TELL ALL YOUR © GE ALL HE WoTES” “ FREE OF COST” SATISH KUMAR NOTES OF CLASS XI CHAPTER 4 : Registration No. : 70 (212) / 19-20 GSTIN : O9ARFPK1080L12M 34S. KUMARX{PHYSICS CLASSES® [S¥MBOL OF EXCELLENCE] [X1, XH, NEET & JEE (Main + Advanced SH-55, SHASTRI NAGAR, GHAZIABAD 8368037835 7503449542 £ Email: skumarphysicsclasses@gmail.cgr ’ * Excellent Teaching Method « Well Prepared Notes * Separate Classes for ‘SCHOOL LEVEL’ and ‘COMPETITIVE’ Exams * Study from ‘ZERO’ to ‘HIGHER’ Level ¢ Doubt and Back up Classes * “Late Joining” and “Weak Students” can watch my “Video Lectures” on my coaching App “ S. Kumar Physics Classes”* ¢ Regular Test Series A.C. Lecture Theatre xt JUST ATTEND Two TRIAL CLASSES To FEEL THE DIFFERENCE”NOTES FOR CLASS XI SCHO SEAR PREPARED BY: XiS.KUMARi PHYSICS CLASSES® *™#0L Or PCHLIENSE__ 836 CHAPTER - 4 Scalar Quantities or Scalars: The quantities which require only magnitude but no direction for their representation are called scalar quantities or scalars. Example: area, volume, mass, density, distance, time, speed, work, energy etc. Vector Quantities or Vectors: The quantities which require both magnitude and direction for their representation are called vector quantities or vectors. Example: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, weight etc. Representation of a Vector: A vector is represented by an arrow ( = fergie ‘The head of arrow represents the direction of vector and the length of arrow represents the magnitude of the vector. Modulus of a Vector: The magnitude of a vector is cealled modulus of that vector. The modulus of a vector A is represented by IAI or A. Types of Vectors: ‘ Equal Vectors: Two vectors are said to be Squal vectors if they have equal magnitude and’ same direction. S \ Opposite or Negative Vectors: A negative vector of a igiven vector is a vector of same magnitude but acting in ‘opposite direction of the given vector. ~ Collinear Vectors: The vectors which are acting along the same line whether their directions are same or opposite and have equal or unequal magnitudes are called collinear vectors. , SATISH KUMAR SIR 23c83cusos cH 8368037835__ 7503449542 _ _MOTION IN A PLANE oo Tris a vector whose magnitude is 1. Iti, obtained by dividing a vector by its magnitude. If A be the magnitude of A. ‘Then unit vector of A + The direction of a unit vector is in the direction of its original vector as shown in igure. AK —— Orthogonal Unit Vectors: The unit vectors along three mutually perpendicular axes X, Y and Z are called orthogonal unit vectors. These are represented by i, J and R respectively mee £ £R Zero Vestor: A vector whose magnitude is zero is called zero vector. It is denoted by 6. Its direction is not defined. . Coplanar Vectors: The vectors which lie in the same plane are called coplanar vectors. Esa ha x Non-Coplanar Vectors: The vectors which lie in_the different planes are called coplanar vectors. Y Ee 3 (symaot oF ExceLLeNcey“anenaecir PREPARED BY: SATISH KUMAR SIR Aaa 10. Localized or Fixed Vector: It is a vector whose initial Point is fixed. 11, Non-Localized or Free Vector: It is a vector whose initial point is not fixed. Position and Displacement Vectors: ‘+ A vector which gives position of a body with reference to the origin of a co-ordinate system is called position vector. Displacement vector tells much and in which direction a body has changed its position in a given time interval. Let a body is initially at point A(x, 91), moves to point B%, ¥2) in X-Y plane as shown in figure. Agua) t ‘OA is called position vector of the body when iti A and OB is called position vector of the body when itis at point B. ‘The position vectors are written as axityy OB = xi + y2f ZB is called displacement vector of the body which is determined as iB — OA = (i+ yi) - Git n) 2-H )i+O2-YF The multiplication of a vector A by a real lumber n changes it into a new vector nd. The magnitude of A becomes n times and its direction is same or opposite as that of A, depending on n is positive orgiegative. © Thennit of nA or —nA is same as that of A. Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar: When a vector A’ is multiplied by a scalar S, it becomes SA, whose ‘magnitude is S times the magnitude of A and its direction is same as that of A. @ Scalar Product or O If the quantity obtained after the product of two vector quantities is a scalar quantity, the product is called scalar product or dot product. The dot product of two vectors is defined as the product of the magnitude of the vectors and cosine of angle between them, Consider two vectors A and B are acting at an angle as shown in figure. Then their dot product A+B = ABcoso Properties of Dot Product: 1. The dot product of two vectors is commutative ie A-B=B-A 2. The dot product is distributive on a sum ie, A+(B+C)=A-B+A-€ 3. ‘The dot product of two parallel vectors is equal to the product of their magnitudes. FS oes zs A+B = AB cos 0° Be A+B = AB 4. The dot product of a vector with itself gives the square of its magnitude. equal to Iie. 6. The dot product of two perpendicular vectors is zero. t hee AB = AB cos 90° {evwaot oF exceLLENce)‘Sauer PREPARED BY: SATISH KUMAR A+B=0 7. The dot product of ai OAROGOTAT unit vector with another orthogonal unit vector is zero, tefapeRoket Examples of Dot Product: 1. The work done (W) is equal the dot product of force () and displacement (5). W=F-S 2. The power (P) is equal fo the dot product of force (#) and velocity (9). P=Feo 3. The magnetic flux (¢) is equal to the dot product of the magnetic field (B) and area (A). Vector Product or Cross Product: If the quantity obtained after the product of two vector quantities is a vector ‘quantity, the product is called vector or cross product. ‘The cross product of two vectors is defined as the product of the magnitude of the vectors and sine of angle between them. Consider two vectors A and B are acting at an angle @ as shown in figure. ia