Jo abolish, to cancel ts: Strong persons on; Imprisonment. Burden, slavery ic: Inspired by hope or belief in a Messiah or liberator of the oppressed sibreak of the First World War First World War broke out in 1914. Bal Gangadhar Tilak had already been released jn i914 and in 1916 the assertive nationalists rejoined the Indian National Congress. There were two important developments during the World War (1914-1918). One was the launch of the Home Rule Movement and the other was the Congress-League ‘Accord of 1916, also known as the Lucknow Pact. The Home Rule Movement Annie Besant developed the theme of ‘Home Rule for India’. In September 1916, aHome Rule League was formally inaugurated by her in Madras. Another Home Rule League had already been formed at Poona in April 1916 by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak had agreed that the Poona League would work in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, whereas that of Besant in the rest of the 19 country. The Home Rule Movement created great enthusiasm 4 among the masses in India. In 1917, Annie Besant was arrested. 2 Protest meetings were held all over India and Annie Besant became the Idol of the people. Annie Besant The Lucknow Pact In December 1911, the partition of Bengal was cancelled. After Bal Gangadhar Tilak’ release in 1914, Annie Besant made efforts to reuni rf nite the t 9 ig the moderates and the assertive nationalists wo wings of the’ Cortes nztyagrah ' all-India struggle against the British ment, ‘The month of March 1919 4a remarkable political awakening, There were hartals, strikes and tions, The entire country was The British government was equally ined to suppress the mass agitation. tedly __ lathi-charged unarmed A ri en even fired at them at ee Bagh Massacre (eft) and 1 18 Memorial (right) jpombay, Ahmedabad, Calcutta, Delhi and cities. Mahatma Gandhi gave a call for a mighty hartal on 6th April, 1919. He asked people to hold public meetings against the Black Act. He also made an appeal to observe hartal (a suspension of business activity) for a day. The response to Gandhi's call was remarkable. Amritsar had observed ahartal on April 6 and complete peace was maintained. But the arrest of two leaders, Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr Satyapal, in Amritsar on 10th April, led to a mass agitation. On 13th April, 1919 a public meeting took place at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to protest against the arrest of these leaders. General Dyer, the military commander of Amritsar, blocked the only narrow exit and without any warning opened fire upon the peaceful crowd and continued firing on them until all his ammunition was exhausted. After this, martial law was proclaimed throughout Punjab and the people were subjected to most uncivilized atrocities. as the news of the such brutalities A wave of horror ran throughout the country read, Rabindranath Tagore expressed the pain and anger of the country by renouncing his knighthood (the title of Sir) Mahatma Gandhi's faith in the British sense of justice and fairplay was completely shaken. Instead of cooperating with the government, he now started the non-cooperation movement against it. THE KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT The Sultan of Turkey was regarded as the Caliph (Khalifa) or the religious head of the Sunni Muslims all over the world. After World | War I (1914-1918), the Sultan lost all territories inhabited by people other than Turks, He was deprived of real authority even over those territories which were left under his control. This angered the Muslims in India. A Khilafat Committee was formed under the leadership of Maulana Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali (popularly known as Ali Brothers), Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and ablaslas alukat All History « 119ition Moy two. ee of programme: sitive (or constructive) and negative. The Positive programme included: (a) Hindu- Muslim Unity, (b) removal of untouchability, (©) promotion of Swadeshi, especially home- spun and home-woven cloth, and (d) the prohibition of intoxicating drinks. The negative aspect of the programme referred to: (i) the boycott of Legislative Councils, the boycott of the law-courts by the wyers, (iii) the boycott of government * schools and eee (iv) fee erect ci See Mae British goods, and (v) surrender of titles and honorary posts. For a year or two the Movement raged fiercel February 1922, the mob set fire to the police station al with some twenty-two policemen inside it. Gandhi was gre: of events which showed that the movement was becoming disorg; He suspended the Movement. The biggest achievement of the Movement was that it could mobilise the masses in the national movement for the first time: ly throughout the country. But in Chauri Chaura (in Uttar Pradesh) atly shocked at such a turn anised and unruly, THE SWARAJ PARTY Once the Non-Cooperation Movement was over, the Congress undertook constructive work in villages. Congressmen led by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru were of the view that legislatures should no longer