———o_ HACKERS PRACTICE 188 [EJ Athoush known primary for their honey production, bees are actualy more important to human well-being as pollinators of the staple crops that make up our diet. In fact, the American Environmental Protection Agency claims that pollinators are responsible for nearly one in very three bites of food you eat. If thie le true, then the fact that honeybee numbers are dwindling should be a major cause of concern, not only for their survival but for ours. A study carried out by Nicholas Calderone, associate professor of entomology at Cornell University, showed that crops pollinated by honeybees and other insects contributed 29 billion dollars of annual farm income in the United States, revealing the extent of their importance both agriculturally and economically. This point was emphasised by Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca, senior professor at the University of ‘S40 Paulo, who stated in a United Nations report that pollinator’s health is directly linked. to our own well-being. In fact, a study by Professor Simon Potts in the UK revealed how ‘a massive decline in honeybee colonies has made agriculture reliant upon pollination by wild bee species, many of which are also under threat. Look at the folowing statements (Questions 1-2) and the list of researchers below. ‘Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C. 1 The welfare of creatures that pollinate crops, such as bees, has a direct connection to human health. 2 Agriculture has become dependent on a certain kind of bee for pollination, List of Researchers A Simon Potts B Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca © Nicholas Calderone potinat staple a¢j chi yu chinh Environmental Protection Agency ph. Carquan Bio vé Mi rong dwindle v.thu phd loi idm dia entomology a. Khoa nghién civ su bo, cBn tring hoe eolony n. bly, dan polation n. sy thy phn 1. vil thu phn (hu con tring mang phn ho® Ki mét edy sang ey Khdc eidp eBy dé phy thén)HACKERS IELTS READING _ Penite being tess than 250 years old, the United States has become one of the world's economic powerhouses. Although the country's location, vast size, and ‘abundant natural resources played a large role in Its success, these would have had little impact without advances in the transportation industry, Until around 1800, the country relied mainly on water-based transportation, such as ships and boats for its cargo needs. Since the country was rather small and most early cities were on the East Coast, early Americans could easily trade with one another and with their European trading partners using this form of transportation, However, as the 19th century got underway, the Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the nation and it eventually reached the West Coast. This resulted in vast interior areas that were not accessible by boat and therefore ended the water-based transportation era, The problem was solved by the construction of the transcontinental rail system, which brought the country into the land-based transportation era. The new railways allowed large-scale shipping of large items from one coast to the other for the fist time. Later, aiter the invention of the automobile, highways mirrored this transcontinental system ‘and people could easily drive actoss the country on their own. These land-based systems dominated transportation in America until the mid to late-1900s. The following Period saw the simultaneous rise of air travel and information technology. As the air- based transportation era began, people could travel or send parcels across the country in a matter of hours rather than days or weeks, and transferring information became instantaneous, Classify the following statements as referring to ‘A Air-based transportation era B__Land-based transportation era © Water-based transportation era ‘The speed of the postal service was reduced to less than a day. ‘A new form of travel emerged at the same time as a new technology. ‘Anew system provided a way of travelling alone across the country. eouse ‘The location of cities on one coast made trade easy, powerhouse n.cudna quée abundant ad. phong phi Cargo n. hing héa (vn chuydh tan tu) Inferior ad. 6 "rong, phis trong transcontinental 2d, xuyér lve dia shipping n. vin chuyén hang hd (bing tu this) MIO ‘dya theo, bit chuée theo simultaneous ad, ding thes instantaneous ad). te Hh by lp Kc CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 189 ‘ANOW3Y SLTBI SHBNOWH Seuneay SuYDLEN iB190 Sleep is a necessity for all animals which, according to some scientists, could reveal something about our shared evolutionary ancestry. Because of its universality, many early sleep researchers felt that it must have begun very early in animal evolution. However, this view is contested by some scientists, such as Jerry Siegel of the University of California, who suggests that the need for sleep could have developed in each