r ‘Then their cross product AxB=ABsinon ‘where ft is the unit vector in the direction of A x B. + The direction of A x B ig Hetermined from right handed screw rule. Properties of Vettor Product: 1. The cross product of two vectors is not commutative i. [ax =-GxA 2. The cross product is distributive on a sum i.e. Ax (B+) =AxB+Axt S--The cross product of two parallel vectors is zero. 4. The cross product of a vector with itself is zero, z_~ G-o] Ax d= AAsino® a, AxA=0 5. The cross product of an orthogonal unit vector with itself is zero ie. ixt=jxj=RxRk=0 6. The cross product of two perpendicular vectors is equal to the product of their magnitudes. t o> R AX B = ABsin90° AxB=AB 7. The cross. product of an orthogonal unit vector another orthogonal unit vector is writen as follows: Ke is equal to the cross product of perpendicular distance (#) and the force (#). jxi=-k Rxj=-t ixk=—j 7#xF . The linear velocity (B) is equal to the cross product of distance (#) of a particle from the centre and angular velocity (3). B=aFxG The angular momentum (j) is equal to the cross product of distance (7) of particle from the centre and linear momentum (6). J=¥xp Rectangular Components of a Vector in Two Dimensions (Plane): When a vector is resolved into ‘two components which are perpendicular to each other, the ‘components are called rectangular components. In the figure shown Ay and Ay are the rectangular ‘components of vector A.unit vector in X- direction unit vector in Y-direction Then Ay= Axi & Ay= Ap Axi+ Aj ‘The magnitude of A can be written as: = Jab+ a3 Rectangular Components of a Vector_in ‘Three Dimensions: In the figure shown A, , A, and 2; are the rectangular components of vector A. a= h+G+h Let 1= unit vector in X-direction unit vector in Y-direction B= Ast Ajtak ‘The magnitude of A can be written as: Di or Ay =Acosa or Ay =AcosB or A,=Acosy [Acos™ a + Atcos* B+ Atcos*y [A(cos? a + cos® B+ cos*y) (cos? a + cos? P+ cost y = feos? a+ cost B+ costy cos? a+ cos? B+ cos*y ‘© Hence the sum of squares of direction cosines of a vector is unity. Result t: The resultant vector of two or more vectors is defined as that single vector which produces the same effect as produced by all the vectors together. © The resultant vector of a number of vectors is found by the vector sum of all the vectors. Laws | Methods to Determine the Resultant: 4. Triangle Law: It is used to determine the resultant of ‘wo coplanar concurrent vectors. © It states that if two coplanar concurrent vectors are represented by the two sides of @ triangle taken in the same order, then their resultant is represented by the third side ofthe triangle taken in the opposite order. Graphical Method: ye yo x0 =xy+ ¥% In Azxo, A+B cos® (xz)? = (x0)? + (20)? R? = (A+B cos6)? + (Bsin@)? + B®cos?@ + 2AB cos@ + Bsin*6 i? + B?(sin?0 + cos?6) + 2AB cosO R2 = A? +B? + 2AB cosO [at + B® + 2AB cos 0 If a=angle made by the resultant with A Then, in Azxo, zo. xo _ _Bsind ~ A+Bcosé 11S, KUMAR: PHYSICS CLASSES® «rman cr cence [XL XI, NEET & JEE] "$308037635 7509449542 SH.55, SHASTRINAGAR, GHAZIABADlogram Law: It is also u the resultant of two coplanar concurrent vectors. Ut states that if two coplanar concurrent vectors are represented at a point by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then their resultant is represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through that point Graphical Method: 0 cos 0 = » Bcosé ie yo x0 =xy+ yo=A+B cos In Azx0, (xz)? = (x0)? + (zo)? \ R? = (A+B c0s8)? + (Bsindy? RE = A? + B2cos?0 + 2AB Cos@ + B*sin*@ R? = A? + BY(sin?0 + 09s%6) + 2AB cos@ RP = A? + BA ZAB cos 8 R= VA? + BP + 2AB cosO If @=angle made by the resultant with A Then, in Azxo, S 4 tana = = x0 4 Bsind tana= 77 Bcos6 3. Polygon Law: It is used to determine the resultant of ‘two or more than two coplanar concurrent vectors. © It states that if a number of coplanar vectors acting at a ‘point are represented by the sides of a polygon taken in the same order, then their resultant is represented by the closing side of the polygon taken in the opposite order. hi od: Algebraic sum all the horizontal components ZH = Acos@, + B cos, — C cos (180° ~ 05) Algebraic sum all the vertical components BV = Asind, +B sind, +Csin (180° 63) Xv \ vd R= J@H}+ GV? Ifa = angle made by the resultant (R) with OX as shown in figure, then + Resultant tana = 2! ane = 5 (evmaot oF EXCELLENCE)“ioauaianceninecatets PREPARED BY; BY: SA’ KUMAR SIR_£¥ Equilibrium: A body is said to be in equilibrium Types of Equilibrium: 1. Static Equilibrium: If a body remains in the state of rest 2. Dynamic Equilibrium: If a body remains in the state of uniform motion then the body is said to be in dynamic equilibrium. NOTE: 1. For the body to be in equilibrium, the resultant of all the forces acting on the body must be zero i . If a number of forces keep a body in equilibrit forces can be represented by the sides of a closed polygon. Examples: (@ If three forces keep a body in equilibrium then they will form a triangle. Gil) If four forces keep a body in equilibrium then they will form a quadrilateral. Sin It states that each side of a triangle is directly proportional to the sine of angle between the other two sides. BC CA sing siny Lami’s Theorem: It states that f three forces keep a body in equilibrium then each fotee is directly proportional to the sine of angle betweenstie other two forces. sina sinp Proof: Since the forces F,, Fz and F keep the body in equilibrium, therefore they can be represented by the three sides of a triangle ABC as shown in figure. Applying sine rule AB (180° = a) sin(180°—B) Fi Fa Fs Sina” sinf siny sin (80° y) Addition of Two Vectors: . Subtraction of Two Vectors: i Projectile: A body thrown into space with some initial velocity and allowed to move under gravity is called projectile. ‘© The path followed by the projectile is called trajectory. Assumptions made in Projectile Motion: 1. There is no air resistance on the projectile. 