rae nN Te\ Rac] AUGUST 2022 FOR ALL COMPETITIVE EXAMSDo you know? What, When, Where and Why . Superlatives of the World . State at a Glance . World at a Glance - Awards and Honours - Impertant GK List Sports and Games 10. Discussion and Analysis 11. One Liner Facts 1. 2. 3 4 5. India at a Glance 6 7 8 9. 12. GK Videos:Knowledge Booster 13. GK QuizCopyright ©Jagranjosh.com All rights reserved. No part or the whole of this eBook may be copied, reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted and/or cited anywhere in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the written permission of the copyright owner. If any misconduct comes in knowledge or brought in notice, strict action will be taken.Disclaimer Readers are requested to verify/cross-check up to their satisfaction themselves about the advertisements, advertorials, and external contents. If any miss-happening, ill result, mass depletion or any similar incident occurs due to any information cited or referenced in this e-book, Editor, Director/s, employees of Jagranjosh.com can’t be held liable/ responsible in any matter whatsoever. No responsibilities lie as well in case of the advertisements, advertorials, and external contents. Images in this book have been taken from various internet sources.Do You Know About Draupadi Murmu? Draupadi Murmu has become the 15th President of India. Know about Draupadi Murmu's family, education, political career, previous offices, and other details. Draupadi Murmu took oath as the 15th President of India on July 25, 2022. She contested against Yashwant Sinha, the joint opposition’s nominee for the top constitutional job. Draupadi Murmu is a triballeader from Rairangpur in the Mayurbhanj district in Odisha. Draupadi Murmu is a soft-spoken leader who made her way into the politics of Odisha with her sheer hard work. Draupadi Murmu after winning the Presidential elections 2022, has become the first tribal and the second woman to hold the highest office. Draupadi Murmu: Biography Draupadi Murmu was born on June 20, 1958, in Uparbeda village of Mayurbhanj district in Odisha in a Santali tribal family to Biranchi Narayan Tudu. Bother her father and grandfather were village heads under the Panchayati Raj Systems. Draupadi Murmu married Shyam Charan Murmu, a banker who died in 2014. The couple had two sons, both of whom passed away, and a daughter Itishri Murmu.Draupadi Murmu Teaching Career Draupadi Murmu started out as a school teacher before entering state politics. Murmu worked as an assistant professor at the Shri Aurobindo Integral Education and Research Institute, Rairangpur, and as a Junior Assistant at the Irrigation department of the Government of Odisha. Draupadi Murmu Political Career Draupadi Murmu joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in 1997 and was elected as the councilor of the Rairangpur Nagar Panchayat. In 2000, she became the Chairperson of Rairangpur Nagar Panchayat and also served as the National Vice-President of BJP Scheduled Tribes Morcha. During the BJP and Biju Janata Dal coalition government in Odisha, Draupadi Murmu served in the following positions.Draupadi Murmu: Governor of Jharkhand Draupadi Murmu took oath as the Governor of Jharkhand on May 18, 2015, and became the first woman Governor of Jharkhand. She was the first female tribal leader from Odisha to be appointed as a Governor of the Indian State. Draupadi Murmu as the Governor of Jharkhand in 2017 refused to give assent to a bill approved by the Jharkhand Legis| ive Assembly seeking amendments to the Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act, 1908, and the Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act, 1949. The bill sought to give rights to the Tribals to make commercial use of their land, while also ensuring that the ownership of land does not change.Draupadi Murmu: NDA’s Presidential candidate 2022 In June 2022, Draupadi Murmu was nominated by BJPs the National Democratic Alliance’s candidate for the President of India for 2022 election. She visited various states as part of the Presidential Campaign 2022 around the country seeking support for her candidature, from BJP lawmakers and other opposition parties. Draupadi Murmu visited NE states, BJD of Odisha, JMM Party of Jharkhand, Shiv Sena of Maharashtra, BSP of Uttar Pradesh, JDS of Karnataka and many others were some of the prominent opposition parties that extended their support to her.What is Gyanvapi Mosque Dispute and the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act of 1991? The Supreme Court has directed the District Magistrate of Varanasi to ensure the protection of the area where a Shivling has been reportedly found while ordering that Muslims should not be restricted from accessing the Gyanvapi mosque to offer namaaz. “We are not disturbing anything but holding everything in balance,” said Justice D.