species separately, ‘It could be more of a case of convergent evolution’, he states, suggesting that sloep is ‘an adaption to an animal's environment’ rather than a trait inherited from a ‘common evolutionary ancestor. Siegel's theory is backed up by the massive variation in sleep patterns across different species, from possums that can sleep for up to 18 hours ‘a day, to birds that take hundreds of short naps every day. He has also discovered that, dolphins, which are renowned for their ability to put one side of their brain to sleep at a time, have another unique sleep pattern. After an adult dolphin gives birth, n her offspring will sleep for an extended period of ime. This practice, the opposite of what ‘occurs in land mammals, suggests that animals adapt their own system of sleep, rather than inherit a universal one, Nonetheless many scientists still hope to find an overarching theory for why all animals need sleep. Paul Shaw, a researcher at Washington University in St. Louis, claims that because ‘sleep is costly’ in terms of vulnerability to ambush from other animals, there must be an underlying evolutionary reason for its universality. Shaw cites sleep research pioneer Alan Rechtschatfen, who stated, ‘If sleep doesn't serve an absolutely vital function, itis the biggest mistake evolution ever made.” vershe nor Look at the following findings (Questions 7-8) and the list of scientists below. Match each finding with the correct scientist, A, B or C. 7 Animals developed unique sleep habits to match their specific surroundings, rather than inheriting a general trait. 8 The importance of sleep is evident when we consider how a sleeping animal is muc more open to attack from a predator. List of Scientists A Alan Rechtschatfen B Paul Shaw © Jerry Siegel Universally, tinh chat fon thé, tinh phd bidn contest v. tanh eS, d9t van dé nghi nge convergent acl. héi tu variation rn sy bién su khde bit possUm nth et (6 thd cd tH! possum) overarching ad). bao gust ‘vulnerability n tinh a 6 én thong ambush n, cube phe kich, sy nen anh underlying ad. co bsn, © 2[F]_nrature, most animals avoid eating things that have a bitter taste, This occurs, according to Oxford researcher J. Zhang, because bitterness often indicates toxicity. Therefore, animals can prolong their lives by avoiding bitter foods. Using this knowledge, some ‘manufacturers have begun using bitter flavours to act as an animal repellent. In fact, researcher A. L. Riley showed in his research that applying bitter compounds to objects could train birds to avoid them. Interestingly, humans seem to have lost the aversion to bitterness that other animals display. This can be seen through our use of bitter flavours in commercial food production. Food manufacturers have developed ‘bittering agents’ ‘specifically to add this flavour to certain foods, A good example of the use of these bittering agents occurs in the brewing of beer. The hops that brewers add to their product are meant to impart a bitter flavour to balance the ‘sweetness of the sugars that ferment in the mall. This is also the reason that caffeine is added to colas. When Its caffeine is removed, cola Is simply cloying fizzy water and must be balanced with another bittering agent, One of these is liquid ‘bitters’ made from aromatic herbs and other plant materials. These commercially available liquids are now widely used in food and cocktail preparation, but they once had a very different use. ‘They were seen as health tonics. This was exactly the case with the popular ‘bitters’ produced by the House of Angostura. Dr Johann Gottlieb Benjamin Siegert developed the concoction to ease seasickness and markoted the product to sailors. Over time, his product came to be used to cut the sweetness of drinks such as lemonade or the Sazerac cocktall Look at the following statements (Questions 9-11) and the list of people below, ‘Match each statement with the correct person, A, B or C. 9 developed a product to relieve a medical condition 10. explained why animals avoid food with a certain taste 11 conducted research into using bitter lems to train animals List of People A Zhang B Rilley © Siegert prolong v kéo di repellent n. hude chénaytn (84 bo, dang vt.) compound n. hop chit aversion, «a ‘ic crm agont n. chat brow v6, ché, pha (3) hop n. cay hoa bis (ding dé ta vi dng cho ba) impart ina cho ferment v. lan men malt». mach nha eloying ac. got qui re fzzy 2. c8 go, ko one, thu bs concoction. thud pha ché ease v. bm di, gdm Seaslckness n, su say song CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 191 ‘Ouv3N SLTAI S¥BNOWH Seunjeeg BumyayeN192 ‘The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East is known to have been inhabited by primitive people for hundreds or even thousands of years before the development of a settled population, This area, which was named the ‘Fertile Crescent’ by early 19th-century archaeologist James Breasted for