2. The acceleration due to gravity is constant throughout the motion. Projectile Given Horizontal Projection: Consider a body is projected horizontally with velocity u from point A at a height h from the ground.u can be resolved into two ‘components: (Horizontal component , Gii) Vertical component uy ‘+ The body moves under the action of gravity which always ‘acts in vertically downward direction, therefore there will be no effect on the horizontal velocity but the vertical velocity will change continuously. Let the body reaches at point P after time Displacement of the body in horizontal direction xeut > xsut Displacement of the body in vertical direction 1 oe Y= wyt+ zat 1 = 0+ Sgt? y= 0+ 590 1 get y= gat Putting the value of t from equation () »=30() y= (4)? * Here y is a quadratic function of x, therefore the path of a projectile is parabolic. Time of Fi is the time during which the projectile Temains in air and is denoted by T. From equation 1 ans utt zat h= wrt oT? 20 for? l2n g T jorizontal Raiige::It is the maximum horizontal distance covered by &-projectile during its time of flight and is denoted by R, ” Raut Projectile Given Angular Projection: Consider a body is projected horizontally with initial velocity u making ‘an angle 6 with the horizontal direction, ial velocity u can be resolved into two components: (@ Horizontal component uy = ucos 8 (Vertical component uy = usin 8 ‘© The body moves under the action of gravity which always ‘acis in vertically downward direction, therefore there will be no effect on the horizontal velocity but the vertical velocity will change continuously. Let the body reaches at point P after time ¢. Displacement of the body in horizontal direction ye aaugt 2 x= ucosde veoss From equation 1 h= ue- Soe Displacement ofthe body in vertical dietion ole y= ut 5at (usin heed 2 x = (on Oe 39 Reng = 2 (ee y= (tano)x— (Sao a5) * is a quadratic function of x, therefore the path of projectie is para Time of Flight: It is the time during which the projectile remains in air and is denoted by 7. Let t=time taken by the projectile from O to A. Applying equation v = u— gt in Y-direction v, = Uy —gt 0 = using — gt using 9 + Time offlight T= 2t 2usin@ g T= Maximum Height: It is the maximum vertical distance attained by the projectile above the horizontal plane of projection and is denoted by h. Applying equation v? =u? — = 2gh = 0 eee we (using)? - 2gh 11S. KUMAR PHYSICS CLASSES’ crmeotor xcri.s¥co_IXI, XIl, NEET & JE]2g Horizontal Range: It is the maximum horizontal distance covered by a projectile during its time of flight and is denoted by R. 2usi ReuT=ucose “88 uw (2sin cosd) g 2sin 26 g Gircular Motion: The motion of a body along a circular path is called circular motion. Uniform Circular Motion: Ifa particle moves along a circular path with constant speed, then its motion is called uniform circular motion. Non Uniform Circular Motion: If a particle moves along a circular path with variable speed, then its motion is called non uniform circular motion. Angular Displacement: It is the angle swept by the particle moving along a circular path in a given interval of time. Angular Velocity: It is defined as the rate of change of angular displacement and is denoted by w. Let a particle moves on a circular path from poifit Pi to point P2 in time d¢ and covers angular displacement d0 as shown in figure. & wh Angular Acceleration: It is defined as the rate of ‘change of angular Velocity and is denoted by a. al at Time period: It is defined as the time taken by a particle ‘tocomplete one revolution. It is denoted by T. radis? Frequency: It is defined as the number of revolutions completed by a particle per second. It is denoted by v. ae YF Angular ‘placement = 2m Time taken = T (Time period) Angular displacement 2 Angular Velocity = “PSY =r SSP acement Time 2m sony p= am Relation between Linear Veloc! Angular Velocity (w): Consider a body moves on a circular path from point Pi to P2 in time dt as shown in figure. ds= {inear displacement From formula Angular Acceleration (a): Consider a body moves on ‘circular path from point Ps to P2 in time dt as shown in figure. ‘angular displacement linear displacement From formula Arc Angle = Radius ao = T (symsot of excentence)Differentiating with respect 10 ¢ dvd aes ae) (a= “(@) a=ra Centripetal_Acceleration: When a body uniform cireular motion, its velocity changes continuously ‘due to change in its direction. Thus there is an acceleration which acts along the radius towards the centre of circular path which is called centripetal acceleration. It is denoted by a body is moving on a circular path of radius r rm speed v as shown in figure. Let the body covers an angular displacement d@ in time dt, when it moves from point Pi to Pz. The corresponding velocity vectors are ¥j and 73. To find the change in velocity, we draw a velocity triangle ‘AABC in which BC represents the change in velocity dv. In similar triangles AOPiP2 and ABC, PP OL ANY as. ABS dv as =" dv Dividing both sides by a, “Os — ae a im Buty =rw « | a=re® Centripetal Force: When a body moves along a ‘circular path, it experiences a force towards the centre of the circular path. This force is called centripetal force. If m=mass of the particle centripetal acceleration Then centripetal force 2 mv F=ma=—— Centrifugal Force: When a body moves along a circular path, it experiences a force radially outwards. This force is called centrifugal force. * Centrifugal and centripetal forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. Equations of Circular Motion: 1. w= tat 2. 