@ Most probable value of dif. in elevatign: Route Diff.inElev. Weight The following data observed are the difference 1 022 1 in between BM and BM by runing a line of 2 34030 025 levels over four diferent rules, 3 MOI Route Dif in Elevations Probable Enor = 1 aoe co Sum = 14235 2 on 04 3 340.26 £06 n 4 wos is Weighted Observation won) = = 4020 © What is the weight of route 2 assuming 34030025) = 85075 Weight of route 4 is equal 04 hwo5(0titt) = 37803 @ Determine the most probable value of dif. 022 (008%) = 220 in elevation, Sum = 494.368 @ Ifthe elevation of BM; is 650.42 m. what is the elevation of BM assuming it is 484.368 - higher than BN, Host Probate Vaue = “24368 Sithan’ | ost Probable Value = 340.2420 @ Weight of route 2 : @ Elev. of Ms i The weights are invserseley proportional Bley. = 650.42 + 340.242 ; to the square of the corresponding probable er, k K Mop We ge ak Ke Problem 20: { Were | MP Tge The foliowing data shows the difference in 4. Wy = 16 We = 36 173 = 64 Wy elevation between A and B, Wy =4 Wy =9 Wy = 16 1%, Trial Dif. in Elevation met 1 520.14 m Assume Wt 2 000 Wp=t 3 520.18m 4 4 520.24m Wp = 0.25 weet © Compute the probable weight of tial 3 37g ® Determine the most probable diff. in W3=0.111 elevation. 1 ® Compute the elevation of B if elavation of Wee 4g ‘Ais 1000 with B higher than A. Wy = 0.0625 CnThe weights are also proportional to the number of observation, Weight of tial 9= 6. babie aif. in elevation Distance Weight 520.14 1 520.20 3 520.18 6 520.24 8 : Sum=18 Weighted Values 520.14(1) = 520.14 520.20(3) = 1560.60 520.18 (6) = 3121.08 520.21 (8) =. 4161.92 Sum = 9363.74 jobable value of tin elev, = 25874 fobable vale of dit. in elev. = 590.208 Distance 12068 12084 12078. 12064 id the standard error. Solution: Probable error: Mean value 120.68 + 120.84 + 120.76 + 120.64 : 4 Mean vaive = 120.73 Residual V v 12068-120,73=-0.05 0.0025 ‘084-120 ott 120.76 - 120.73 = +0.03 0.0009 120,64- 120 0.0081 Sv" = 0.0236 35 sve Probable eror= 08745 \| 79-4) (0.0236 Probable error 0.6745 43) Probable error = + 0.0299 ® Standard deviation: pal w-9) Standard deviation = “\ ace ‘Standard deviation = + 0.0887 ‘Standard deviation = @ Standrad enor Standard doviton n 4 ‘Standard error = + 0.0443 ‘Standard error = ‘Standard error:S-16 ERRORS AND MISTAKES yea i from Three independent line of favels are run BM, to BMp. Route Ais 6 km. long, ine 4 km. long and route Cis 8 km. By re . BM, is 82,27 m. above BM, by route B, : 8240 m. above BM, and by route C, BM 82.10 m. above BM,. The elevation cof BM, is 86.42. ® Using the weighted mean values, what is the weight of route B. ® nati be probable value ofthe weighted mean. ® What is the elevation of BM. Solution: ® Weight of route A: ROUTE DISTANCE DIFF. INELEV. A 6 82.27 8 4 8240 c 8 82.10 DW gen 3 gg leone Weight computations A Waa beets c Wy=2 Weight of B= 6 ® Probable value of weighted mean: 29 ® Elevation of BMz: Bl = 82.46 + 82.28 Bldy = 168.74 m. © Determine the most prog : c. follows: c=96 2241" ® Determine the most pr angle A. i ® Determine the most. pro angle B. Solution: © Probable value of angie C: ‘Sum of all angles = 180° 34°20'36" + 49°16'34" + 96°22'478 =178'5951" 4 Error = 180" - 179°59'51" = 09", Canecton =$ - Corecton = 3 Probable value of angle C= Probable value of angle C= ® Probable value of angle A: Probable value of angie A= 34° 4 Probable value of angle A = 34°2 ® Probable value of angle B: Probable value of angle B= 49 Probable value of angle B = 49)it i semen amino a a 22 a= Lear ae fee ECorrected value of C= 62°26.38' 26: CE Board May 1999 ‘The following interior angles of a triangle traverse were measured with the same precision, Station Value No. of (Degrees) Measurements A 39° 3 B i 4 c Ss 2 @ Determine the most probable value of angle A. @ Determine the most probable value of angle B. Determine the most probable’ value of angle C, @ Solution: ® Probable value of angle A: A+B+C=39+65+75=179" Error= 180° - 179° = 01" Enror= LCD of 3, 4 and 2is 12 © Sta. Weight =——Corcfion a Bea Flcoy= 1048 a Beg Fiety=1085 c 2 * 6 sea) = 21.69 B 0 Corrected value of A= 39° + 18.46" Corrected value of A= @ Probable value of angle B: ted value of B= 65" +4 @ Probable value of angle C: . .d value of C= 75' + 27.69 ‘A avil engineer measures. the di ints A and B and the following val recorded in a Series of meas Trials No. of Measi 1 200. 