its fertility, provided a bounty of products from its soll, rivers, and wildlife that allowed these early inhabitants to feed themselves and thelr families. Eventually, this brought about the first active production of food and, in turn, the frst tr civilisations to produce food with regularly led to an increase in the number of people in the area and, around 4500 B.C., something interesting happened. The people built a large, densely populated permanent seltiement called Uruk, which we now know as the first ity. seited civilisations. Qver time, the ability of these ‘The new city of Uruk had a large temple, homes, and other buildings created entirely with sun-dried bricks. This, according to historian Stephen Bertman, was due to the lack of tmber and stone commonly used in construction elsewhere. We know that the use of these bricks allowed them to create large structures with columns, arches, and fortlying walls for the first time, but it doesn't explain why such a settlement was developed. In traditional retellings such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, the leader of the Civilisation ordered the building of the city and its fortifications. However, research by anthropclogist Jason Ur calls this into question. According to Dr Ur’s research, early Urbanisation likely occurred organically, not because of a political ruler. He showed that different civilisations from the area settled around a central mound. These clusters allowed the different civilisations to live near one another, but kept the appropriate social distance. As time passed, they came together to form an interconnected city with one leader. Look at the following statements (Questions 12-14) and the list of researchers below. Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C. 12. He determined the reason that an early society used sun-dried bricks. 13 He revealed that the growth of the first cities happened naturally. 14 Hecoined a term to represent the agricultural strength of a region, ist of Researchers A. James Breasted B_ Stephen Bertman © Jason Ur Crescent n. lui hlen a bounty af ph. nhéu, phong phi, dd bring about phy. dn én, ein ti temple n én, miu column n,cBt, tru retelling n. céu chuyén phdng litruyén miéng Fortification n. su cing ¢6, phao ‘Susan Goldin-Meadow ‘ovor00k v. hang chi ¥ 16, xem nhe supplement n. sy bé suna/bé try autonomous 36). d6e lp, 1 aI primate 9. 4éng vat inh tung contend». tran le consciously adv. c6 thie, 6 cha y modlyv, thay 4, ‘tt dé oral a theo nghia den hién ngén passive ad. hy dong alte. thay dd, bin i miFrrv, phn nh accompanying ad, di theo, ker theo emblem 9, thi tueng trang, biéu twang lexical ad thude) 10 vung hee longstanding 2. cé ti bu tloricn. hut hing bién adhorent tin 8, adn 4, ngudi theo, ngut Ung Wo (en6! 890, dina) garner thu thép accentuate v.nhén manh, ton ln CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 197 SMIOY3H SITET SUBXIVH Seungee4 Buyodeyt fa198 Is the Detective Novel a Literary Genre? When Edgar Allen Poe introduced C. Auguste Dupin in the 1841 novel The Murders in the Rue Morgue, the word ‘detective’ was unheard-of. However, the idea of an intelligent amateur out-sleuthing the police intrigued many writers, who began creating crime ficlion of their own. Yet, given the predictably of the plots and characters in these early tales, readers began to question whether the detective novel was even a gene at al These days, itis undeniable that crime fiction Is far more complex than before. Mystery writer Simon Brett makes the point that crime in modern-day stories is no longer seen as black or white and that detectives are rarely portrayed as morally infallible anymore. He also refutes claims that detective stories follow a formula as cases are not always neatly resolved by the end, which shows that plotlines can be hard to predict. So what makes a crime fiction novel? At the very least, itis the fact that there is a mystery in every one. But mystery novelist Nicholas Blincoe believes that the similarities in detective stories extend further, making the genre easily identifiable; every story has a crime and its solution (or non-solution}, a community where the crime has been committed, and central characters. These characteristics are necessary to define the genre but do not, argues Blincoe, limit it, suggesting that writers have a degree of freedom in many facets of thelr work. According to him, crime fiction ‘has produced the widest variety of archelyp2s and the most inventive improvisations in plot or character. ‘That mainstream writers are known to incorporate elements of the crime fiction style into thelr work adds weight to the idea thal the genre is distinclive, According to the detective novelist Phylis Dorothy James, sometimes detective story plots are found weaved into the much broader plots of other genres of fiction. She cites the example of John le Garré’s 1974 