6 = wot +5at? 3. w? = 03 +200 where nitial angular velocity of a body «a= final angular velocity of the body = time during whichthe angular velocity changes from 900 Derivation of = w»+at: Let a ~ iitial angular velocity of a body w= final angular velocity of the body ££=time during which the angular velocity changes from ag tow Angular aoceleartion = Camnse 12 angular velocity Time w= a aa So 3s at=w— wy @ =a tat Derivation of 0 = wot ++at’s Average angular velocity = +. Angular displacement = Average angular velocity x time o-[f +o), “U2 But w= ap tat +at)+ é [# zs 0), w+ 2 29+ +), [eee + ase 2 2 1 8 = wot + at? Derivation of w? = w +206: We know that 1 ae A= apt + Fat? = tap +5 see) Also, #88, KUMARS PHYSICS CLASSES® @vmsoL or EceLLeNCO_D4, XIl, NET & JEE]4) 3G fon) z) a +o 2 Wo) ) [ 2 | w* = wh +200 Angular Displacement in nth Second: From formula 8 = att 5a Angular displacement in n seconds 0, = won + dant Angular displacement in (n.— 1) second On-1 = @o(n— 1) +5acn -1 = ayn 9 +5 (n? +1 >2n) on = oan BE — ayn tg FG tem ee 2 1 Sa +a [n-3] 2n— z Sata Onen = Oo + 5 (20-1) Relative Velocity in Two Dimension OR Relative Velocity in a Plan Consider two bodies A and B are moving at an angle 8 with ‘each other as shown in figure. From formula R= JA? + B? + 2ABcosO Relative velocity of body A with respect to body B une = fof + vi + 2uqvpcos (180° — 0) van = fvi+ v3 — 2vqv—cos Let a=angle'made by Uap with vy » From formula Bsind A+ Beos6 vp sin(180° ~ 8) a+ Vp cos(lB0? ~ 8) tana = tana = Relative Velocity of Rain with respect to a Moving Man: Consider the rain drops are falling vertically downwards with velocity v, and the man is moving with ‘velocity ty to the left as shown in figure. fe Ka! Bn a Tyan Relative velocity of rain with respect to the man, Vem = VIET Let a= angle made by Yim with v, Pm tana = uy {2S KUMAR32 PHYSICS CLASSES® (evmsot or ExceLtence)_[X1, XU, NEET & YEE]NUMERICAL AND CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS VECTORS 1. (NCERT) State with reasons, whether the following algebraic operations with scalar and vector physical ‘quantities are meaningful: (a) adding any two scalars (b) adding a scalar to a vector of the same dimensions (©) multiplying any vector by any scalar (@) multiplying any two scalars (©) adding any two vectors (adding a component of a vector to the same vector. TAns: (a) No (b) No, because a scalar cannot be added to vector (c) Yes (d) Yes (¢) No () Yes} 2. (HCV) Let A= 40+ 3fand of B = 3t+ 4). Find the magnitudes of (a) A (b) B (c) A+ B and (a) A- B. [Ans: (a) 5 (b) 5 () 7V2 (@) V2] 3. (HCV) Write the unit vector in the direction of A= St+j- 2k. 5p 4p 2g [Ans: i+ Fei - HA (AIPMT) If a unit vector is represented by (0.54 0.8; + ck), then the value of ¢ is @!1 () VOAT, ©@vO0I 039 [Ans: (b)] Given that A= 2t- j+ 3k and Beat- aj — 2k. Find the unit vector of (a) (AB) (b) (A -B). fAns: (a) SEB (SSD 6. A vector, when added to the resultant of the vectors H =3i— Spt 7heandB = 21+ 4j— 3k gives a unit ‘vector along Y-axis. Find the vector X. fAns: -52+2j- 4%] 7. Apparticle moves from a point A (1, 2,1) to point B (3, 2;2)in X-Y plane. Write its position and displacement ‘vectors when it moves from A to B. fAns: 7] =t+ 27-K, Fp= 3i+ 2+2K, Taa= 2i+ 3k) (AIPMT 2014) A particle is moving such that its position co-ordinates (x,y) are (2 m, 3m) at time t= 0, (6 m, 7m) at time ¢ = 2s and (13 m, 14m) at time t= 5 s. The average velocity vector from t = 0tot =5 sis Filkins RO nn nT EEEEEEUEEEE EEE #18, KUMARK: PHYSICS CLASSES® cro. orexceuimee_[XL Xil, NEET.& EE] 2022-2023 i315 SATISH KUMAR SIR_ 33ceStosas ct @Fasi+ 149) 2+) 2+) @zC+) Ans: (@)] DOT AND GROSS PRODUCTS OF TWO VECTORS 9, (NCERT) Find the scalar product of vectors A 4j-+ Sk and B = —2i+ j— 3k. Ans: 25] 10. Prove that (A + 8) + (2 - 38) = 24? ~ AB cos - 3B. 11, (NCERT) A body constrained to move along the z- axis of a co-ordinate system is subjected to a constant force F given by F ==T% 27+ 3kN wherei, j and Fe represent the unit vectors along x, y and z-axes of the system respectively. Calculate the work done by the force in displacing the body through a distance of 4 malong the z-axis. Ans: 12] 12. A force of 77+ 6k N makes a body move on a rough plane with a velocity of 37-+ 4% ms, Calculate the power. [Ans: 24 WI 13, (AIPMT 2016) A body of mass 1 kg begins to move under the action of a time dependent force F = (2ti + 3t27) N, where f and j are unit vectors along x and y axis respectively. What power will be developed by the force at time t? G@ (2t? +35) W (b) (2t? +305) W (© (22 +4¢*) W (a) (203 + 3t4) W Ans: (@)] 14, If the magnitudes of two vectors are 3 and 4 and their scalar product is 6, then find the angle between the vectors. [Ans: 60°) 15. Find the angle between the vectors A and B, where Azit Y- kandi =-t+ j-2k. TAns: 60°] 16, (ACV) fA = 26+ 37+ 4k and B= 41+ 37+ 2k, find the angle between A and B. [Ans: cos'@5729)] 17. Show that 4 to each other. = 5} and B = 2i— 10j are parallelTEA PREPARED BY: SATISH KUMAR SI IR uber meee 18 For what value of a, A=2+aj+k is perpendicular to B = 4¢— 2j — 2k? Ans: 3] 19. If A,B and C are mutually perpendicular vectors, the find the value of A (B+ €). [Ans: zero] 20. If = A+ B, show that R? = A? + B? + 2ABcos@ where 6 is the angle between A and B. 21. (HCV) If |A+B|=|4-8] , cular to B. show that 4 is — &, determine the angle between A and B. often tans: cos“* [A2#=2} 23, Three vectors A, B and C are such that A= B+ € and their magnitudes are 5, 4 and 3 respectively. Find the angle between A and €. [Ans: cos0.6)] 24, (NCERT) Find the vector product of vectors A = 3t— 4j+ SkandB =—2i+ j- 3k. [Ans: 7¢-j — Sk] 25. (HCV) IfA= 20+ 3j+ 4h and B= 4+ 37+ 2k, find A xB. [Ans: ~62 + 12j— 6R] 26. 1f A=t-2j-3k, B=2i+ j—R-and C=i+ 37 —2k, then find A x (B x C). WY [Ans: - 2-8) + 5K] ca 27. Show that (4—#) x (4 +8): o> 4 28. For any three vectors AB and €, prove that A x (B+0)4B x (C+ A) +e x (A+B) = 0. 