2 2 3 200; 4 Determine the average value (i Oetermine the probable enor of me Determine the precision measurements. : eee Solution: Average mean value: Average value (mean) 4 200.58 + 200.40 + 200138 +20 q Average value (mean) = 200.455 8 ® Probabie error of the mean: Length v 20058 200.58 - 200.455 20040 200.40- 200.48: 200.38 200.38 - 200.455 200.46 200.46 - 200.455iS AND MISTAKES : jo He erar of mean = 06745 \/ 2 mn 4 | 0.0243 = 0.6745 43) = £003 sion of the measurements: the measured values of stance AB, te rng tials were recorded. TRIALS DISTANCE 120.68: 120.68 + 120.84 + 120.76 + 120.64 4 fean value = 120.73 v 0.0025 o.o12t 0.0009 0.0081 TV =0.0236 Residual V $-19 Probable enor= 06745 ae 0.0236 Probable error= 0.6745 “4 Probable error = + 0.0299 ® Standard deviation: 224 Standard deviation = \) a5) ‘Standard deviation = es ‘Standard deviation = + 0.0887 ® ‘Standard error ‘Standard error =" ‘Standard error =" | Problem 29: { The following data are the absérved elévation cof a point by running a fine of levels over four different routes. ROUTE ELEVATIONS — PROBABLE * ERRORS: 4 40.22 £02 2 340.30 #04 3 340.26 +06 4 M0320. £08 © Whats the weight of route 3 assuming the weight of route # equal to 1. @ What Is the sum of the weighted observation. @ What is the most probable value of the elevation.seeitt ut 3: © Weight of route 3: . The welts are inverse proport the square of the co nding PF @ Sumofthe ROUTE 1 2 3 4 rc weighted observation: DIFFERENCEIN WEIGHT ELEVATION 40.30 0.25 340.28 ott 340.32 0.0625 sum= 79556 WEIGHTED OBSERVATION 240.22 (1) = 240.220 340.20 (0.25) 340,36(0.1111) 340.32 (0.0625) ‘Sum 85.075 37.803 21.270 484,368 The sum of weighted observation = 484.368 ® Most probable value of the elevation, 484, Most Probable Value = 464.388 1236 ‘Most Probable Value = 340.424 jonal !0 able what are the jnost probable: each set. ee What are. ‘sets. What is the probable ert mean. Solution: i Probable value under each s Most probable value using the Ia measurements: 185-511 185 + 1 in measurements: 1 57193 + 57.190 + S71.18S = 571.188 571.185 -571.183 = 571.186 - 571.183 = 571.179 - 571.183 = 571.180 - 571.183 = 571.183 - 571.183 = = rv PE=08145-\I in Pes Fa) 30.0008)u a e I FE asf Hea$-22 = © Probable error Probable emor= 06745 -\| =~ = ze an Probable error= 0. ara =a Probable enor= 0.6745 \f oo Eg enor 087454) 2 5 Probable eror=i 0.98 retail sa" ©® Standard deviation: @ Standard error: : ve . rv ‘Standard deviation = ae ‘Standard deviation = "\j [i287 “ | 0.02 Standard deviation = "\J ~~ Standard deviation = \Y “> = 0.10 Standard deviation = 2.52 ‘Standard deviation ‘Standard error = Standard eror= 22 = + 0.577 V3 @ Precision: 0.039 Precision = +4479 1 Precision = ‘The distance’ BC-was measured 3 times are 3633 recorded as follows: ~ Trial Distance (riters) 1 441,00 2 441.80 Jose 141.70, i ‘The observed interior angles of a tiatgle and © Determine tha probable error. f their corresponding number of times measured ® Determine the standard error. are as follows: : ® Determine the. precision of tha < measurements. a No, of measurement 2 Solution: 3 ‘Average value (mean) 4 141.60 + 141.80 + 141.70 —— Es ‘© Find the probeible Value of angle A Average value (mean) = 141.70 ® Find the probable value of angie B, @ Find the probable value of angle C. v v2 141.60- 141.70 =- 0.10 40.01 Solution: 141.80-141.70= 40.10 —#0.01 Error= 180 - (39° + 65" + 75') 441.70-141.70= 0 0 Enor=01" Ev? = 0.02 Emor=60' (too small) |ERRORS AND MISTAKES Si, Angles Weight A 10" Bes B 98° g # c 108 D 120" E 105" Correction Comected Angles fe-0 409" 40°00" Flops t3s9 srrasa0z" - F(e)=10 107° 50 00" £ (60)=087 419° 53198" se@-0 404° 5000" a 340 07 00" Probable value of angle A = 109°40° 00" ® Probable value of angle C= 107°50' 00" ® Probable value of angle D = 119°53'19.8" ‘aired trom point A; angles BAC, CAD and 'BAD were recorded as follows: ‘ Value Nocof ee Measurements BAC 28°34" 00" 2 CAD ‘BIN OO" 2 BAD agg aot * 4 ‘© "Compute the mt probable value of angle BAC. {Compute the mos probable valu of angle "BAD. @ Compute the trast probable value of angle CAD. & Solution: 28°34 + 6115 = 8949" Enror= 40" Angle Heat BAC 2705 4, BAD a 0.25 AD ge gel 1.25 Correction Corrected Values 05). 