¥. Chandrachud while passing the interim order. Earlier, a team carrying out the court-mandated videography survey of the Gyanvapi Mosque claimedto have found shivling inside the mosque's premises. The survey comes after a civil court in Uttar Pradesh directed the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to survey the Gyanvapi mosque in Varanasi on 8 April 2021. The survey will find out whether the Gyanvapi Mosque stands on the temple's ruins or not. The court also directed the UP Government to bear the cost of the survey, having two members of the minority community. The petition was opposed by the Anjuman Intezamia Masjid (AIM), the Gyanvapi Mosque Management Committee. The devotees of 'Swayambhu Lord Vishweshwar' claim that the temple was demolished in 1669 on the orders of Mughal emperor Aurangazeb, and the Gyanvapi mosque stands on its ruins. The devotees want the land restored for Hindus to construct thetemple. The court has directed the following instructions to the ASI: 1- The team must adequately preserve the artefacts during the survey. 2- During the survey, the committee must ensure that the Muslims are not refrained from offering namaz at the Gyanvapi Mosque. However, if the same is not practical due to the survey work, the ASI must provide an alternative place to offer namaz within the mosque's precincts. 3- The committee must ensure that both Muslims and Hindus are equally respected, keeping in view the sensitivity of the said matter.4- The committee must submit its report in a sealed envelope to the court without any delay. The next hearing of the case is on 31 May 2021. Background In 1984, around 558 Hindus gathered in Delhi for the first religious parliament. They decided on a nationwide call for Hindus to lay claim to the Holy shrines situated in Varanasi, Mathura and Ayodhya. Following the Ram Janma Bhumi-Babri Masjid dispute in 1990, the movement gained strength. While the call was to lay claim on some 3000 mosques in the places mentioned above, the Hindu religious groups focussed on two mosques-- (1) Shahi Idgah mosque, adjacent to Lord Krishna temple in Mathura (2) Gyanvapi mosque, adjacent to Kashi Vishwanath temple in Varanasi.The slogan, ‘Ayodhya to sirf jhanki hai, Kashi, Mathura baaki hai,’ became popular. The activities mentioned above led to the enactment of the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act in 1991 by the then PV Narsimha Rao administration. However, it was opposed by the BJP, which ridiculed that Congress had bought the law to fore to appease Muslims and keep their vote bank safe. In 1991, the petition was filed by the advocate Vijay Shankar Rastogi on behalf of the main deity of the temple-- Swayambhu Jyotirlinga Bhagwan Vishweshwar. In his petition, Rastogi claims that the temple was constructed by Maharaja Vikramaditya about 2,050 years ago, where the present-day mosque stands. He demanded that the Gyanvapi mosque be removed from the site, and thepossession of the entire piece of land must be given to Hindus and the right to worship inside the mosque. Furthermore, the petitioner contended that the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991 was not applicable in the Gyanvapi mosque case as it was built over a partly demolished temple. In 1997, after the hearings, a trial court in Varanasi stated that the relief sought by the petitioners was barred under the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991. It was followed by revision petitions being filed, clubbed and being heard at the trial court in Varanasi. In 1998, AIM Committee moved to Allahabad High Court and stated that the dispute could not be adjudicated upon by a civil court and cited Section 4of the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991. The Allahabad HC put a stay order on the civil court proceedings, and the matter was pending for 22 years. In March 2019, Prime Minister Modi laid the foundation stone for the Kashi Vishwanath temple corridor to expand and beautify the temple and its area by embellishing it with Makrana marble, Kota granite Mandana and Baleshwar stones. After the completion of the Rs. One thousand crores project the temple can be directly seen from the Ganga ghat. In October 2019, as part of the work on the corridor, a contractor demolished chabootra near gate number 4 of the Gyanvapi mosque, leading to the flaring of communal tensions in the area. However, the broken structure was built overnight by the contractor after the protest by the local Muslims. Themosque belongs to the Sunni Central Waqf Board. In December 2019, a month after the SC judgement on the Babri Masjid-Ram Janmabhoomi dispute, advocate Vijay Shankar Rastogi again filed a plea on behalf of the Swayambhu Jyotirlinga Bhagwan Vishweshwar seeking an archaeological survey of the Gyanvapi mosque. The advocate referred to himself as the 'next friend’ of the main deity. He also stated that in 1998, the first additional district judge had directed a lower court to take evidence from the entire Gyanvapi complex to determine the religious status of the site. Still, the Allahabad HC suspended the order of the lower court. Despite the stay on trial by Allahabad HC, the Varanasi court ordered the ASI to conduct the archaeological survey on the said site.Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991 The Act prohibits the conversion of any place of worship. It provides for the maintenance of the religious character of any place of worship as it existed on the 15th of August 1947. It extends to the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Bar of Conversion of places of worship The Act states that no person shall convert any place of worship or worship of any religious denomination into a different section of the same religious denomination or another religious sect. Declaration on the religious character of certain places of worship and bar of jurisdiction of courts.The religious character of a place of worship on 15 August 1947 shall remain the same as it existed on the previous date. If any suit, appeal, or other proceeding wart. conversion of the religious character of any place of worship is pending before any court, tribunal, or other authority, the same shall abate. Also, no suit, appeal or different proceeding w.rt. to the matter above shall lie in any court, tribunal or other authority after the commencement of the Act, provided: Suppose any suit, appeal or other proceeding is filed because the conversion has taken place in the religious character after 15 August 1947 and is pending on the commencement of this Act. In that case, it will be disposed of following the provisionsmentioned in sub-section (1). Nothing mentioned in sub-section (1) and sub-section (2) shall apply to the following: a- Any place of worship which is an ancient and historical monument/ an archaeological site/ is under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958/ under any other law for the time being in force. b- Any suit, appeal or other proceeding w.r.t. matter mentioned in sub-section (2), finally decided, settled or disposed of by the court, tribunal or authority before the commencement of this Act. c- Any dispute related to the said matter settled by the parties before the commencement of this Act.d- Any conversion of any such place is effected before this Act's commencement by acquiescence. e- Any conversion of any such place effected before the commencement of this Act is not liable to be challenged in any court, tribunal or other authority being barred by limitation under any law for the time being in force. Act will not apply to Ram Janma Bhumi-Babri Masjid Nothing mentioned in this Act will apply to Ram Janma Bhumi-Babri Masjid situated in Ayodhya in the State of Uttar Pradesh and to any suit, appeal or other proceeding relating to it. Punishment under the Act1- If any person contravenes the provisions of section 3 of this Act, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for up to three years and shall also be liable to a fine. 2- If any person attempts to commit any offence or cause the execution of any crime, it is punishable under sub-section (1) but does not act towards the commission of the offence shall be punishable with the punishment provided for the crime. 3- If any person abets/ is a party to a criminal conspiracy to commit an offence under the sub-section (1), anything contained in section 116 of the IPC (45 of 1860) will be punishable with the punishment provided for the offence.| Superlatives of the World What is Tau Herculids meteor shower? This shower finds its origin’ in comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann or SW3. The comet would be disintegrating and the skies on Earth would be full of 1000 shooting stars per hour. Wonder how many wishes would be granted that day. The comet SW3 was discovered in 1930 and it orbited the Sun every 5.4 years. Arnold Schwassmann and Arno Arthur Wachmann are the two German observers who found it. After it, the comet was seen in the 1970s. After 1995 the comet was 600 times brighter than its initial phase and later by 2006, astronomers realisedthat it had broken into almost 70 pieces making a cloud dust tail of its own. It has broken down into more pieces now and the astronomers have informed that the debris would be entering the Earth's atmosphere at 10 miles per second. This would result in the meteor shower at the end of May 2022. As per NASA, the next Tau Herculids meteor shower could be one of the brightest in the sky this year. Tau Herculids Meteor Shower: When was it seen? It was visible from the evening of May 30, 2022, to the morning of May 31, 2022. It is expected to be the most stunning meteor shower of this century by astronomers.However, there are also chances that one would not get to see this meteor shower at all as well. If seen, it would be the best though. Bill Cooke, the chief of the Meteoroid Environment Office situated at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, confirmed that the upcoming meteor shower would be ‘an all or nothing event' as it would cause a striking display from May 30 evening till 31st morning. The meteor shower will be visible through the naked eye as well. What is a Meteor Shower? A meteor shower is an astronomical event. It occurs when our planet Earth passes through a debris stream occupying the orbit of any comet. A shootingstar is actually a meteor that has entered the atmosphere of the Earth. “Meteors aren’t uncommon,” Bill Cooke said, who leads NASA’s Meteoroid Environment Office at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. “Earth is bombarded every day by millions of bits of interplanetary detritus speeding through our solar system.” Most particles are equal to dust and sand. When these particles hit the upper atmosphere at speeds up to 45 miles per second, they flare and burn up. An average person can see from 4 to 8 meteors per hour every night. It is a normal cosmic event. Other meteor showers that can be observed in 2022 are the Perseid meteor shower, which would be at its peak in August 