29, Determine the sie of the angle between the vectors A= 3p Pk and B = 21-2) + 4k. tans: 3)” 30. (HEV) The vector A has a magnitude of 5 unit B has ‘a magnitude of 6 unit and the cross product of A and 5 has a magnitude of 15 unit, Find the angle between A and B. Ans: 30°] 31, Calculate the area of the parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are formed by the vectors A = 32+ 4j and & = -37 +7). Ans: 33 square units} 32. Find the moment about the point (1, -1, -1) of the force 31+ 47 — Sk acting at the point (1, 0, -2). [Ans: -i- 37- 3k] 33. Determine a unit vector perpendicular to both A = 2+ f+kandB =t- jt 2k. (Ans: T°] 34, Find a vector whose length is 7 and which is perpendicular to each of the vectors A = 2?— 37 + 6K and B =i +j—R. [Ans: Shy 38. (HCY) If A= 2t~ 37+ 7k, B= 1+ 2K and € J k,find As (B x C). {Ans: 0] 36; Fo? any two vectors A and B, prove that (dx 8)” AB? - (Ao). 31. Find A« B ital = 2, [B| = 5 and [a> 3] Ans: 6] 38. (HCV) Prove that A «(A x B) =0. 39. (HCV) If A, B and ¢ are mutually perpendicular, show that @ x (A x B) = 0. 40. (NCERT) If unit vectors @ and 6 are inclined at angle 6, then prove that |B | = 2sin$. 41. f+ = Cand A? +B? are perpendicular each other. prove that A and B 42, For two vectors A and B if +B = € andA+B = then prove that A and B are parallel to each other. 43, (NCERT) { and j are unit vectors along x and y axis respectively. (@) What is the magnitude and direction of the vectors (14) and 7)? (b) What are the components of a vector B= 2 + 37 along the directions of (t49) and (tj)? [Ans: (a) V2, 45° with i (b) 2.5(¢ +9), -0.5(@ -j)] 11S. KUMARG PHYSICS CLASSES® evmuoLorexcrieyce_[XI, XIl, NET & JEE]DIRECTION COSINES OF A VECTOR 44, If A = 2+ 47 — 3k, find the direction cosines of A. [Ans: (a) v25 (b) cosa= 3, cosB= Fe, cosy= ZI Determine the angles which the vector A = St+ Sk, makes with X, Y and Z-axes, [Ans: 45°, 90° & 45°] RESULTANT (HCV) A spy report about a suspected car reads as follows: the car moved 2 km towards east, made a perpendicular left turn, ran for 500 m, made a perpendicular right turn, ran for 4 km and stopped. Find the displacement of the car. [Ans: 6.02 km] (HCV) A vector has component along the X-axis equal to 25 unit and along the Y-axis equal to 60 unit. Find the magnitude and direction of the vector. [Ans: R= 65 unit, a= tan''(2.4)] . Two forces 20 N and 5 N are acting at an angle of 120° between them. Find the resultant force in magnitude and direction. [Ans: R= 18.03 N, « =tan“10.24] (HCV) Two vectors of equal magnitude 5 unit have ari ‘angle 60° between them. Find the magnitude of (a) the sum of the vectors and (b) the difference of two vectors. [Ans: 8.66 unit (b) 5 unit] ‘The resultant of two equal forces acting at right angle to each other is 1414 N. Find the magnitude of each force. [Ans: 1000 N} ‘The greatest and the least resultant of two forces acting at a point are 29 N and 5.N respectively. If each force is increased by 3 N, find the resultant of two new forces acting at right angle 10 each other. [Ans: 25 N, tan(0:75)] Two equal forces act at a point. The square of their resultant js 3 times their product, find the angle between them’ fans: 60°] (HCV) Two vectors have magnitudes 3 unit and 4 unit respectively. What should be the angle between them if the magnitude of the resultant is (a) | unit (b) 5 unit () Tunit? [Ans: (a) 180° (b) 90° (¢) 0°], ON 2022-20 ISH KUMAR SIR anu 54, Two forces whose magnitudes are in the ratio of 3:5 act at an angle of 60° and have a resultant equal to 35 N. Find the magnitude of the forces. Ans: 15 N, 25 NI At what angle two forces (P +Q) and (P ~ Q) act so that resultant is @ 37+ @ () (27+ & OvPFe. [Ans: (a) 60° (b) 90° (c) cos 5]! The resultant vector of P and @ is R. On reversing the direction of G, the resultant vector becomes S. Show that R? +S? = 2(P? + @2). ‘Two forces acting on a particle in opposite directions have the resultant of 10 N. If they act at right angles to ‘each other, the resultant is 50 N. Find the two forces. [Ans: 30 N,40 N] ‘Two forces equal to P and 2P N act on a particle. If the first.be doubled and the second is increased by 20 N, the i of resultant is unaltered. Find the value of P. [Ans: 10 N] ‘The sum of the magnitudes of two forces acting at a point is 18 N and the magnitude of their resultant is 12 1N. If the resultant makes an angle 90° smaller magnitude, what are the maj forces? [Ans: 5N, 13 N] (NCERT) A motorboat is racing towards north at 25 km/h and the water current in that region is 10 knv/h in the direction of 60° east of south (60° with south towards east). Find the resultant velocity of the boat. {Ans: 21.8 km/h, @ = tan-*(0.43) with north towards east] (HCV) Let A and B be the two vectors of magnitude 10 unit each. If they are inclined to the X-axis at angles 30° and 60° respectively, find the resultant. {Ans: 16.5 unit at 45° with X-axis) (NCERT) Establish the following vector inequalities ‘geometrically or otherwise: i @ |4+B| < [A] + [3] ) [A +8] 2 [A] - [8 © [4-3] s Al + [3] @ |4-8| = [A] - 3)‘euauasditeetuoenenicr PREPARED BY: SATISH 3Y: SATISH KUMAR | R SIR nea 63. Four forces 5 N, 10 N, 15 N and 20 N acts towards East, East-North, North and West directions respectively. Determine their resultant and its direction. TAns: R= 23.43 N, a= tan'(2.7)| (HCV) Add vectors A, B and each having magnitude 100 unit and inclined to X-axis at angles 45°, 135° and 315° respectively. [Ans: 100 unit at 45° with X-axis} (NCERT) Given A+8+C+D=0, which of the following statements are correct: (a) A,B,C, and D must each be a null vector (b) The magnitude of (A +) equals the magnitude of @+ Dd) (©) The magnitude of A can never be greater than the sum of the magnitudes of B, € and D. (@ G +0) mus lie in the plane of (A +B) [Ans: (a) Incorrect, because A+B -+€+B can be zero in many ways (b) Correct, since A+B + €+ B = 0; therefore (A+ ©) = —(B + B) or [A+ G = (B+ ‘Dl (©) Correct (d) Correct] (NCERT) A man can swim with a speed of 4 km/h in still water. How long does he takes to cross the river 1 km wide, if the river flows steadily at 3 km/h and he makes his strokes normal to the river current? How far from the river does he go, when reaches the other bank? [Ans: 0.25 h, 0.75 km] ‘A boatman can row