use some or any. 1 Jane didn't take any photographs, bat ...|.t00K. some. (L/take) 2 "Where's your luggage?” 1. aven’b gob. any... (L/not/have) 3 ‘Do you need any money?" ‘No, thank you. a 2 (have) 4 ‘Can you lend me some money?” ‘I'm sorry, but, 2 (/not/have) 5. The tomatoes in the shop didn’t look very g00d, $0 ummm - (/not/buy) 6 ‘There were some nice oranges in the shop, so « Wouy) 7 ‘How many phone calls did you make yesterday?‘ eeennmravenmne 2 (1/n00/ make) Write something/somebody or anything/anybody, 1 A woman stopped me and said _.. something... , but I didn’t understand. 2 ‘What's wrong? “There. u in my eye! 3 Do you know... about polities? 4 Lwent to the shop, but I didn’t Buy sen 3 access has broken the window. I don't know who 6 There isn't. in the bag. Ie empry. 7 8 9 0 Im looking for my keys. Ha oc snnnnennnn $e6m them? Would you like to drink? I didn’t cat... because I wasn't hungry. This is a secret. Please don't tellThe car pack is empry There aren’t any cars There are no cars |” THe cat patk How many cars are there in che car park? None. not (-n't) + any © There aren’t any cars in the car park. 0 Tracey and Jeff haven’t got any children, 1B You can have some coffee, but I don’t want any. ‘no + now (no cars / no garden etc) no ... = not any or not a 1 There are no cars in the car park, (= there aren’t any can) 1 We've got no coffee. (= we haven't gor any coffee) : 1D Its.a nice house, but there's no garden. (= there isn't a garden) ‘We use no ... especially after have (got) and there is/are negative verb + any = positive vb + no : © They haven't got any children. or They’ve got no childcen. : (not They haven't got no children) © There isn’t any sugar in your coffee. or ‘There's no sugar in your coffee no and none Use no + noun (no money / no children etc): 1G We've got no money. © Everything was OK. There were no problems. Use none alone (without a noun) 1 ‘How much money have you got?” ‘None. (= no money) © ‘Were there any problems?” ‘No, none? (= no problems) none and no-one noite = 0-(eero) no-one = nobody None is an answer for How much? / How many? (things or people): © ‘How much money have you gov” ‘None’ © ‘How many people did you meet?” ‘None’ No-one is an answer for Who?: 1 ‘Who did you meet?” ‘No-one’ or ‘Nobody’ negatives —> Unit 43 some and any —> Unit 76 anybodyinabodyinothing etc. > Units 78-73Exercises 7A 772 773 714 Write these sentences again with no. 1 We haven't got any money. _. Weve. got no, money. ma 2. There aren't any shope near here. ‘There are 3 Carla hasn't got any fiee time. ieseSnEEs 4 There isnt» light in this roar. Hat Write these sentences again with any. 5 We've got no money. le. Igarem’t, got. any money... 6 There's no silk in the fridge. SESS 7 There are no buses today. Be ee 8 Tom has got no brothers or sisters. Soeece Write no or any. 1 There's "9... sugar in your coffte 2. My brother is married, but he hasn't got children 3 Sue doesn’t speak foreign languages 4 Vim afiaid there's coffee. Would you like some tea? 5 ‘Look at those birds!” ‘Birds? Where? I can’t see birds! 6 Do you know where Jessica is?” ‘No, I've got idea’ Write no, any or none. 7 There aren't... pieuures on the wall. 8 The weather was cold, but there was von Wind. 9 L wanted to buy some oranges, but they didn’t have mne--u in the shop. 10 Everything was correct. There were mistakes. 11 ‘How much luggage have you got? 12 "How much luggage have you got?” ‘I haven't got Complete the sentences. Use any or no + the words in the box. ani difference friends furniture heating money problems questions__—_—_queue 1 Everything was OK, There were ..00.problemns.. 2. Jack and Ennily would like to go on holiday, but they've got 7 3 Tm not going to answer EEE 4 He's always alone. He's got 7 ee B There iS secon sneensnanrnnninnnneen between these two machines. They're exactly the same. 6 There wasn't no-wmiminnnns iM the room, Te was completely empty. 7 Litried to phone you yesterday, but there Was oon nnn : 8 The house is cold because there isn’t 9 There was eet get our tickets. outside the cinema, so we didn't have to wait to Write short answers (one or two words) to these questions. Use none where necessary. 