2022 and the Draconid meteorshower in October 2022. Also one can see Orionid meteor showers and Leonid meteor showers as well, this year. __ State and Union Territory ata Glance List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra: Maharashtra is the wealthiest state in India with 288 assembly seats. Amid the latest political crisis in Maharashtra, Shiv Sena's Eknath Shinde became the 20th Chief Minister of Maharashtra by reestablishing the alliance with Bharatiya Janata Party in the state.List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra: The Indian State of Maharashtra was created on 1 May 1960 after the dissolution of the Bombay State. Yashwantrao Chavan, who was serving as the third CM of Bombay State since 1956, became the first Chief Minister of Maharashtra-- the wealthiest state in the country. Maharashtra has 288 assembly seats which is the third highest in India. The state has 48 Lok Sabhaseats, the second-highest after Uttar Pradesh. Amid the latest political crisis in Maharashtra, Shiv Sena's Eknath Shinde became the 20th Chief Minister of Maharashtra by reestablishing the alliance with Bharatiya Janata Party in the state. Chief Minister Tenure Yashwantrao 1 May 1960 TO Chavan 19 November 1962 Marotrao 20 November Kannamwar 1962 to 24 November 1963 Party Indian National Congress Indian National CongressP. K. Sawant Vasantrao Naik Shankarrao Chavan Vasantdada Patil 25 November 1963 to 4 December 1963 5 December 1963 to 1 March 1967 21° February 1975 to 16 May 1977 17 May 1977 to 5 March 1978, 5 March 1978 to 18 July 1978 Indian National Congress Indian National Congress Indian National Congress Indian National Congress (Urs)Sharad Pawar Abdul Rehman Antulay Babasaheb Bhosale Vasantdada Patil 18 July 1978 to 7 February 1980 9 June 1980 to 12 January 1982 21 January 1982 to 1 February 1983 2. February 1983 to 1 June 1985 Indian National Congress (Socialist) Indian National Congress Indian National Congress Indian National CongressShivajirao Patil Nilangekar Shankarrao Chavan Sharad Pawar Sudhakarrao Naik 3 June 1985 to 6 March 1986 12 March 1986 to 26 June 1988 26 June 1988 to 25 June 1991 25 June 1991 to 22 February 1993, Indian National Congress Indian National Congress Indian National Congress Indian National CongressSharad Pawar Manohar Joshi Narayan Rane Vilasrao Deshmukh 6 March 1993 to 14 March 1995 14 March 1995 to 31 January 1999 1 February 1999 to 17 October 1999 18 October 1999 to 16 January 2003 Indian National Congress Shiv Sena (Sena-BJP) Shiv Sena (Sena-BJP) Indian National CongressSushilkumar Shinde Vilasrao Deshmukh 18 January 2003 to 30 October 2004 1 November 2004 to 4 December 2008 (Congress-NC P) Indian National Congress (Congress-NC P) Indian National Congress (Congress-NC P)Ashok Chavan Prithviraj Chavan Devendra Fadnavis 7 November 2009 to 9 November 2010 11 November 2010 to 26 September 2014 31 October 2014 to 12 November 2019 Indian National Congress (Congress-NC P) Indian National Congress (Congress-NC P) Bharatiya Janata PartyDevendra Fadnavis Uddhav Thackeray Eknath Shinde 23 November 2019 to 26 November 2019 28 November 2019 to 29 June 2022 June 30 2022 to Present (BJP-Sena) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP-Sena) Shiv Sena Shiv Sena (Shiv Sena-BJP) Wasantrao Naik is the longest-serving Chief Minister of Maharashtra. He served for 11 years and 77 daysas the Chief Minister of the state. He was in office from December 1963 to February 1975. Vasantrao Naik was the first Chief Minister of Maharashtra who completed his full term of five years. Devendra Fadnavis was the first Chief Minister from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in Maharashtra. Sharad Pawar is the youngest (at 38 years) Chief Minister of Maharashtra. At the age of 44 years; Devendra Fadnavis was the second youngest Chief Minister of Maharashtra. Kargil Vijay Diwas 2022: 10 Army heroes of KargilWar India will always be proud of- Kargil Vijay Diwas 2022: It is celebrated on July 26 to commemorate the sacrifice made by the soldiers in the Kargil War. The war took place between May and July 1999 in Jammu and Kashmir's Kargil district. Let us have a look at 10 Army Heroes and their extraordinary tales of Bravery that India will always be proud of. 10 Army heroes India will always be proud ofKargil Vijay Diwas 2022: On July 26 every year, Kargil Vijay Diwas is observed in India to honour the troops who gave their lives in the Kargil War. The war lasted from May to July 1999. The day also marks the success of ‘Operation Vijay’ which was launched in 1999 to reclaim the territories taken by Pakistani invaders in the Kargil Drass region. We all know the Army heroes sacrifice their own lives during the Kargil War so that the entire country can sleep in peace. The stories of their bravery, courage, and passion are larger than life. Here we are providing a glimpse of 10 army heroes or their bravery stories that will not just make us proud but also their sacrifices will leave eyes a little moist. Each and everyone who fought for us in the Kargil War are heroes. Some of the stories of such legends are provided in this article.List of 10 Kargil heroes India will always be proud of 1. Captain Vikram Batra ( Param Vir Chakra, Posthumous) (13 JAK Rifles) He was born on 9 September, 1974, in Palampur, Himachal