REPRODUCTIVECertificate Thisis to certify that Aradhya Agarwal of class 12th, Qnalior Gory Hgh School has completed her investigatory project on REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH under my supervision she has taken utrmoet care and sincerity to complete this project. | certify that this project is up to my expectation and as per the latest guidelines issued by the CBSE Dalhi Bidlogy Teacher Mrs. Majinder KaurAcknowledgment | respect and thank Mrs- Majinder ma'am for providing me an opportunity to do the project and giving us all the support and guidance, which made me complete the project duty: | am incredibly thankful to her for providing such nice support and guidance, although she was busy managing the corporate affairs schedule Also, a very special thanks to our respective principal mam Mrs: Rajeshwari Sawant for her support: Aradhya Agrawal Xil- AIndex O) Legeduction - Reproductive Health Ol Apulation Lepiosin and Birth control OO) Contraceptive Methods — Najaral method Piysical/ barrier mathod Latva Otarine method Oral Contraceptive Lay . A La le Sungical Methods O Medical terminttion of Pregnancy O) Sezualy transmitted Disease O Laverty * Le Vico Fartitisation * Gamete Latra Fallopian Transfer ° Argiticial Insemination O Bxbiingrapty QO) ConciasionREPRODUCTIVE . -; HEALTH It is the state of physical, emotional, behavioural, and social fitness for leading a reproductive life. According to WHO: A total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e., physical, emotional, behavioural, and social. PROBLEMS & STRATEGIES India was among the Ist countries to initiate actions & plans to attain total reproductive health as a social goal. These programs are called ' ‘FAMILY PLANNING’ - initiated in 1951. Improved programs covering reproduction-related areas are in operation- ' Reproductive & Child Health Care Programs ' (RCH). Create awareness about various reproduction aspects & provide facilities and support to build a reproductively healthy society. HOW HAS THE GOVERNMENT TAKEN MEASURES? Creating awareness among people involving family members, close relations, and friends with the help of audio-visuals & print media Providing proper information about sex, reproductive organs, adolescence & related changes, safe & hygienic sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), AIDS, etc. in schools and societies. Educating people about birth control options, care of pregnant women, post-natal care of mother & child, the importance of breastfeeding, and equal importance to both male & female children which help in making a socially conscious healthy society Creating Awareness about uncontrolled population growth and social evils- help to build a Socially responsible healthy society. Statutory ban on Amniocentesis which was used illegally to check the sex of foeticide. Researches on reproduction-related areas, supported by gov. & non - governmental agencies to improve/find new methods upon the existing ones. Saheli (Contraceptive) - Central Drug Research Institute (CDR!)POPULATION EXPLOSION AND BIRTH CO + The increase in size and growth of the human population is called population explosion. + India’s population was 350 million at independence and nowis 2n4 most populated country with 1.39 billion people as of May 2020 i.e.17.7%of total world population * There is an Alarming growth rate causing scarcity of basic requirements ( food, shelter & clothing ). Reasons for the high population explosion are:- , 1. Decline in death rate. 2. Longer life span. q 3. Decline in maternal mortality rate ( MMR ) * 4. Decline in infant mortality rate (IMR) aie 5. Some religious beliefs against birth control. Ranh 6. Lack of reproductive health knowledge. atte Steps to overcome population explosion:- 1. Motivating families about contraceptive methods to prevent unwanted pregnancies 2. Creating awareness through media, posters/bills-Hum Do oe Hamare Do ( we two, our two ) pS 3. Encouraging young, urban, and working couples to adopt the ‘one- child norm’ 4, Statutory raising of marriageable age, female- 18, male- 21 5. Giving incentives to couples with small families. ( fe [o)CONTRACEPTION = | Prevention of fertilization of ovum during sexual intercourse is called contraception. An ideal contraceptive should be user-friendly available} , &ffective, and reversible with no or least side effects. It aims to control birth by using contraceptives The different types of contraceptives are : 1. Natural / Traditional method 4, Oral contraceptives 2. Barrier method 5. Injection and implants 3. Intrauterine device [IUDs] 6. Surgical method 1. NATURAL METHODS : avoid chances of ovum and sperms meeting a) Periodic abstinence - In this method, the couple avoids coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected. b) Withdrawal or Coleus interruptus: In this method male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation to avoid insemination. C) Lactationa| amenorrhea: ovulation is absent during intense lactation following parturition. Hence the chance of fertilization is absent. It is effective for 6 months, with no side effects and high chances of failure are there. 2. PHYSICAL CONTRACEPTIVE OR BARRIER METHODS - Prevents contact of sperm and ovum through the barrier. It is available both for males and females. a) Condoms : Q > Barriers made of thin rubber/latex sheath, self inserted & disposable, u , Covers penis in male & vagina and cervix in female. » Itis used so that semen does not enter the female reproductive tract. It also prevents AIDS and STDs. b) Diaphragm, Cervical Caps, and vaults: » Reusable rubber/latex barrier used to cover the cervix to block entry of sperm through the cervix. » Spermicidal cream, jellies, and foams are also used with these barriersINTRA-UTERINE DEVICES ( TUDS ) -~Tese devices are use only by females and are inserted by doctors /nurses into the uterus through the vagina. They afe available as: A.) Non-medicated JUDS : e.g. Lippes loop: Phagocytosis of sperm ae B) Copper releasing IUDs ( CUT, Cuz, Muttiload 375 ): Cu ion released suppress motility and fertilizing capacity of sperm. Increase phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus 7 > C) Hormone-releasing IUDs ( Progestasert LNG - 20): They make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and cervix hostile to j the sperm Ideal for females to delay pregnancy. It is widely accepted in Indi 4. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES : > Oral administration of small doses of progesterone or progesterone- oestrogen ination. Tablets & pills are taken by females daily for 21 days to inhibit ovulation & implantation & alters the quality of cervical mucus to prevent the entry of sperm. > They have fewer side effects, Eg. . Saheli- nonsteroidal preparation, once a week 5. INJECTIONS OR IMPLANTS : > Progesterone or its combination with oestrogen is used as an injection/implant under. the skin of a female. Its action is similar to pills and is effective for long periods é, > Progesterone or its combination with oestrogen or IUDs - within 72 hours f of coitus are effective as emergency contraceptives to avoid possible pregnancy due to rape or unprotected intercourse. 6. SURGICAL METHODS/ STERILIZATION METHOD > Prevention of future pregnancy by blocking gamete transport. Sterilization in males is called - vasectomy & females- ' tubectomy ‘ They are highly effective but reversibility is very poor Fallopian tubeMEDICAL TERMINATION OF Ci PREGNANCY (MTP) Q Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy is called MTP or induced abortion. Q 45 to 50 million MTPS / year- world. Q Decreases population- not meant for that purpose. Q a Accept / legalize is debated due to emotional, ethical , religious & social issues Government of India legalized- 1971, with strict restrictions to check indiscriminate & illegal female foeticide Q MTP- rid of unwanted pregnancy due to unprotected intercourse, failure of contraceptive, rapes, pregnancy which may be fatal to mother or fetus Q This method is safe within 1st trimester (12 weeks ), 2nd trimester abortions are riskier Q Illegal- unqualified quacks, unsafe & fatal- avoided by counselling Q Misuse of amniocentesis, followed by MTP- avoided Amniocentesis ee | PosaducorSEXUALLY TRANSMITTED ii DISEASES ( STDS ) Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse are called Sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs ) / Venereal diseases ( VD ) / Reproductive tract infections ( RTI )- For example- Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Genital herpes, Chlamydiosis, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis - B, and HIW{Except hepatitis - B, genital herpes, and HIV infections, others are curable-}- Mode of transmission- Hepatitis- B & HIV Reasons for transmis. Unprotected Sex Pregnancy Blood transfusion Needle Reuse Symptoms: T- Itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swelling in the genital region 2: STDs remain asymptomatic in females and remain undetected for a long: 3: In the later stage, it may lead to pelvic inflammatory diseases ( PID ) - abortion, stillbirth, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, or even cancer reproductive tract- Preventions : 1: Avoiding sex with unknown partners or multiple partners: 2: Always using condoms during coitus: > 3+ In case of doubt, consult a doctor for a) > ® early detection: ¥ a) 4: Getting complete treatment for diagnosed rian diseaseINFERTILITY ¥ 63 «The couple unable i Problems of nfertty may bein males or females Reason: - physical, congenital, diseases, drugs, immunological, or psychological, 2 Female are blamed often in India 3 Specialized Health care units like Infertility linis- diagnose, corrective treatments to have a child 4. When treatments are not enough, the couple is asisted with techniques called assisted reproductive technologies (ART) *Methods to control Infertility + 1. IVF- ET (In Vitro Fertilization- Embryo Tranttl * Test tube baby fertilization takes place outside & embryo is transferred + Female is induced to produce multiple egg/ova The egg is then collected from the wife/donor —_~ & sperm collected from husband/donor Ce) Incubated in medium - fertilization and & form zygote It is then transferred to the uterus of wife, implants & pregnancy continues Two types:- a)ZIFT ( Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer )- Embryo with 8 blastomeres transferred to the fallopian tube b)IUT (Intra- Uterine Transfer ) - Embryo transferred at 32 celled stages to the uterus 2. GIFT ( Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer Ovum collected from donor & transferred to a female who cannot produce one but provide a suitable environment for fertilization Washed sperms & ova are transferred to the ampulla of the fallopian tube with the help of laparoscope Normal Ovary Useful when fimbriae fail to capture ova & when females have sperm antibodies in their cervical secretion3. ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection) y * Sperm is directly injected into the ovum in a culture medium. Zygote or Embryo- transferred to fallopian tube or uterus. 4. Artificial insemination (AI) * — Itis useful in cases where the male partner is unable to inseminate the female or has very low sperm counts (oligospermia ) } — * Semen of male partner/donor is collected, concentrated & introduced into vagina or uterus of female- intrauterine insemination (IUI) Significance : a. Boon to infertile mother b. Men with Oligospermia ( low sperm count ) c. Embryos can be frozen & used for future Drawbacks: 1. These techniques are not possible for females with damaged uterine walls. 2. Require high precision, specialized professional & expensive instrumentation & so available in few centers & available to few people only. 3eRaised several ethical, emotional, religious & moral issues in the society. 4.Improved reproductive healthy society- increased medically assisted deliveries, better postnatal care, decreased maternally & infant mortality rate, small better detection & cure of STD - increased facilities for sex-relatedCONCLUSION SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AWARENESS DAY IS CELEBRATED EVERY YEAR ON FEB 12.We should feel free to talk about sexual health with parents, family, and friends, Because we need to be aware of all these things to avoid any problem in future. w should be aware of STDs. Girls always find it difficult +o talk with their parents and friends about menstruation but instead, they should feel free to talk about these topics. the first awareness about reproductive health should b provided in school. After completing this projec L get +o know about many new techniques developed to avoid STDs and have babies. I feel grateful to complete this project. I wish that I could increase awareness among young, teens about the reproductive health with the help of my research and investigation done for this projectBibliography # — QO NCERT CLASS 127 BLOLOGY BOOK O WEBSILTES;-