1 How many letters did you write yesterday? Tne. oF Abs... of ..NOnt. 2 How many sisters have you got? ei i 3 How much coffee did you drink yesterday? Po 4 How many photographs have you taken today? ___ so 5 How many legs has a snake gor? = :not + anybody/anyone nobody/no-one (for people) anybody © There isn’t {® caaae Jin the room, in the room, 1 There is {PObO8Y : DA: Who is in the room? a b: Nobody. / No-one. He body and’-one att the saine Anybody = anyone’ nobody = no-one not + anybody/anyone 1D I don’t know anybody (or anyone) here. nobody = not + anybody no-one = not + anyone 1 F'm lonely. I've got nobody to talk to, {= I haven't got anybody) 1D The house is empry. There is no-one in it, (=Thete isn’t anyone in it.) question): 1 The house is empty. Nobody lives there. (nat Anybody lives there) 1 ‘Who did you speak to?” ‘No-one! some and any —+ Unit 78 any and na -> Unit 77 not + anything nothing There isn’t anything in the bag There is nothing in the bag, 1D A: What's in the bag? »: Nothing. not + anything 8 1 can’t remember anything. nothing = not + anything 1D She stid nothing. (= She didn’t say anything) 5 There's nothing to eat. (= There isn’t anything to eat.) You can use nobody/no-one/nothing at the beginning of 2 sentence or alone (to answer © Nothing happened. {not Anything, happened) Remember: | negarie vd + anybedy/anyone/anything positive wtb + nobody/no-one/nothing 5 He doesn’t know anything, (not He doesn't know nothing) 1 Don't tell anybody. (riot Don't tell nobody) G There is nothing to do in this town. (not There isn't nothing) somebodylanything/nowhere ete. + Unit 79 0 "What did you say?” ‘Nothing’Exercises Unit 78 78.1 Write these sentences again with nobody/no-one or nothing. 1 There isn’t anything in the hag. There's nothing i 2 There isn’t anybody in the office. There's Ht 3 I haven't got anything to do. Poe a 4 There isn’t anything on TV. =oeSEeeee Peso eee $ There wasn’t anyone at home. 6 We didn’t find anything. eee 78.2 Write these sentences again with anybody/anyone or anything. 1 There's nothing in the bag. There. isn’t anything in. 2 There was nobody on the bus. ‘There wasn’t 3 I've got nothing to read. Pea eee eee 4 I've got no-one to help me. 5 She heard nothing. : 6 We've got nothing for dinner. 78.3 Answer these questions with nobody/no-one or nothing. ta What did you say? __..Notting.... 5a Who knows the answer? ........ 2a Who saw you? Neb Ga What did you buy? 3a What do you want? 7a What happened? 4a Who did you meet? eerrnnermnrnnee 88 WHO WAS 1282? vara 7 Now answer the same questions with full sentences. Use nobody/no-one/nothing or anybody/anyone/anything: tb | didn’t say arything. 2b ....Nobody, 3b 1 don’t : 7 4 1 ene 5b 6b on PO on Sa BD ene a ee 78.4 Complete the sentences. Us nobody / no-one / nothing or anybody / anyone / anything 1 That house is empty. ....Ngbvody.... Lives there. 2 Jack has a bad memory. He can’t remember anything _ 3 Be quiet! Don't say ae 4 I dida’t know about the meeting told me. 3 ‘What did you have t0 620?” ‘ce nnenranmene « Twasn’t hungry! 6 Ididn’e eat +L wasn’e hungry. 7 Helen was sitting alone. She wasn't with poet 8 I'm affaid I can’t help you. There’s vom Van do. 9 I don’t know ww about car engines. 10 The museum is fiee. Ie doesn’t cost to go in. 11 [heard a knock on the door, but when [ opened it, there was .. 12 The hotel receptionist spoke very fast. I didn't understand .. 13 ‘What are you doing tonight?” anne « Why? 14 Helen has gone away. venom own Knows where she is. She didn’t tell ‘where she was going.Jack is watching television | He is not playing the guitar. ‘But Jack has a guitar. He often plays it and he plays very well. Jack plays the guita but he is not playing the guitar now. Is he playing the guitar? No, he isn’t. (present continous) Does he play the guitar? _—-Yes,he does. (present simple) Present continuous (I am doing) = now, at the time of speaking: im doing: past now Future 1 Please be quict. I’m working. (no! | work) 1 Tom is having a shower at ¢he moment. (not Tom has) G Take an umbrella with you, Tes raining. 2 You can turn off the television. ’'m not watching it. 10 Why are you under the table? What are you doing? ido pel row Fite SL work every day from 9 o'clock to 5.30. 1G Tom has a shower every morning. le rains a lot in wincer. DI don’t watch television very offen. 1. What do you usually do at the weekend? Use only the present simple with these verbs (I want / do you like? etc.): Om tired, [want to go home. (not I’m wanting) ‘De you know that git?” “Yes, but | don’t remember her name! ‘Ol don't understand. What do you mean? (present continuous ~» Units 3nd gesucserge—» Units 5-7 present forthe future —» Unit 25,Exercises Unit 8 8.1 82 83 ‘Answer the questions about the pictures. 