Pradesh to Girdhari Lal Batra (father) and Kamal Kanta (mother). His mother was a school teacher and his father was a government school principal. He joined IMA in the Manekshaw Battalion in June 1996. He graduated from IMA on 6 December, 1997 after completing his 19-month training. He was commissioned as a Lieutenant into the 13th Battalion, Jammu and Kashmir Rifles. After a few training and completing several courses his Battalion, 13 JAK RIF, received an order toproceed to Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh. On 5 June the orders of the battalion were changed and were ordered to move to Dras, Jammu, and Kashmir. He is known as the Hero of the Kargil War and was instrumental in recapturing Peak 5140 and overlooks the Tololing nullah. During the mission, he chose 'Yeh Dil Mange More!' as their success signal. After capturing Peak 5140, he went for another mission to capture Peak 4875. No doubt it was one of the most difficult missions the Indian army attempted. In the battle, one of his fellow men had been shot. Then, to save him, he took the head and was killed while clearing enemy positions. He was awarded Param Vir Chakra, posthumously, India's highest and most prestigious award for his martyrdom during the Kargil War in 1999 that tookplace between India and Pakistan. 2. Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav (Param Vir Chakra) (18 Grenadiers) He was born on 10 May 1980 at Sikandrabad, Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh to Karan Singh Yadav (Father), and Santara Devi (Mother). He was the youngest person to ever be awarded the Param Vir Chakra. In August 1999, Nayab Subedar Yogendra Singh Yadav was awarded Param Vir Chakra, India's highest military decoration. His battalion captured Tololing Top on 12 June 1999, and in the process, 2 officers, 2 junior commissioned officers, and 21 soldiers sacrificed their lives. He was also the part of Ghatak Platoon and was assigned to capture three strategic bunkers situated on the top steep around 16500 feet high cliff on TigerHill. He was climbing with the help of a rope when the enemy bunker started rocket fire. He was hit by several bullets but continued with the mission without taking care of the pain. He crawled to the first enemy bunker and lobbed a grenade which killed around four Pakistani soldiers and set back the enemy fire. This provided an opportunity for the rest of the Indian platoon to climb up the cliff face. Yadav continued fighting and destroyed the second bunker also with the help of fellow soldiers and killed few more Pakistani soldiers which provided again an opportunity for the rest of the platoon to arrive. In this way, they accomplish one of the toughest missions of the Kargil war. 3. Lieutenant Manoj Kumar Pandey (Param Vir Chakra, Posthumous) (1/11 Gorkha Rifles)He was born on 25 June 1975 at Rudha village, Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh, India to Shri Gopi Chand Pandey (Father) and Mohini Pandey (Mother). He was a soldier of 1/11 Gorkha Rifles. According to his father, he had joined the Indian Army with the sole aim of getting a Param Vir Chakra, the highest gallantry award. He was awarded the Param Vir Chakra posthumously. Another brave soldier had sacrificed his life for the country's pride. His team was tasked to clear the enemy troops, he carried out a series of attacks to push back the intruders. Under intense enemy fire, the brave and grievously injured officer continued to assault that ultimately led to the capture of Jaubar Top and Khalubar hill in the Batalik sector. During his Service Selection Board (SSB) interview, he was questioned why he wanted to join the Army? Heanswered, "| want to win the Param Vir Chakra". And for his extreme courage and leadership, he was awarded Param Vir Chakra Posthumously. 4. Lieutenant Balwan Singh (Maha Vir Chakra) (18 Grenadiers) He was born in October 1973 at Sasrauli, Rohtak district, Haryana, India. Lieutenant Balwan Singh on 3 July 1999 with his Ghatak Platoon was tasked to assault the Tiger Hill Top from the North-Eastern direction as part of a multi-pronged attack. The route was situated at the height of 16500 feet which was snowbound and interspersed with crevasses and sheer falls. With the service of just three months, the officer set about his task with single-minded determination. He leads the team and moved for over 12 hours along avery difficult and precarious route and under intense artillery shelling to reach the designated spur. His team used cliff assault mountaineering equipment to reach the top with stealth which made the enemy shocked. On seeing the Ghataks, the enemy panicked and in a desperate firefight attempted to repulse the Ghataks. In the firefight, Lt. Balwan Singh was seriously injured but he resolved to finish the enemy unshaken. With the injury, he refused to evacuate and continue the fight, encircle the enemy, and killed four enemy soldiers. The inspirational leadership of the officer, his courage, and his bravery were instrumental in the capture of Tiger Hill. He was awarded Maha Vir Chakra for his courage and bravery. 