novel Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy. In this story, which is technically ‘an espionage novel, the main character emerges from retirement to take a case that happens to involve a common theme in crime fiction - a race against time to identity a wrongdoer. According to crime fiction aficionado George Demko, another characteristic that sets crime fiction apart is how the setting is used. Specifically, detective mysteries often take place in a real place and time, and this has a significant impact on the case. He discusses this in an essay, providing the example of how widespread corruption was usually emphasised in crime novels sot in Mexico during the 1940s. By explaining that the perpetrator’s surroundings were part of the reason the crime was committed, readers were left to ponder whether society as a whole shared responsibility for the terrible actions of an individual. Perhaps the simplest argument for detective fiction deserving its own genre is that people from all walks of life read it. That itis both engaging and suspenseful is certainly draw for many devoted fans, but maybe the popularity of crime fiction goes far deeper, playing on people's Innate desire to know the truth. The modernist poet T. S. Eliot, himself @ great fan of detective novels, believed their appeal lay in the mathematical beauty of their mysteries. Ultimately, by presenting mysteries that only the best can solve, whodunits appeal to our inner natures.Look at the following statements (Questions 26-29) and the list of people below. ‘Match each statement with the correct person, AcE, 26 27 28 29 Narratives that are characteristic of dotective stories can sometimes be found in other types of fiction Detective stories must follow certain rules but writers are free to be creative in all other aspects, ‘That detective stories are nol always solved in the end proves that they can be unpredictable. The writers’ use of an actual social or historical period as a setting distinguishes crime fiction as a gente. List of People ‘Simon Brett Phyllis Dorothy James George Demko Nicholas Biincoe 1.8. Eliot mooo> detective n thien ta, thank tra Sleth Kin theo du, vach ra lack or white pl. tng den 8 ring infallible ad, Keng thé sl lim, chudn myc refute v. phan bie, bie b6 formula n, cing thie Pltine n, ct tryin archetype r.rguydn mu facet. kha canh improvisation n. sung bién espionage n. host dna aiin dip wrongdoer. ke phar 1 allelonade n. nut eudng niet (nq hs me) perpetrator nth phar pond uy nah cin ne walks of fe ph. tng lap x8 hoi suspenseful ad} hd hp, cing thing drawn, = 1 cus, su hp din whodunit n, nuyén th hm CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 199 SNIOWRy SLTAISHBNOWH Seunyea4 BuNOYEH200 Climate Change and Human Conflict For as long as academics have been researching climate change, it has been theorised that a change in weather will result in lack of rain and soil degradation. While many of Us think immediately of the ecological repercussions, fewer of us realise that the loss of arable land and the ensuing poor crop yields will ikely lead to higher rates of poverty, political instability, famine, war, and ultimately death for a large porcentage of humanity Itis, of course, beyond the power of researchers to alter a region's climate to determine whether this will in fact come to pass. However, by studying the existing documentation ‘on weather disturbances and their link to human conllicis throughout history, researchers can draw some conclusions and speculate about what might happen in the future. A team headed by Solomon Hsiang of the University of California at Berkeley hhas perhaps come as close as possible to predicting how climate change will affect, human behaviour. ‘According to their research, extreme weather does show a strong correlation with a rise in human conflict. Specifically, the frequency of interpersonal and intergroup violence rose by 4 and 14 per cent, respectively, for each standard deviation change in climate toward warmer temperatures or more extreme rainfall. Dr Hsiang's conclusion is starting. He argues that because locations throughout the inhabited world are ‘expected to warm significantly by 2050, this climate change will result in an increase in human conflicts in the next 30 years. ‘Are there recent situations that bear out Dr Hsiang’s conclusions? Sadly, yes. Darfur Is perhaps the best example. in 2007, Achim Steiner, executive director of the United Nations Environment Programme, published a research report ealling Darfur ‘the first climate change war’. The nation has experienced a 30 per cent drop in precipitation In the last 40 years, and in the early 2000s, a lack of rainfall in the northern part of the country caused agricultural production to drop sharply. With no food or water to sustain them, more than two milion people migrated to refugee camps in the south, where tensions began to mount, and conflict eventually