4 2 Does he take photographs? ...Y¢s, he does..| Is she driving a bus... ze Is he taking a photograph? ...Nd,he. tent... | Does she drive a bus? ‘What is he doing? ‘What is she doing? He's, haying. a. b Eee eee 3 Does he clean windows? Are they teaching? nnn Is he cleaning a window? Do they teach? 7 ‘What is he doing? What do they do? Complete the sentences with am/is/are or do/don't/does/doesn't. 1 Excuse me, _..42.... you speak English? 2 Where's Kate? ‘I know! 3. What’ fanny? Why nnomrsnrrnn you laughing? 4 ‘What jour sister do?” ‘She's a dentist’ 5 ‘want to go out in the rain, 6 ‘Canada? 7 on it cost to send a letter to Canada? 8 Steve is « good tennis player, but he play very offen, Put the verb in the present continuous (I am doing) or the present simple (I do). 1 Excuse me, . -. (you/speak) English? 2 ‘Where's‘lom® — \__He's. having... (he/have) a shower! 3 dant, watch .(/noe/watch) television very often, 4 Listen! Somebody aeons (SN), 5 Sandra is tied. —— (Ghe/want) to go home now. 6 How often 7 (you/read) a newspaper? 7 "Bxcuse me, But nnn (you/sid) in my place? *Oh, I'm sorry’ 8 Pm sorry, een (W/not/understand), Can you speak more slowly? 9 Its late. (Ugo) home now. {you/come) with me? 10 What time 7 {your father / finish) work every day? 41, You can turn off the radio. anna rennin (Unt Hlisten) t0 it. 12 ‘Where's Paul?” ‘In the kitchen... (he/cook) something? 13 Matti een (not/usually/drive) to work. He Ee (usually/alk), 14 $02 ern cows (ROLTRE) COREE, nn ninenninnminnnnnn (SRe/preFEr) tea,‘We often use the present simple and present continuous in stories and jokes in informal spoken English to create the impression that events are happening now. This can make them more direct and exciting and hold people's attention: ‘© She goes up to this man and looks straight into his eyes. He's not wearing his glasses, and he doesn’t recognise her .. This man’s playing golf when a kangaroo bounds up to him, grabs his club and all about half a mite ‘The main events are usually described in sequence using the present simple and longer background events are described using the present continuous. In narratives and anecdotes the present simple can be used to highlight an event. Often it is used after past tenses and with a phrase such as suddenly or all of a sudden: © Iwas sitting in the park, reading a newspaper, when ail ofa sudden this dog jumps at me. [3 We also use the present simple and present continuous in live commentaries (for example, on sports events) when the report takes place at the same time 2s the action: ©. King serves to the left-hand court and Adams makes @ wonderful return. She’s playing, magnificent tennis in this match fe) _Wecan use the present simple in phrases such as It says here, | hear, | gather, I see, ! understand 4 and They say, (Someone) says, (Someone) tells me to introduce news that we have heard, read, seen (e.g. on television), or been told, We-can also use past tenses (eg. It said here, | heard): © I gather you're worried about Pedro. © Sophia tells me you're thinking of emigrating. © Professor Hendriks is at the conference and | hear she's an excellent speaker, The present simple is often used in news headlines to talk about events that have recently happened: FIRE BREAKS OUT IN HOTEL ROOM I OON FOREIGN MINISTER RESIGNS i ‘We can use the present simple to refer to the contents of books, films, newspapers, etc: © Thompson gives a ist ofthe largest European companies in Chapter 6, © Atthe beginning of the book, three men find $4 million in a crashed plane. © nthe film, Loni Baranski takes the role of a private detective. We can use the present continuous with adverbs such as always, constantly, continually or forever to emphasise that something is done so often that itis characteristic of a person, group or thing: © cel think Vl stay here afterall. s: You're constantly changing your mind. © Jacobs a really kind person. He's always offering to help me with my work. ‘We often use this pattem to indicate disapproval. The past continuous is used in a similar way with these adverbs (e.g. Was Olivia always asking you for money, t00?). \We can use the present continuous to describe something we regularly do at a certain time: © Ateight o'clock I'm usually driving to work, so phone me-on my mobile, Seven o'clock is.a bit early. We're generally eating then,