5. Major Rajesh Singh Adhikari (Maha Vir Chakra,Posthumous) (18 Grenadiers) He was born in December 1970 at Nanital, Uttar Pradesh (now Uttarakhand), India to KS Adhikari (Father), and Malti Adhikari (Mother). To capture the Tololong feature on 30 May 1999, as a part of Battalion was tasked to secure the initial foothold by capturing its forward spur where the enemy held a strong position. At a height of about 15,000 feet, the position of the enemy was located in a treacherous mountainous terrain that was covered with snow. He was leading his company to fulfill his objective. With Universal machine Guns, he was fired from two. mutually supporting enemy positions. He immediately directed the Rocket Launcher detachment to engage the enemy position and without waiting, rushed into the position and killed two enemy personnel in close-quarter combat.The officer with his presence of mind ordered his Medium Machine Gun detachment to take the position behind the rocky feature and engage the enemy. During the fight, the officer was injured by the bullets but he continued to direct the Subunit. He refused to be evacuated and charged the second enemy position and killed one more occupant. The second position at Tololing was captured which later captured Point 4590. He, later, however, succumbed to his injuries. He was awarded Maha Vir Chakra posthumously, the second-highest Indian military honour for bravery on the battlefield. 6. Rifleman Sanjay Kumar (Param Vir Chakra) (13 JAK Rif) He was born in March 1976 at Kalol Bakain, Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh, India to Durga Ram (Father), and Bhag Devi (Mother).On 4 July 1999, he was volunteered to be the leading scout of the attacking column tasked to capture area Flat Top of Point 4875 in the Mushkoh Valley. When the attack progressed, the enemy started automatic firing from one of the Sangars posed stiff opposition, and stalling the column. The officer realised the gravity of the situation and showing unadulterated courage he charged the enemy Sangar with utter disregard for personal safety. In ensuing hand-to-hand combat, he killed three of the intruders and was also seriously injured. After injury also instead of being evacuated he charged on to the second Sangar. The enemy was. surprised and they were left behind by one universal machine gun and started running. He picked up the left behind weapon by the enemyand killed the fleeing enemy. He was profusely bleeding from the wounds but refused to be evacuated. He motivated his comrades and charged on to the area Flat Top from the hands of the enemy. He was awarded the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest military decoration. 7. Major Vivek Gupta (Maha Vir Chakra, Posthumous) (2 Rajputana Rifles) He was from Dehradun. On 13 June 1999, he was in command of the leading Charlie Company, when 2 Rajputana Rifles launched a Battalion attack on Tololing Top in the Drass Sector. Under the inspiring leadership of Major Vivek Gupta, in spite of heavy artillery and automatic fire, he was able to close in with the enemy. As soon as the company openly emerged and came undermulti-directional intense fire. Three personnel of the leading section of the company were hit and the attack was temporarily stalled. After knowing, that if it will continue like this in an open then there would be more loss so, he reacted immediately and fired a Rocket Launcher at the enemy position. Before the shocked enemy could recover, he charged on to the enemy position. And therefore at that time, he was hit with two bullets, despite it, he kept moving towards the position. After reaching the position, he kept engage the enemy in hand-to-hand combat and managed to kill three enemy soldiers despite his own injuries. Taking inspiration from the officer, the rest of the company charged onto the enemy position and captured it. During the battle, he was hit directly by the enemy bullets and finally succumbed to hisinjuries. His inspiring leadership and bravery ultimately led to the capture of Tololing Top. He was posthumously awarded Maha Vir Chakra, India's second-highest military decoration. 8. Captain N Kenguruse (Maha Vir Chakra, Posthumous) (ASC, 2 RAJ RIF) He was born in July 1974 at Kohima District, Nagaland, India to Neiselie Kenguruse (Father) and Dinuo Kenguruse (Mother). On the night of 28 June 1999 during Operation Vijay, he was the Ghatak Platoon Commander during the attack on Area Black Rock in the Drass Sector. He took the responsibility of the daring commando mission of attacking a well-sited enemy machine gun position, on a cliff face, which was heavily interfering with all the approaches to the main objective of theBattalion. As the team of commando scaled the cliff face, intense mortar and automatic fire started that caused heavy casualties. The officer got a splinter injury in his abdomen. It was bleeding profusely but he urged his man to carry in with the assault. On reaching the final cliff the team of the commando was halted by a sheer rock wall that separated them fram the enemy gun post. The officer scaled the rock wall with courage while carrying a rocket launcher with him and fired at the enemy position. He took charge of the enemy position and killed two men personally with his rifle and another two with his commando knife in hand-to-hand combat before succumbing to his injury. Due to his bravery, he single-handedly neutralised the position of the enemy which gave Batallion progress. He was posthumously awardedthe Maha Vir Chakra, India's second-highest military decoration. 