be boycotted. They established a Swaraj Party within the Congress. C.R. Das was its President and Motilal Nehru, its secretary. Party’s other prominent leaders were Vithalbhai Motilal Nehru (left) and C.R. Das (rigt 120 ¢ HistoryCongress protested against the all- 7 ition of the commission, "all it's members were British. The sion landed in Bombay on 3rd ,, 1928. Wherever the Commission it was boycotted and greeted with "flack flags. JHE DECLARATION OF SWARAJ the Congress declared complete or Poorna Swaraj as its goal in its annual session ‘i lahore on 31st December, 1929 under the presidentship of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. Consequently, 26th January was observed as ‘Independence Day’ all over the country. Boycott of the Simon Commission THE DANDI MARCH AND THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT The Civil Disobedience Movement or the SaltSatyagraha, as it was commonly known, began on 12th March, 1930. It mainly involved breaking of salt Laws, because salt affected all sections of society. This law prohibited the Indians from manufacturing or selling salt. Instead, they were forced to buy salt that was expensive and heavily faxed. This adversely affected the masses. Together with his 78 chosen followers, Gandhi walked nearly 240 miles from his Mahatma Gandhi's Dandi March Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a village on the Gujarat sea coast, Here, he and his followers made salt in violation of the Salt law, This act of Disobedience was a symbol of the Indian people's refusal to live under the British rule. Db History ¢ 121The Civil Disobedi in mass Strikes, lence Movement resulted cn co tk bt A notable featur of the Movernent was tha thousand of ‘women picketed the shops selling foreign cloth and liquor In the North-west Frontier Province, Abdul Ghaffar Kha, Popularly known as Frontier Gandhi, organised @ a Of Khuda Khidmatgars or Servants of God. They were a8® called. the Red Shirts. They pledged themselves to non” Violence and India’s freedom struggle. The government used a Can bo hy all kinds of repressive (aye) mare ip a measures to break the . nationalist movement. The Satyagrahis were J thi charged and bullets were showered on umnarmeg mn and women. All the importany crowds of men and | Congress leaders were imprisoned and the Congress was declared an illegal body. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan with Mahatma Gandhi Round Table Conference Meanwhile, the First Round Table Conference was held in London from 16h November, 1930 to 19th January, 1931. The Congress boycotted the Conference, Not much could be done at the Conference in the absence of the Congress. It was, therefore decided to call for a Second Round Table Conference. Finally, the Viceroy, Lord Irwin and Mahatma Gandhi negotiated a settlement in March 1931, known as Gandhi-Irwin Pact. The government agreed to release all political prisoners except those guilty of violence, while the Congress suspencled the Civi Disobedience Movement and agreed to take part in the Second Round Table Conference, Mahatma Gandhi went to London to participate in the Second Round Table Conference as the sole representative of the Congress. The Conference devoted most of its time to the problem of representation of minorities in the Legislatures. The question of country’s freedom receded into the background. Gandhi returned to India as a frustrated person. THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES (1937-39) As a result of the elections held in 1937, the Congress formed ministries in 6 out of nt provinces. Later Congress ministries were formed in Assam and North-West Frontier Province also. 122 ¢ Historyae | War II broke out in September 1939, The British government ae ort it in war against Germany. The Congress made it clear that India could sive herself in War unless declared free or atleast effective power was granted in legislatures. No Satisfactory assurance was forthcoming. The Congress therefore, resigned towards the end of October 1939. 3 jer Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s leadership, the yslim League at its Lahore Session in 1940 da resolution declaring the Muslims as a yate nationality. In other words, a definite for the partition of India was made. Gandhjii, Abul Kalam Azad and other nationalist faders did not accept the logic behind this demand. But, the British Government gave encouragement to Muslim League and it's et Freud inal’ fears were lay Muang TREO eee leadership of Mohammad Ali would not be treated justly in India. Jinnah demanded Pakistan. | Do you know that the word “Pakista fae CRIFPS MISSION was composed of the initial letters ‘P” | | for Punjab, ‘A’ for Afghan Province | (North West Frontier Province) ‘K’ Bland. Japan overran many countries of South- | for Kashmir, ‘S’ for Sindh and the East Asia and captured Rangoon in 1942. The | last three letters for Baluchistan. war thus had come to the very border of India a The British government got alarmed and decide. of the British Cabinet, to secure India’s help and cooperation in the war effort. The Congress demanded the immediate