with a speed for 10 km/h in still water. If the river flows steadily at 5 kntJh, in which direction should the boatman row in érder-to reach a point on the other bank directly opposite to the point from where he started? The width of river is 2 km. [Ans: 30° with the line joining fwo opposite banks] ‘A river 800 m wide floyts at the rate of S km/h. A swimmer who can swim at 10 km/h in still water, wishes to cross the river straight. (@) Along what direction must he strike? (b)_ What should.be’his resultant velocity? (©) How miuch time he would take? [Ans: (a) 30° with the line joining two opposite (by 24 ml (6) 383388] (NCERT) The position of a particle is given by 7 = Btt+ 2¢77+ Sk m where in seconds and the ‘coefficients have the proper units for # to be in m. (a) 8 Find the magnitude and direction of velocity at s. Take tan 53°= 4/3. [Ans: (a) B = 3i+ 4tf,@=4j (b) 5 mis, 53° with x- axis] 70. (NCERT) A particle starts from the origin at ¢ = 0 with a velocity of 10j m/s and moves in the x — y plane with ‘a constant acceleration of (8i + 2j ) m/s". (a) At what time is the x-coordinate of the particle 16 1m? What is the y-coordinate of the particle at that time? (b) What is the speed of the particle at the time? [Ans: (a) 2 s, 24 m, (b) 21.26 mis} EQUILIBRIUM ‘71, Given that A+ B+ C=0. Two out of the three the vectors are equal in magnitude. The magnitude of the third vector is V2 times that of the either out of the other ‘two, Find the angle between these vectors, [Ans: angle between A and B = 90%, angle between B and = 135" and angle between Cand A = 135°] 72. (NCERT) A mass of 6 kg is suspended by a rope of length 2 m from the ceiling. A force of 50 N in the horizontal direction is applied at the midpoint P of the rope as shown in figure. ekg ‘What is the angle the rope makes with the vertical in equilibrium? Neglect the mass of rope. Take g = 10 m/s? and tan 40° = 0.83. [Ans: 40°] 73. (IIT-JEE 2001) For the system to be in equilibrium as shown in figure, what should be the value of 8? [Ans: 45°] 74, (HCV) A man of mass m has fallen into a ditch of width d and two of his friends are slowly pulling him ‘out using a light rope and two fixed pulleys as shown in figure. (ayunot oF excentence)‘PREPARED BY: : SATISH KUMAR SIR_ a pauseeeeasesisiests Show that the force (assumed equal for both the friends) ‘exerted by each friend on the rope increases as the man moves up. Find the force when the man is at a depth h. tAns: 22 Va?-+ 4h? | 75. Determine the horizontal force required to displace a mass of 0.03 kg suspended by a string until the string makes an angle of 30° with the vertical. VAns: 0.17 N] 76. A bob weighing 0.06 kg hangs vertically at the end of a string 0.3 m long. Find the force which when applied horizontally, will pull the bob 0.1 m aside from its initial position. TAns: 0.2 N] 77. (HCV) A pendulum is hanging from the ceiling of a car having an acceleration ao with respect to the road. Find the angle made by the string with the vertical [Ans: tant a PROJECTILE GIVEN HORIZONTAL 78. A stone is dropped from the window of a bus moving at 60 knvh. If the window is at 196 cm height, find the distance along the track which the stone moves before striking the ground, [Ans: 10.54 m] 79. A bomb is dropped from an aeroplane when itis directly above a target at a height of 1000 m. The aeroplane is ‘moving horizontally with a speed of 500 km/h»By how much distance will the bomb miss the target? [Ans: 1984.13 m] 80. Two tall buildings are 200 m apart: With what speed ‘must a ball be thrown horizontally from the window 540 m above the ground in one building so that it will enter a window 50 m above the\ground in the other? [Ans: 20 m/s} S 81. (HCV) A helicopl@r on flood relief mission, flying horizontally with'a speed u at an altitude H, has to drop a food packétfor a victim standing on the ground. At ‘what lineaf"distance from the victim should the packet ‘be dropped? The victim stands in the vertical plane of thehelicoptr' 's motion. ow) eH n> coy EH He "oF @ Pe [Ans: (b)] 82. (HCV) A staircase contains three steps each 10 cm high and 20 em wide as shown in figure. What should be the minimum horizontal velocity of a ball rolling off the uppermost plane so as to hit directly the lowest plane? Take g = 10 m/s?. [Ans: 2 mis} 83. A body is projected horizontally from the top of a cliff with a velocity of 9.8 m/s. What time elapses before horizontal and vertical velocities become equal? Ans: 1's] 84, (NCERT) A hiker stands of the edge of a cliff 490 m above the ground and throws a stone horizontally with an initial speed of 15 m/s. Neglecting air resistance find the time taken by the stone to reach the ground, and the speed with which it hts the ground, (Take g = 9.8 m/s?) Ans: 10 s, 99.1 m/s} . (NCERT) “A truck starts from rest accelerating uniformly with 2 m/s?, At t= 10 s, a stone is dropped by 1 person standing on the top of the truck (6 m high from ‘the ground). What are the (@) velocity and (b) acceleration of the stone at 11 s? Neglect air resistance. Take g= 10 m/s?. [Ans: (a) 22.4 m/s (b) 10 m/s?] (HCV) A ball thrown horizontally from a point 100 m above the ground with a speed of 20 mvs. Find (@) the time it takes to reach the ground (®) the horizontal distance it travels before reaching the ground (©) the velocity with which it strikes the ground. [Ans: (a) 4.5 s (b) 90 m (c) 49 m/s} ‘A body is thrown horizontally from the top of a tower with a speed of 50 m/s, Find the velocity and position at the end of 3 second. Ans: 58 m/s, x= 150 m, y= 44.1 m (below the point of projection)] 88. A body is thrown horizontally from the top of a tower and strikes the ground in 3 s at an angle of 45° with the horizontal. Find the height of the tower and the speed at which it was projected. Ans: 44.1 m, 29.4 m/s] ‘Acbody projected downwards at an angle of 30° to the horizontal with a velocity of 9.8 m/s from the top of a tower 29.4 m high. How long will it take before striking the ground? Ans: 2 s] (symmot oF ExceLLENCE)ATISH KUMAR SIR. 33s: (©) the distance from the thrower to the point where the 90. (HCV) A particle is projected horizontally with a speed ball returns to the same level. u from the top of a plane inclined at an angle @ with the [Ans: (a) 10 m, (b) 2.9 s (¢) 69.3 m|] horizontal. How far from the point of projection will the particle strike the plane? 