9. Lt. Keishing Clifford Nongrum (Maha Vir Chakra, Posthumous) (12 JAK LI) He was born in March 1975 at Shillong, Meghalaya, India to Keishingh Peter (Father) and Saily Nongrum (Mother). In the operation to capture Point 4812 in the Batalik Sector, he was tasked to assault the feature of the South-Eastern direction. Do you know he led his column over the near-impossible vertical cliff feature? The enemy was entrenched with their positions and remained immune to even artillery fire. The enemy pinned down the column of Lt. Keishing Clifford Nongrum with automatic fire for about two hours. In spite of all this, without seeing his personalsafety, he threw grenades into it and killed six enemy soldiers. He then tried to snatch the universal machine gun from the enemy from the second position and received bullets. By seeing the action of the Lieutenant the enemy was stunned. Without seeing his injuries, he fought valiantly until he succumbed to his injuries. And due to this, the ultimate capture of Point 4812 was possible. He was posthumously awarded Maha Vir Chakra, India's second-highest military decoration. 10. Naik Digendra Kumar (Maha Vir Chakra) (2 RAJ RIF) He was born in July 1969 and belongs to Sikars, State Rajasthan to Shri Sivedan Singh (Father), and Smt Raj Gore (Mother). He was the commander of the Light Machine Gun Group during his company's assault onthe Tololing feature on Drass Sector. The main aim was to capture a well-fortified enemy position. When the Assault Group was nearing its objective on 13 June 1999, it came under effective fire with the universal machine gun, heavy gun, and other small arms leading to heavy casualties in the Assault Group. He was hit by a bullet in his left arm. After his injury, he continued firing with one hand and brought down effective and accurate Light Machine Gunfire on the enemy. Due to this, the enemy head down and his own man advanced towards the objective. After the effective covering fire, his own troops physically assaulted the enemy position and cleared it after a fierce hand-to-hand fight. After being seriously injured, it was his bravery and courage that the Assault Group was able to capture the objective. He was awarded Maha Vir Chakra,India's second-highest military decoration in 1999 (Independence Day). These are the stories of some of the Kargil heroes who fought the battle with bravery and courage and made India proud. Their sacrifice will never be forgettable and therefore, Kargil Vijay Diwas is observed an 26 July to commemorate the sacrifices made by the soldiers in the Kargil War. Why is Sri Lanka Facing Its Worst Economic Crisis? Sri Lanka is undergoing a terrible fate currently as the country's economy has drooped beyond measure. SriLanka is under its worst economic crisis. Let us find out the reason for its situation below. Sri Lanka is facing its worst economic crisis since the country's financial crisis of 1948. The last time the country was in such distress was right after independence from the British. The prices of essential commodities are rising to the skies and many Lankans are fleeing their country to find refuge in India. Sri Lankan President Gotabaya Rajapaksa declared a national public emergency on April 1, 2022, after violent protests over the country’s worst economic crisis broke out in the country. The prices of milk, rice, food grains, and vegetables are skyrocketing and petrol and diesel are not available in the country. There is also news that theschools are unable to print papers due to its shortage which is why exams are not being conducted in the country. The Government of Sri Lanka has turned to India and China for aid. The Government had to order troops to prevent violence and maintain decorum at various petrol stations. People in the country have died waiting in queues for petrol and fuel. What is the major reason for the economic crisis of Sri Lanka? The reason for Sri Lanka's crumbling economy is the shortage of foreign currency. This has led to a huge reduction in imports of essential goods the country used to easily get. As one knows, Sri Lanka relies on imports heavily. It imports petrol, diesel, food, sugar, lentils, paper,medicines etc. The country now has no money in its forex accounts to buy all this for its citizens. Such is the crisis that the island nation is not able to organize exams of students due to a shortage of paper. The Government suspended the operations at the oil refineries recently due to a shortage of crude oil stocks. There was a drop in tourism which was a major earning for Sri Lanka. The tourism itself brought much of Sri Lanka's forex. Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa admitted in his address to the country last week that it is suffering a trade deficit of almost 10 billion dollars. The country imported more than it could export. The Colombo Bomb Blasts in 2019 and Covid 19 caused a drop in tourism which contributed 10 % to its GDP.Also, the major export destinations like China along with countries of the European Union, ( after COVID-19), had issues with trade, which also reduced Sri Lanka's foreign exchange earnings. Sri Lanka's FDI has also plummeted recently leaving the country with lesser foreign reserves. It decreased from $548 million in 2020 to 793 million in 2019 and 1.6 billion in 2018. How much is inflation? The inflation in Sri Lanka hit 15.1% last month. The data released by the Government show that now the inflation has reached 25.7%. Citizens of the country are on roads in protest. The cooking gas cylinders are also being sold at a higher price than before. There is a hike of 1359 Rs on each cylinder within a week.India helps all its neighbours and has stepped in here as well. Sri Lanka amidst all this has refused to take help from IMF (International Monetary Fund). 