transfer of power to the Indians. Cripps, on the other hand, assured that after the War, India would be given the Dominion Status (the Same status as the other Dominions, Canada and Australia had). The Congress rejected the Cripps proposals. On 7th December, 1941 Japan attacked the Pearl Harbour, the American naval base in the Hawaii cd to send Sir Stafford Cripps, a member QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT Failure of the Cripps Mission and the Japanese threat w that led to the launch of the Quit India Mov 1942, the All-India Congress Committee passed a resolution demanding immediat Withdrawal of the British from India. The resolution approved the launching of m; : Struggle on non-violent lines. On that night, addressing the Congress ees ees Mahatma Gandhi declared, “I am not going to be Satisfied with anythin, Hee es, complete freedom. Here is a mantra, 8 short of a short one. The mantra is D i , eo fs anion oie or Die. We shall ere the two important factors ément by the Congress. On 8th August History ¢ 123ph clishedl WI Olt Borne londure went ten i *"y Opposed the government by means of underground methods and Kam Manohar Lohia and Aruna Asaf Ali were among the prominent leaden iss. underground movement. The government replied by repression which assumed the form of a the people. By the end of 1942, about 60,000 people had been jailed and 10,000 persons were killed. No doubt the camp. mew confidence that the people had attained. War against no less aign failed, but it was symbolic Of a SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE AND THE INDIAN NATIO Subhas Chandra Bose was elected the President of the Congress in 1938 and again in 1939. In 1939, he resigned the Chairmenship of the Party due to differences with Mahatma Gandhi. In May 1939, he formed a new party know as the Forward Bloc. He was arrested on 2nd July 1940, but later released and kept in his house at Calcutta under strict watch. NAL ARMY On 17th January 1941, he left his home in disguise. He went to Peshawar dressed as a Pathan and then reached Afghanistan. From Subhas Chandra there, he went to Russia and in March 1941 he flew from Russia to Bose Germany. Subhas Chandra Bose reached Japan in June 1943. On 26 August 1943, he took charge of the Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army or INA) and became its Supreme Commander. INA had been formally established in September 1942. It was established by Rash Behari Bose, an old revolutionary who had fled to Japan in 1915. Subhas Chandra Bose reorganised the INA and infused new vigour in the Army. He was addressed as Netaji. Their battle cry or slogans were Dilli Chalo (March to Delhi) and Jai Hind (Victory to India). INA’s Victories Japan recognised Subhas as the Head of the Government of free India. In November 1943, Japan handed over the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to the INA. Subhas paid a visit to these islands and hoisted the Tricolor Flag at Adaman Island. The INA along with the Japanese Army reached Imphal (now in the State of Manipur). Japan met defeat in the Second World War. The defeat of Japan sealed the fate of INA. Netaji left Rangoon for Bangkok. Thereafter, he flew to Tokyo. While on way to Tokyo he 124 ¢ History{5 freedom struggle. In 1945, the trial of the INA officers—Shah Nawaz Khan rillon and Prem Sehgab-at the Red Fort in Delhi evoked the sympathy of t «nation. Jawaharlal Nehru and Bhulabhai Desai fought the case on behalf of the \ officers. The Government viewed these developments with alarm. The INA officers re ultimately set free. she INA spirit started affecting the armed forces of the country. There were revolts e Navy headquarters, Bombay and other Army headquarters. The revolts shook very foundation on which the empire rested. | pEVELOPMENTS LEADING TO INDEPENDENCE OF INDIA The Quit India Movement had failed in a way. Similarly, INA struggle also fizzled out. But these were important landmarks on the road to India’s independence. The masses were determined to permit the British no peace until they agreed to quit India. The Shimla Conference Mahatma Gandhi had been released from prison in May 1944 on health grounds. The war in Europe was drawing to a close. The new Viceroy, Lord Wavell, thought of ending the deadlock. ‘A Conference was held at Shimla on 25th June, 1945. This Conference also failed to find a solution that could be acceptable both to the Congress and the League The Cabinet Mission, 1946 ‘A Labour Government, with Mr. Attlee as Prime Minister, came to power in Britain on 26th July, 1945. The Government decided to send a mission consisting of three members of the British Cabinet, Lord Pethic Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A V Alexander to India. The Muslim League’s demand for Pakistan was rejected by the Cabinet Mission. It put forward the proposal to form a Federal Union c including both British India and the princely The Cabinet Mission to India states. The Cabinet Mission recommended the formation of an Interim Government at Be coven es composition of a Constituent Assembly to frame the Constitution ee aera Plan was