broke out in 2003. It is estimated that ‘as many as 500,000 civilians died, and this does not include those who perished from starvation, Otheracedemics, such as agricultural economist Marshall Burke of the University of California contend that Darfur is hardly the first climate change war. He points to sub-Saharan Attica as having a history of civil wars due to warmer temperatures. Somalia, for instance, has been at war now for over two decades. And some academics, such as University of South Carolina professor Edward Carr, have criicised Dr Hsiang's study. Carr emphasised that focusing solely on climate as a conflict cause is both reductive and dangerous, suggesting ‘that itmight disproportionately influence policy decisions in unproductive or even problematic, directions, According to Dr Carl Schloussner of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, ‘Devastaling climate-related natural disasters have a disruptive potential that seems toplay out in ethnically fractionalised societies in a particularly tragic way’. Essentially, because the entire country is faced with famine due to climate change and there is no clear majority group, peoples’ allegiances lie with their respective clans. And because each clan has the same goal - gain more land to enable survival - violent disputes among groups have been unavoidable. Look at the following findings (Questions 30-34) and the list of researchers below. Match each finding with the correct researcher, A-E. 30 31 32 33 34 Rates of human conflict will increase significantly in the next few decades. Darfur is the first location where contlict has erupted due to climate change, Other wars in Africa before the one in Darfur occurred due to increases in temperature. Conflicts related to climate change are more likely to occur in countties with multiple ethnicities. Concentrating on one cause for contlicts could have problematic consequences for policy makers. moou> List of Researchers Marshall Burke ‘Solomon Hsiang Achim Steiner Carl Schleussner Edward Carr ip én-Dich ngha-Chii gi trang 452 Academics n. hoe 9, ot hoe thust degradation n, sy thos héa repercussion n. Anh hung, hu Gus arable 3d), 66 thé canh tc, Wg Hot famine 1. ngn dt Intergroup adh. gia ckc nhom respectively ady. rng ting, twang ung w6i standard deviation phr. dé lich chudn bear out phy. xe dinh, xe minh mount v- éng Ién dn dn, gia Yang perish v.14 vong, chét valon 9, sy thé An, si chét d6\ reductive adh rit gon, tha nh {ractlonalisev- chia thinh phn hd, hin héa clan, th oc la toe dlgpute n, cube tran che CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 201 SNIOWEN SUT SUBNOWH Seunyeed Sunyoyent Ea202 aa SB SI READING PASSAGE You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage below. ARE PLANTS INTELLIGENT? In the 1973 book The Secret Life of Plants, Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird reported that plants had feelings, could read human emotions and thoughts, and had a preditection. {or classical music. Their assertions generated an uproar among members of the scientilic ‘community, with many arguing that thinking and feeling require the presence of a brain and that ‘nothing in a plant, internally or externally, even remotely resembles one. However, members of the reading public who believed that their plants thrived when dealt with affectionately ‘were quick to give their support. Although much of the evidence in the Tompkins-Bird book has since been discredited, numerous articles and studies claiming that plants are more than insentient organisms have since been published. ‘A well-known experiment conducted by Monica Gagliano's team at the University of Western ‘Australia and reported in the journal Oecologia is worth mentioning, For the test, the scientists selected the mimosa plant, which reactively folds its leaves as a natural protective adaptation when the plant perceives danger. They came up with an apparatus with a vertical rail, which potted mimosa plants could slide down before landing on a foam base, and then subjected a large number o' plants to the shock of being dropped from a height of about 15 centimetres. ‘The plants were not damaged in any way since the pots fell only a short distance onto a soft surface, but the shock was considerable enough to cause the plants’ leaves to close. But Gagliano’s team was testing for intelligence, so they were seeking more than a knee-jerk. reaction from the plants; they wanted to determine if the plants would be able to recall thelr experience and even learn from it. To test their hypothesis, they dropped the plants 60 times at intervals of a few seconds, with each series of 60 drops being repeated a total of seven times. The team observed that toward the end of the day, the plants’ leaves stopped closing. This indicated that they had ‘adjusted’ to their experience and no longer perceived falling to be a threat. The plants were then left undisturbed