68th National Film Awards Winners:The winners of the 68th National Film Awards were announced on July 22, 2022. The prestigious National Film Awards were established in 1954 and are administered by the Government of India’s Directorate of Film Festivals. Notably, because of COVID-19-related issues, the 68th National Film Awards ceremony honored the films from 2020, across several categories. 68th National Film Awards declared winners of 2020 in different categories, including Best Film, Best Actor, Best Actress, among others. The year 2020 also put regional content in the spotlight, with Suriya’s Soorarai Pottru and P. Virumaandi’s directorial debut Ka Pae Ranasingham winning hearts across the country. Earlier today, a 10-member jury led by filmmaker Vipul Shah met the Information and BroadcastingMinister Anurag Thakur and submitted their report on the 68th National Film Awards. 68th National Film Awards Winners List Categories Winners Best Feature Film Soorarai Pottru Best Director Best Popular — Film Providing Wholesome entertainment Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Sachy for Ayyappanum Koshiyum Tanhaji Suriya for Soorarai Pottru and Ajay! Devgan for Tanhaji [Aparna Balamurali for Soorarai Pottru Biju Menon for Ayyappanum Koshiyam Lakshmi Priya Chandramouli for Sivaranjaniyum Innam SilaPengallum Best Screenplay Soorarai Pottru Best Stunt Choreography |Ayyapanum Koshiyum Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo, s Best Music Direction Thaman Best Female Playback|Nanchamma for Ayyappanum Singer Koshiyam Best Male Playback Singer Rahul Deshpande for Mi Vasantrao and Anish Mangesh Gosavi for’ Taktak Best Lyrics Manoj Muntashir for Saina Best Audiography Mi Vasantrao and Malik for Dollu Best Choreography Natyam Best Cinematography Avijatrik Best Costume Design Tanhaji Best Production Design —_| Kappela Best Editing Sivaranjiniyum Innum SilaBest Make-Up Best Stunt Choreography Pengalum Natyam |Ayyapanum Koshiyam Best Feature Film in Hindi Toolsidas Junior Best Feature Film in Kannada Dollu Best Feature Film in Malayalam Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam Sivaranjiniyum Innum Sila Best Feature Film in Tamil |Pengalum Best Feature Film in Telugu Colour Photo Best Feature Film in Haryanavi Dada Lakshmi Best Feature Film in Dimasa Samkhor Best Feature Film in Tulu JeetigeBest Feature Film in Assamese Bridge Best Feature Film in Bengali |Avijatrik Best Children's Film Sumi Best Debut Film of a Director Mandela [Anish Mangesh Gosavi for Tak Tak’ and Akanksha Pingle and Divyesh Best Child Artist Indulkar for Sumi Non Feature Films: Category Winners Best Film on Family |Kumkumarchan by Abhijeet Arvind Values Dalvi Best non-feature film Testimony of Anna Best Direction Oh That’s Bhanu by RV Ramani Best Cinematography Shabdikkunna Kalappa, Nikhil 5Praveen Pearl of the Desert by Ajit Singh Best Audiography Rathore Rhapsody of Rains — Monsoons of Best Narration Voiceover |Kerala, Shobha Tharoor Srinivasan 1232 kms: Marenge Toh Wahin Best Music Direction Jaakar by Vishal Bhardwaj Best Editing Borderlands by Anadi Athaley adui Jangal, Sandip Bhati and Best on Location Sound Pradeep Lekhwar Best Film on Environment Conservation/preservatio n Manah Aru Manuh Best promotional film Surmounting Challenges Best Science and Technology Film On the Brink Season 2- Bats Best Exploration Film Wheeling the Ball Best Educational Film Dreaming of WordsBest Film on Social Issues Best Arts and Culture film Navaneeta Best Short Fiction Film Justice Delayed But Delivered and Three Sisters Naadada DR \Venkateshkumar Kachichinithu Special Jury Award Admitted by Ojaswee Sharma Best Investigative Film The Saviour: Brig Pritam Singh Best Book on Cinema The Longest Kiss by Kishwar Desai Best Book on Cinema (Special Mention) MT Anunahvangalude Pusthakam, [Anoop Ramakrishnan and Kali Paine Kalira Cinema by Surya Deo Best Film Critic No winner Best Film Friendly State Madhya Pradesh Important List List of Presidents of India (1947-2022)Draupadi Murmu has become the 15th President of India after winning against the opposition's candidate Yashwant Sinha. Going by the support extended by various parties, National Democratic Alliance (NDA) candidate Draupadi Murmu, from the start, had a clear edge over the oppositian's candidate Yashwant Sinha. Draupadi Murmu_ has become the first tribal woman to occupy the top Constitutional post in the country. The President is the Head of the State in India. He or she is called the first citizen of the country. Article 52 of the Indian Consitution states that there shall be a President of India and as per Article 53, all the executive powers of the Union shall be executed by him or her either directly or through officers subordinates to him.