16° 28°34'16" 40(0.25) _ oe 9 " 125 8 89°49'32' 4005) _ 4 as 125 =16 61°15°16 ® Probable value of angle BAC = 28°34'16" ® Probable value of angle BAD = 89°49'32" @® Probable value of angle CAD = 61°15'16" Lines 'of levels between:B and C are run over four different routes... B is at elevation 825 m, andis higher than ©. Roule ~ - Dislanca Difference in Elevation (m) 1 2 086 Boe 6 069 3 4 O75 4 8 3 1.02 ‘® _ Determine the weight of route number 2. @ Determine the most probable difference in elevation: @ Determine the most probable elevation of C in meters.© The base and altitude of a triangular lot were measured to have centain probable 4 errors of 314.60 + 0.16 and 92.60 + 0.14, ‘compute the probable error of the resulting computation. ® ‘The following sides of a rectangle and ts probable errors are 120.40 + 0.04-and 360.50 = 0.08 respectively. Compute the probable errors of the sum of the sides {perimeter of the rectangle. ® The probable error of the mean of 6 ‘observation is 0,043 and the most probable value of the measurement is 860 ‘m. ‘Compute the relative precision. Solution: ® Probable error of the resulting computation: (bE)? + hE? [314.6(0.14)}2 + [92.60(0.16) 647 RE. ® Probable error of the sum of the sides: PE. = V(PE;)? + (PE2)* + (PEa)? + (PE 4)? P.E.= V(0.04)2 + (0.08)? + (0.04? + (0.08)? PE. =+0,126 ® Relative precision: ‘sion = ods Relative precision = “aan 1 Relative precision = 2995 following data of a precise leveliig fom ay (etka sompute the fofouing: ‘the. probable weighted mean, & ortte Miterence in elevation. © Compute the standard deviation, ® Compute the probable elevafion BM assuming if is lower than BMy. whose elevation is 212.4 m- LINE. DIFF. IN ELEV: WEIGHT Ts 44.16 6 z 41.20 4 3 41,12. 3 Solution: ® Probable weighted mean: Line Diff. in Elev. Weight 1 41.16 6 2 41.20 4 3 44.12 3 5 3 Wt x Diff. in Elev. = V wy? 0 0.0064 0.0048 ooti2 Weight mean = 35225 4.45 ® Standard deviation: swe ‘Standard deviation = NV Wo Standard deviation = ‘\j 930112 ‘Standard deviation = 40.024 © Elevation BMp:§-28 ERRORS AND MISTAKES © Compute the weighted elevation of B,_ ® Compute the error in elevation of 8 using toute 4. ® Compute the adjusted elevation of BMy using route 4, Solution: © Weighted elevation of B: Route Distance Elevation af B 1 4km. 364.84 m 2 25 km, 364.20 m, 3. 3km 3850tm 4 Gk 35437m, ae 3 AD "=p, k k n*D, 5, 4 Dy = Wn Dp = wy Da = 4 De (14) = w5(3) Wt. x Elev. 1(38484) = 364.64 41.6(364.20) = 582.72 1.33(365.01) . = 485.13 0.67(384:37) = 244.13 450 1677.15 Weighted elev. of B: Al Bev. B= Gas © Enrorin elevation of B using route 4: Error in route 4= 364,60 - 364.37 Enorin route 4= 0.23 m © Adjusted elevation of BMz using route 4: | 25 Correction for BM = “g (023) Correction for BM2 = 0.096 m. | Corrected Elev. of BM2 = 349.86 + 0.96 | Corrected Elev. of BM, = 349.956 An-angle was carefully measurad'0'timias with an optical theodolile by observers A and Bon two separate days, The calculated Fesults are as follows: cee Observer A Observer B Mean =42'1625" Mean = 42'1620" Em= 43.2" Em=1.6" © Compute the probable weight ofa assuming the weight of B equal to. © Whatis the sum of the weight of A and 8. -. ‘© What is the most probable. value of the vangle. Solution: © Probable weight of A: weds # 1 ER Wy Es? = wy Ey? v4 (82)2= Wy (16)2 Assume w= 1 wpe 82 1 (32% wy2 O25 Observer Angle Enor AL 421825" = ag.» 8 421820" ate Weight Wt. x Angle 025 250.25) =625 100 20(1 41 26.25