for nearly a week before being again subjected to the test. This time, some of the mimosa plants did not fold their leaves at ll in response to the drop, while others. stopped closing their leaves after only a couple of drops. Gagliano reasoned that the plants, had a recollection of what had happened in the prior experiment, and postulated they had something akin to memory. Gagliano's research, which was heavily publicised, was criticised for conflating ‘learning’ with ‘adapting’. Fred Sack, a botanist at the University of British Columbia, suggested that the distinction was very clear; plants evolve, animals learn,CN aR Another study putting forward the idea that plants can ‘think’ focused on the way trees are able (0 organise themselves. Suzanne Simard, a forest ecologist at the University of British Columbia, discovered how trees in a forest arrange themselves in widely distributed networks. in a manner that allows the trees to share resources and protect fellow trees. They injected the treas with a radioactive carbon and fallowed the flow of nutrients and chemical signals. through the community with a Geiger counter. A diagram they made of these movements showed that the oldest trees served as hubs and had as many as 47 connections to other trees. The diagram, they said, looked like an alline route map. Through the networks, the {tees may share information about gravity, moisture, light, pressure, volume, gases, salts, ‘microbes and potential danger, and plants receiving the information may change the direction of their growth, restrain their growth, or pass on warnings to other plants, ‘Stil, sceptics of plant intelgence find ammunition in the bizarre pseudoscientitic experiments that abound, such as the one done on a carrot tied down to an examining table by the respected botanist and biologist Sir Jagandish Chandra Bose. Bose, after noting that a machine connected to the carrot registered ‘twitches, starts and tremors’, concluded, ‘Thus can science reveal the feelings of even so stolid a vegetable as the carro.’ Even more provocative was the work of Cleve Backster, a former CIA operative turned lie detector instructor, who connected «polygraph machine to a leat of the houseplant in his office. Backster found out that when he deliberately thought about setting the plant on fire, the machine registered a surge of actvily. ‘This led him to the conclusion that not only can plants think, but they can also read minds. In another experiment, he recruited five volunteers and instructed one of them to root up, stomp ‘on, and destroy one of two plants in a room. Later, Backsler allowed the volunteers to enter, ‘one by one, and claimed that polygraph metre ‘went wild’ when the perpetrator entered the oom, leading him to declare that the surviving plant had identified the killer. Regardless of whether plants are insightful or merely responding to environmental stimull in & more primitive manner, the experimental evidence supports the idea that plants, like animals, are capable of habituation. But does this mean plants have brains? Words such as feel, perceive, learn, and remember are typically used for creatures with brains, and supporters must show that a brain, along with its neurons and synapses, is not necessary for knowledge. Stefano Mancuso, a leading figure in the field of ‘plant neurobiology, states that “if you are a plant, having a brain is not an advantage’, and therefore we should stop thinking in terms of brain responses when it comes to plant inteligence, Thus, adherents like Mancuso continue {0 conduct research in hopes of one day conclusively proving that other ways of processing stimuli and information, such as with special cells and cell networks, and electrical or chemical signals, are indeed clear indicators of some form of intelligence among plants, CHAPTER O7 Matching Features 203 SnIOWa S1T2ISeBNOWH sainjeeg BuIyaxeH204 Questions 1-6 Look atthe following statements (Questions 1-6) and the list of researchers below. Match each statement with the correct researcher, ACE. NB You may use any letter more than once. Plant adaptation should not be confused with learning ‘Trees position themselves to promote sharing and protection. Plants can identity someone who had done a violent act. Plants’ recall of events in a previous experiment suggests some form of memory. {tis misleading to think of plant intelligence in terms of brains. Plants can understand people's thoughts. List of Researchers ‘Suzanne Simard Cleve Backster Stefano Mancuso Monica Gagliano Fred Sack moow>Questions 7-10 Complete the summary using the list of words, Al, below. Testing for Intelligence in Plants. ‘Monica Gagliano’s team set out to test the intelligence of plants through thelr responses to danger. They chose the mimosa plant because it has developed an 7 through which it counters threats by folding Its leaves. The team tested this by pushing the plants