98. A ball is kicked at an angle of 30° with the vertical. If 2 the horizontal component of its velocity is 19.6 m/s, find lAns:[- tand seco] the maximum height and horizontal range. [Ans: 58.8 m, 135.8 m] PROJECTILE GIVEN ANGULAR, 91. A boy playing on the roof of a 10 m high buil 99, (NCERT) A bullet fired at an angle of 30° with the throws a ball with a speed of 10 m/s at an angle of 30° horizontal hits the ground 3 km away. By adjusting the with the horizontal. How far from the throwing point angle of projection, can one hope to hit.a target 5 km will the ball be at a height of 10 m from the ground? away? Assume the muzzle speed to be fixed and neglect Take g= 10 m/s?. air resistance. [Ans: 8.66 m] [Ans: No] . Two particles are projected from the ground | 100, (NCERT) A cricketer can throw a ball to a maximum simultaneously with speeds 30 m/s and 20 mis at angle horizontal distance of 100 m. How high above the 60° and 30° with the horizontal in the same direction. ground can the cricketer throw the same ball? Find the maximum distance between them on ground Ans: 50 m} where they strike. [Ans: 253 m] 101. A ball is throwin at angle 0 and another ball is thrown at angle (90° — 8) with the horizontal direction from the . (AIPMT 2011) A missile is fired for the maximum same point with velocity 39.2 mis. The second ball range with an initial velocity of 20 m/s. If g = 10 mis’, reaches 50 m higher than the first ball. Find their the range of the mi individual heights. (@)50m (60m TAns: 14.2 m, 64.2 m] (20m (d)40m Ans: (@)] 102. Show that there are two angles of projection for w! < the horizontal range is same. Also show that the sum of (HCV) A ball is projected from it ‘maximum heights for these two angles is independent of a speed of 15 m/s at an angle of 60° with the horizontal. the angle of projection. Will it hit a vertical wall 5 m away from the point of projection and perpendicular to the plane°of pfojection | 103, Prove that a gun will shoot three times as high when its ‘without hitting the floor? Will the answer differ if the angle of elevation is 60° as when itis 30°, but covers the wall is 22 m away? ~ ‘same horizontal range. Ans: Yes, Yes] > 104, (IIT-JEE 2005) A projectile can have the same range R GACY) A tall is thrown a speed of 40 m/s tan angle for two angles of projection. If t, and t, be the time of of 60° with the horizontal. Find” ight in thei ee a2? CC a a tied ar flight in the in the two cases, then prove that ¢,¢2 = = (b) the range of the-ball. g = 10 m/s*. Ans: (a) 60 m (b) 80¥3 m] 105. (NCERT) Show that for a projectile the angle between the velocity and x-axis as a function of time is given by (HCV) A football is kicked with a velocity of 20 mis at 6 = tan? ee = at) an angle‘of 45” with the horizontal. Vox (@) Find the time taken by the ball to strike the ground. where voy = horizontal component of initial velocity, (b) Pind the maximum height it reaches. Voy = vertical component of initial velocity. @xHow far away from the kick does it hit ground? Take g = 10 m/s. 106. (NCERT) Show that the angle of projection @y, for a “fans: (a) 2.8 s (b) 10 m (¢) 40 m] projectile launched from the origin is given by : , 05 = tan-* (Sm 97. (NCERT) A cricket ball is thrown at a speed of 28 m/s, ( R in a direction 30° above the horizontal. Calculate Where fi is the maximum height and R is the (@) the maximum height horizontal range. (b) the time taken by the ball to retum to the same level, and 18S, KUMAREX PHYSICS CLASSES® (srms0. or ExceLLeNce)_IX1, XI, NET & JE]the horizontal be 45°? tAns: 5.48 s} 108. A body is projected such that its kinetic energy at the top is 3/4" ofits initial kinetic energy. What is the initial angle of projection of the body from the horizontal? TAns: 30°] 109. A boy stands at 78.4 m from a building and throws a ball which just enters a window 39.2 m above the ‘ground, Calculate the velocity of projection of the ball. [Ans: 39.2 m/s} 110. From the top of a tower 156.8 m high, a projectile is thrown up with a velocity of 39.2 m/s, making an angle of 30° with horizontal direction. Find the distance from foot of tower where it strikes the ground and the time taken by it to do so. (Ans: 271.57 m, 8] 111. (NCERT) The ceiling of a long hall is 25 m high. What is the maximum horizontal with a speed 40 m/s can go without hitting the ceiling of the hall? [Ans: 150.5 m] 112. From a point on the ground at a distance 15 m from the foot of a vertical wall, a ball is thrown at an angle of 45° which just clears the top of the wall and afterwards strikes the ground at a distance 5 m on the other side. Find the height of the wall. [Ans: 3.75 m] 113. A particle is projected with a yelotity u so that its horizontal range is twice the height attained. Find the horizontal range of it. st tans: 2] 114, If R is the horizontal range for inclination @ and\h is the maximum height reached by the, projectile show tht the maximuim range is given by 2+ 2h. 115. Show that’ there are two values of time for which a projectile is at the same height. Also show that the sum of these two times is equal to the time of flight. 