‘Secondly they constantly ebsetve the evolrion of ters planets and other celestial features. And the informaton they gather is essential to cur understencing of these objects. tells us, for example, how siars lve and die, and how they interact with neighbouring stars, In both types oF observation, professonals can see advantages in the enormous patience and passien that amateurs have forthsir hobby. This doesnt just mean spending a whole rigitlooking atthe stars, Were taking about observations that involve spending yeers of evenings on the rooforin the back garden Its not possitie for professional astronomers to ‘undertake these long-teim studées oto spend huge arrounts cof time observinga single object. But amsteurs can — and they do - and that’s why they are so important to the field of sstronony, (0b2 Tack 18 Examiner: Let’ tak about atotudes towards space travel, ‘What do you think festinates humens about outer space? Pauline: Well its ‘new fronter andit represents the “unknown’, and humans have @ natural tendency to want. to explore unknovn places. It goes right back i the early explorers who traveled across the globe. You know. its like the time when people were discovering that the Earth ‘a8 round, not fat, end that there's o gravitational force. ver the centuries, one discovery has lec to another so that we know a areat deal move about Earth now, but we sill know relatively litle bout outer space. We'e sila bit ‘Obsessed with. 1Doyyou think that's why some stories about spece travel hhave been go imaginative"? P: Ch defintely, yes. Because, wel, anything cculd be out there so —to make itexcting, particulary in sims ~ you can just imagino whet that might, You know, so there ate horror fms that are designed to make you afraid of extia-terestialife, there are TV proaremmes ike ‘Star Tek that have a huge cul following, and then there are boxoffice hitslike Avatar~ thet was even bigge in ‘Amenca than the Herty Fotier fms How co you think peoples attiuides towards space ‘exporaton have changed since the frst Moon landings? ‘Mim, I think there's possibly less interest now, sin no longer new end exciting. Back in the 1860s, when the ‘Moon landing took place, everybody wes very mpresseu, Itwasan incredible moment, end it ade the huran race came together and see that we can achieve something that’s ‘out ofthis word, But thinkwe've reached the [point now Where the next step is going to be too risky and too dificult. And - well as ar es Imconceined, its & waste of money, ‘To what extent do you think governments wil continue to fund projectsin search of life on ather planets? { hinkit’s untkely shat they’ cortirue because i's 00 ‘expansive. Ata time when most countries ere strugaling to make ends meet, who wents to spend tllons on space travel? As far as the so’ system's concerned, we've 2 @ comps IELTS Bonds 65-75, feasonably good Understanding of whats on othe planeta and were pietty certen thatthey woudh't sustain ite So there's litle point in sending people up there |:hink {overnments may wel continue to send space probes to see what they come up with, but my risk people's lives? coz Tack 18 As feces [im congesned its a waste of money. (602 Treck 20 Ive no idea, Whats the point? Imeke both ends meet Ws tke the time when onthe ether hand: earona over the years: Go2 Treck2) 1 Well it's hard to say. | thnk that over the decades, people have lost interest. 2 You know ifyoui go back to the time of Galieo, no ane ‘even thought about travelling into space, 3 _Astares space is concemed. | don't think we heve any idea whats out there, 4 Alotof people say, ‘What's the point in space exploration?’ butas far as| can see, that's bit short- sighted. 5 Actually, car walt to see what Wie Mars robot comes up ‘with. think the whole space thing is just out ofthis wari, (002 Track 22 Narrator: You will heara woman taking on the phone toa campsite menager. Man: Hi, Lake Pane Campground. Can |help you? Woman: Oh, hi yes, um, wonderif we could booka site ‘onyour camporouna? Mi: Sure. My computers down at the moment, so| just need toget efor. OK how many nights would you ike to stay for? WE Un, wel, ideally, we'd lke to stay for five ME Five nights, OK. (pause) ME Hi, Leke Pane Campground, Can thelp you? Wr Ob; hi, Yes, um, | wonder ifwe could book a site on your ‘campground? M: Sure. My computers down at the moment. sol just need to get form. OK = how many nights would you tke to stay for? W: Um, well deal, we'd ike to stay forfive. ME: Five nights, OK. So when are you planning to arrive?W: Well, we'lbe traveling around thearsa from mid-July and We think welll beat the ake by about the 2ath, #s'se0, July's abusy time. We could probebly ft you in. but to te honest, if you want five nights, itwoudde better toget here a day earlier. We've gata big croup coming at the end of the month. W: OK - the 231d tine We weren't sure so [ME Great. Do you just want somewhere to park and pitch a teil, of do you havean RV? W: An Rv? I: Yeah — you knw, a recreational vehicle W: Oh. right -yes, we're driving @ van so M: OK ~ that's fine. So, um, what name ist pleese? W: It's Hepworth that's H-E-PAV-O-B-T-H. Mz OK thanks. Ive heard that name before We: Well t's quite common in England ~ particulrly in Yorkshire. That's where we're ‘ram, Mi: Iwas acing to eskif you were in the UK It's realy good tino, en i W: Yes. ‘Mi: Would this be your contact number? W: Yes ~ it's 07968 356630, Mi: Great, thanks, W: Do you want my home number as wel? ME No thet’ fine, W: OK ‘M: We supply a number of facilities. | don't know if you're {amilier withthe way campgrounds work hore. Ws itwould be good i you could explain, 'M: Viel, you're coming in the RV, so would you like to fhaok. upto oureectricity? Ws Gh, yes, please. M: You can also attach your vehicie to the water taps here: W: Ihopeit’s all easy to dot M: Yea) - you just plug into the electricity and switch on the water The peor who hire out the RVs wil explain ital W: OK and what about waste water? Mz Sure — you can have a site with a sewer ~ or | think you guys callita drain ~ that’s bit extra, Not all campgrounds have that fecifty, you see. W: Fine, we'll have k. Sowhat’s the total ane (pause) M: OK - Ive allocated you a site, 99 you need to note the ‘code down, We Right, iljust get a pen, IM: Most of cur sies are coded using leters and numbers EW or SEW. ‘acompervan, W: Mmn-hm M:: Soyours is one of the SEW ones andit’s number 47 W: Got that. M: That's the area that has all he requirements you need, Ws |s it easy to find when you get there? Mz What time will you be artiving? Ws Iimnot cure, but t ositd be quite late. Mz OK. so the reception couldbe closed We olage at six. W: Oh dear M:: I'S OK - Mil tell you where to go. As you core in the ‘campground entrance, youll see out office. Ws Ub-huh Mi Drive past the front door... there's another office next to ‘urs, that’s the business office, Yeal, and there's a pao} behind thet. WE OK it would be good to have aswirn! M: K's open til eight, so feel free 1 use it. Keep going pact al, those ... tothe end of the track. At the ‘op, you'll come to, a .., al Me very end, there's a laundry, W: 0K ‘M: Tum leftatthe laundry and you'll see your avin sito ‘straight ahead of you, Thoye allcleatly label, W: That sounds easy enough, Mi: Just before youeng up .. um ... we've hada few: problems with campers... with, um, stuff left Iving around W: Oh! Mi: Wel, it may be an ovsrsigit, but we do ask our vistors to ‘ake away al their tier, (Of eourge, Otherwise someone has to clea it up! ‘That's right. Also, in the moming ... youkrow . we do ave washrooms, and once the reception’s open, youll be able to geta key forthe shower, Fight. M: You can keep itwhile youre-on the site, but could you ‘returit when you leave? Ws fil make sure we etit back to you, yeah ~ otherwise we dont have enouigh togo around. We OK ~ well, thank you very much, See you soon! Mi: Yooh — bye oz Tack 23 You wif hear someone talking on the radi about Presenter: Wall's a’colouriul star to the day on D8 Radio. ‘Kathy, what have you got to tel us? Recording scriptsThanks, Briony, lthoughtd takabout two areas today where oclour plays a huge roe in our lives ~ and they are foad and fashion, So, let’ start with food and more specifcaly, food colouring In many pats of the word taday, people Ike the food they probes to be tho right colour So f we buy toed or Canned vegetables, such as creen peas, highly key that the contents heve been enhanced through the use of colouring agenis. Peas are naturaly green, you might say. Butthey may not be green allover or they may notbe the imost pleasing shede of creen, So a raturaladdivve or two can quickly sot that out, justasitcan the perfect minty greenice cream that we buy our chien. Chidren are a bio market for ‘ood and are easly tempted by cobur Breakfast cereals, forinstance, that come in various shades of brown are often altered using caramel, ‘natural brown food colounng denved from caramelised sugar This aso gives the cereals «shiny, mouth-watering eppesl whi is hugely tempting for consumers In fact, natural food colouring aves back along way. One of the obfest- or perhaps the most well-known ratural od colours ~is red er tochinea, named aftr theinsects used to meke it Aztec Indins crested 2 ciimsen dye from the bodies of crushed beetles Producing cochineal is very easly 30 it was unpopular ‘with consumers for some years. Buthealt scares Inking ati red dyes to cencer have meant that more ‘hoppers are buying cachinoalagnin. Now, there's one food colour that manufacturers use with ‘ certain amount of eatin and that's blue. Our ancestors belived that food this colour was dangerous, Ifyou think bout vey few natiraly occuriig fo0es are blue, and therels ite demand forthe colouring. Infact, fyoutre trying tolose weight. exports suggest that you put your {00d ona bive ote almost guaranteed to kil your appetite (pause) OK |et’s ook at another area whore colour ie @ kay sue, ifyousay you've bougit something new to wear, often the first question people will asks ‘What colours it?" Yei the answer doosn’tnecestaly indicate thet the colcur was your preferred choice. As corsumers, we have to balance ‘how we feelin ce-tan colours with what i fashionable at thetime You think you've sucdenly developed desire to veer orange, whereas in fact, the shops re ful oft, and yotive ended up buying an orange shirt - that may oF may ‘ot suit you smply because its "his season's colour’ Weel, the interesting thing here thet ‘coloursts, as theyre calle in the business, have to look cheac and say what colour models wll bs wearing in feshion shows several years in advance To gett ight they have to corsider how long it wil take to produce the Goth dyes, they have to setup deals with suppliers, and beer ia mind the constant changes in consumer teste. So whet may 26M 10 be this season's colour has actually been agreed yearsbefore Complete IELTS Bands 6.5-75 So what do we thinkatout the colours we weer? Like everything, ourtastes alter with aga. In general, thouoh, \we think that black makes pecple look and fee thinner, ile red does the opposite: white goes with everything. whereas yellow is harder to match, and nothing ates. the fact that there are certan colours that we never feel Comfortable wearing, ‘Ang finaly - whether its food or fashion, anyone in the business field knowe thatitisn't enough to gets product the right colour Even the packaging has to be carefully designed in order to maxmise sel’, t's no good, for instance. wrapping en item in brown paper if you want it tostand out. Much better to go for eye-catching colours Of, in faci, today's world, green has become very populer because it promotes the view that the company Cares abous the environment. n addition to their products, businesses also eve to think about te people who come. up withthe idees. If you surround your workers with crab Colours, they'll come up with equally dul ideas. Thisisn't foicket science. We used to associete red with creativity in busness, butit tums out - according toa recent stud — that ble is@ mich ketier stimulus for creative thought. So the colour’ notall bad! ‘coz Tack 24 Narrator: You will heer tutor and two studerts discussing international mobi Tutor: HiNils hive. Come in and st down. You wanted te telkabout your esearch paper 6 that ight? Nils: Yes, we've crawn wp an outline for the introduction and done some preliminary interviews Te Andhow dd that go? Eva: Wee come across some interesting findings, OK - let’ go through what you've done so fer: What's the subject? Rghi. so we're doing our peper on intemetional student motility. E: Wet looking at the overal picture - you know, where overseas students are going in the world to study and why ‘and we think that picture's changing. Te Sounds interesting E: The itst thing we've looked atis nunvers, and as part of that, um, how many students tere are in total who are studying outsde ther own country That seein easy It looks Uke ils eround three milion, E: Yeah, but the problem is thet the dafiiton ofthe term ‘international student varies across counties. Yeah, and because ofthat, the igure could be much higher TI 06.