down a 8 ‘The fall was not harmful, but the plants did fold their leaves when they were dropped. However, Gagliano’s team was focused on the question of intelligence, and did not want to simply test the plant's immediate 9 This exer was therefore repeated to see if the plants would recollect their 10 and understand that it was not harmful. Eventually the plant's leaves stopped closing, allowing Gagliano to conclude that the plants had learned that this was not a danger. A stairs B injury © memory D adaptation E reaction F adoption @ foam experience 1 rail Questions 11-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? Weite TRUE ifthe statement agrees with the information FALSE it the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 11 The claims of Tompkins and Bird caused controversy among scientists. 12 Some readers who owned plants agreed with the ideas in the Tompkins-Bird book. 13 When connected to a polygraph machine, plants gave no response to a given stimulus. ‘Bp én-Djoh ngha-Cha gi trang 469 CHAPTER O7 Matching Features 205 SNIOWEY S1TAI SHBNOVH Seunyeay SuNyDIENVOCABULARY LIST Hoe thude tir vyng Chapter 07 va lam Quiz, 2 powomousen. cuing qube 12 cargo n. hang héa (vin churn tren au) 12 shipping van chuyén hang ha ng 1S thay) mirror v. aya theo, bit chu theo 2 simultaneous 2c}. dng thax Instantaneous ac te thd aay li te 2. universality ns tinh et fod thé ah ph be © contest. tran ea, dat vin dng nade © convergent 2a, hol © overarching 2c, bao quat 1 vulnorabilly toh dé bi tba thuong 2 ambush n, eude phue hich, sv nn inh 1 prolong v.ké> dat 1D repaliontn.thuse chéng/ny (sau bo/déng wt.) 1D aversion n sy ght de edm 1D ferment vlan men 1 tone n thude bd 1D. concoction n.thuse pha ché 1D ease v lam du, oti 1D seasicknessn. su say séng 1D erescent nut én o 1 hong pho dé dio o 1D eotumn nce, ru 1D retelng cay chuyén phing aver ning 1D fotication nay eng €6, pho di oo000o0oOoo0oOo0O000eo0ooOooOoOD oo cal into question pr dst > nghi Sn luster. cyim, dim come together ph. hop I 1 a proadolescent ac}. rub tht bi ung thin doole ac). d8 bio, ngoan ngesn amenable ad). nghe Io Impulsiily n. sy bbe aéng instabil tinh RhBng 8 inh pronounce v uve be, 18 9 date back phr.c6 1, bat du sust hin respiratory system ph. he ha hip rellox 1. hin x0 fatigued ac, met ma athand ph. ngay tebe rma, dang tien pork up ph. tr nén host bat van ding follow suit ph. bat chude, lam theo ‘autism n,ching ty kt attentivene nearehoy capitalise v. tan dung, ft dung ‘overtook v. khong chy 164 autonomous ad}. de lap, tx primate n. dng vi inh trating ‘contend v tanh ivan ‘consciously adv 8 ¥ thc, 0 choy Passive ad) thy dong alter v. thay 4 bign 3 N6i ta véi nghta 01 case aoa mes 06 pronounce @ ca thc, cha y 02 aversion (© do theo, bit chute theo] 07 flow suit tanh an 03 mitor Oreo a 08 cluster © sus bien mot clch ding 04 simultaneous @tarm cu, otim 09 contend ohay 05 prolong © su cing o, lam cho. | 10 consciously bit chute, lr theo vag ee ® eum, deen © su ghet, de cdmm Danang chi ¥ 101 @o G60 G80 B10 G9 Gs Dro @e0 @z0 G10HACKERS IELTS READING accompanying a di theo,kém theo emblem n. vat tueme tung, bigu tong lexical 2c, (huge) ung hoe longstanding ad, co sa eter n.thust hing bien ooo0000 adherent n,n 8, men 48, ngs theo, nguti Ling h8 (mbt 630, ding) garner v. thu thap accentuate v.nhin mann, tn ln otective nthien than ra black oF white phe ing den 8 rang Infalble ad, King thd salt, chusin mye fefute w phan bac, ba bd formula n. c8ng thie Platine nt tuyén archetype nguyen mau Improvisation oxy ng bn wrongdoer n, kb phar ti Perpetrator nth pham, hung th ponder v.suy ng cn nde walks of le pr. ie ting lap x4 hoi suspansetul ac. hd hap, cing thing draw n, sul cub, sy hp ain academics n. hoe ot hoe thust poo0ocoooooooooooooG famine nnn 66 Néi tit vi nghia. 01 accentuate © pat @ phan be, be bo ive thay 464, win 36 03 alter © nan ai 04 academics — @ thu dng 05 rotute @ hin man, ton len D hoe a, 8 hoe thust a ooc0o0obcoeeoooooooooGooo 06 interval @ bi quis tile 07 provocative riéng tung, wong ing wh 08 dispute © 1am mit uy ta 09 alsereait @ cuge tanh chip AO respecively —— @khosing Intergroup ax}. za ce nhden respectively adv. ing ting, tong mg vk ‘bear out pr. xe din, xe minh mount. tang én din cn a tang perish v. ti vong, cht starvation n. sy thu an, su cha reductive ad} nt gon thu nha {tactlonalisev. chi thinh phén ahd, chin his lan. th) 166, 9a te dispute n.cude tanh chp Uproar a. tiéng én 40, nso dng sora vim edt wy tin, ahi Interval khodng, ung akin ach. tog ty, ong Confate vd ké han rn, ing ae Seoptc n.nguis hos aghi ammunition 0. ils phn bi (bse eh) bizarre ad, au a abound v6 rit nh, oy ry ‘wlth 9. 2 co gist stat». sy 3 minh sy it ndy nguds provocative a} khiéu khich, dng suy ght ftomorn,su un, su tng minh 1001 up phy. nh ob ki hich @O B60 Be DL0 O90 @s0 Dro 0 W20 MIO CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 207 Snlovay SITaI SuBNOvH saunyeay SuIyayENY