416. A projectile has the same range R when the maximum height attained by it is either Hy or Ha. Prove that R= 4/FyHa - 117. A body is projected with the velocity u, from the point Aas shown in figure. XAMS FOR SESSION 2022-2023 At the same time another body is projected vertically upwards with the velocity u, from the point B. What should be the value of * for the both bodies to collide? . (NCERT) A fighter plane flying horizontally at an altitude of 1.5 km with a speed 720 km/h passes directly ‘overhead an aircraft gun, At what angle from the vertical should the gun be fired for the shell muzzle speed 600 m/s to hit the plane? At what maximum altitude should the pilot fly the plane to avoid being hit? Take g = 10 mi/s?. {Ans: sin"(1/3), 16000 m (minimum)] CIRCULAR MOTION “The angular displacement of a body isa function of time and is given by the equation @ = 10 + 3¢ + 6t2where t is in seconds. Determine the angular velocity and ‘angular acceleration when t [Ans: 63 rad/s, 12 rad/s*] |. Angular displacement of a body as a function of time is given by the equation @ = bt +ct?. Determine the Value of constant b and cif the initial velocity is 4 rad/s and 2s later itis 10 rads |. Determine the ratio of angular velocity of hour's hand ‘of a watch and angular velocity of earth around its own axis, [Ans: 2:1] Determine the ratio of linear velocities of the tips of minute's and hour’s hands of a wall clock if their lengths are 4 em and 3 em respectively. tAns: 16:1] (NCERT) An aircraft executes a horizontal loop of radius 1 km with a steady speed of 900 km/h. Compare its centripetal acceleration with acceleration due to gravity. [Ans: 6.38] (NCERT) A stone tied to the end of a string 80 cm long, is whirled in a horizontal circle with a constant speed. If the stone makes 14 revolutions in 25 s, what is the ‘magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the stone? Ans: 9.91 m/s*, along the radius of the circular path] 125, (IIT-JEE 2011) A ball of mass 0.5 kg is attached to the end of a string having length 0.5 m, The ball is rotated SE eee 2S. KUMARE: PHYSICS CLASSES® (rweot or excentince)_DXI, Xl, NEET & JEE]/EGGUGK acne PREPARED AY, SATIGH KUMAR sIR-a050000 ‘on a horizontal circular path about vertical axis. The maximum tension the string can bear is 324 N. Determine the maximum possible value of angular Velocity of ball [Ans: 36 rad/s} 126. (NCERT) (a) A stone of mass 0.25 kg tied to the end of a string is whirled round in a circle of radius 1.5 m with a speed of 40 mpm in a horizontal plane. What is the tension in the string? (b) What is the maximum speed with which the stone can be whirled around if the string can withstand a ‘maximum tension of 200 N? Ans: (a) 6.6 N (b) 34.6 m/s] 127. A body of mass 10 kg revolves in a circle of diameter 0.4 m, making 1000 revolutions per minute. Calculate its linear velocity and centripetal acceleration. [Ans: 20n/3 m/s, 2000/9 m/s") 128, (NCERT) An insect trapped in a circular groove of radius 12 cm moves along the groove steadily and completes 7 revolutions in 100 s. (@) What is the angular speed?, and the linear speed of the motion? (b) Is the acceleration vector a constant vector? What is its magnitude? (©) What is its linear displacement? [Ans: (a) 0.44 rad/s, 0.053 m/s (b) No, 0.023 mis? (c) zero] 129, The radius of earth’s orbit around the sun is 1.5x10!!m, Calculate angular and linear velocity of the earth Through how much angle does the earth revolve in 2 days? [Ans: 2x10" rad/s, 3x10 m/s, 3.4*107 rad] 130. (NCERT) A cyclist is riding with a speed of 27 km/h. ‘As he approaches a circular turn on the road of radius 80 m, he applies brakes atid. reduces his speed at the constant rate 0.5 mvs’ What is the magnitude and direction of the netyacceleration of the cyclist on the circular tun? Take tan 54.5°= 1.4. [Ans: 0.86 m/s?, 54:5") 131. The rotor of ai electric motor uniformly accelerates to a ‘Of 1800 rpm from rest in 5 s and then the rotor decelerates uniformly to stop in 7.3 s, determine the lumber of revolutions made during acceleration and retardation. [Ans: 75, 109.5] RELATIVE VELOCITY 132. A boat is moving with a velocity (31 + 4J) with respect to ground. The water in the river is moving with a velocity (—3i— 4f) with respect to ground. What is the relative velocity of boat with respect to river? © (61 + 8))] 133. A particle P is moving along a straight line with a velocity of 3 m/s and another particle Q has a velocity of 4 m/s at an angle of 30° to the path of P. Find the velocity of @ relative to P. tAns: 2.1 mis} 134, A train is moving due east and a car is moving due north, both with the same speed 30 km/h, What is the observed speed and direction of motion of car to the passenger in the train? [Ans: ver = 302 km/h, North-West] 135, (NCERT) Rain is falling vertically with a speed of 30 mis. A woman rides a bicycle with a speed of 10 mvs in the north to south direction. What is the relative velocity of rain with respect to the woman? What is the direction in which she should hold her umbrella to protect herself from the rain? [Ans: 31.6 m/s, tan'!(1/3) with the vertical] 136. (NCERT) On a certain day, rain was falling vertically witha speed of 35 m/s. A wind started blowing after sonietime with a speed of 12 m/s in east to west direction. In which direction should a boy waiting at a bus stop hold his umbrella? Take tan 19° = 0.34 [Ans: 19° with vertical towards east] 137. A man is walking on a level road at a speed of 3 km/h. Rain drops fall vertically with a speed of 4 km/h. Find the velocity of raindrops with respect to the man. In which direction, the man should hold his umbrella to protect himself from train? Take tan 36.8 [Ans: 5 km/h, 36.8° with the vertical] 138, To a driver going east in a car with a velocity of 40 km/h, a bus appears to move towards north with a velocity of 40V3 km/h. What is the actual velocity and direction of motion of the bus? TAns: 80 km/h, 30° with north towards east] 139. (NCERT) In a harbour, wind is blowing at the speed of 72 kawh and the flag on the mast of a boat anchored in the harbour flutters along the N-E direction. If the boat starts moving at a speed of 51 km/h to the north, what is the direction of the flag on the mast of the boat? [Ans: almost in the east direction] ! ¥:SATISH KUMAR SIRx% (ermaot OF EXCELLENCE)