finally accepted both by the Congress and the Qian pogiensenets to) elect the Constituent Assembly went ahead. The Iming majority in the Constituent Assembly. The Muslim History # 125ii ae ‘On 1th August 1946, the Viceroy invited Jawaharlal Nehru fo form 2 icv" Bo ‘The Muslim League fixed 16th August as the direct action day. This action was n to put pressure on the government with an objective to achieve Pakistan. In Calcutta the day began with dreadful activities—stabbing, killing and arson ona large scale, The communal violence spread to other parts of the country as well. : The Mountbatten Plan On 20th February 1947, Prime Minister Attlee announced in the British House of Commons that the British would quit India by 30th June, 1948. The new Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, assumed office on 24th March, 1947. He was convinced that India was to be partitioned. On 3rd June he announced his Plan. He said that the transfer of power to Indians could only be on the basis of partition of the country. He also declared that the transfer of power would take place not in June 1948, but much earlier than that. Plan for the partition of India was accepted by the Muslim League on 10th June. The Congress accepted the Plan on 15th June. No Congress leader approved of the idea of partition, but everyone had to accept it as a necessary evil. Communal riots had taken a serious turn and partition alone seemed to offer a way out of chaos and lawlessness, 1 asad Lord Mountbatten The Indian Independence Act, 1947 The Indian Independence Act was passed by the British Parliament on 15th July, 1947. It received the Royal assent on 18th July. Pakistan was to comprise East Bengal, West Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and North-West Frontier Province. India was to comprise all the remaining territories included in the British India. Birth of Independent India India achieved Independence on 15th August, 1947. On 14th August, on the eve of India’s Independence, Jawaharlal Nehru made a memorable speech in the Constituent Assembly. He said, “At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom.” He asked people to pledge themselves to the service of India. On 15th August, Jawaharlal Nehru was sworn in as the Jawaharlal Nehru sworn in as the Peer eet intenat Free India. Prime Minister of independent India. 126 ¢ Historytuent Assembly, with Rajendra Prasad as its President, prepared a of India. It came into force on 26th January, 1950 when the Republic of oc eons Cry or slogan of participants in battle or contest or a movement. important PPM OR Cols Partition of Bengal cancelled | First World War broke out | Congress-league Pact concluded | Rowlatt Act passed, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Non -cooperation Movement started ai Non-cooperation Movement withdrawn | 1927 simon Commission sent to India f a Ee p= —— | Declaration of Poorna Swara)_ Eo | Civil Disobedience Movernent st started _ 1931 | Gandhi-trwin Pact signed in Provinces 1937 | Congress Ministries formed 1939 | Second World War broke ¢ out al | 1940 istan resolution by Muslim League ae 1982 | crip aia Movement started 3 el [1946 | cabin | india achieved independence. cola \s Mission sent tO India; Quit Indi et Mission sent to India; Direct Action By ‘Muslim League enol t World War broke out in 1914 Leagues-one at Madras and another at Poona were led by Annie Besant har Tilak respectively. ue Pact was signed in 1916. rndhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915. He took up the cause of 4d fought for the Kheda peasants and the Ahmedabad textile 41, The Firs 2. Two Home Rul and Bal Ganga! 3, Congress-Leae! 4, Mahatma Gan peasants in workers: 5. The British government passet t assigning any reason whatsoever. in jail without Champaran an d the Rowlatt Act which empowered the police to put people History ¢ 127India: Natural Vegetation, Wildlife and Conservation Learning At the end of thi: learners will be abe m categorise varioue vegetations belts of India and examine thei, significance, m ™ describe the wil in India. "tie foung @ show Sensitivit for conservation : and wildlife, forest understand th and list the va conservation India. & list some of the most important national parks wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves in Indi e © Need for IOUS forest Programmes, India is endowed with vast reserves of natural resources including Di : different species of flora and fauna. These are found in forests distributed opp Ea across the different vegetation belts of our country. Flora and fauns are vital constituents of a biosphere & Which living beings, according to you, can be included under flora an took at the pictures above and put each under either flora or fauna During d fauna? See Natural Vegetation and Wildlife of India Vegetation belts Conservation i Conservation | important of rich wildlife > Tropical rainforests . National parks [* Topical deciduous forests Forest Conservation Programmes Thorn forests bi Wildlife sanctuaries phere reserves » Tidal or mangrove forests Biosphi * Montane forests flora: realm of plant life fauna: realm of all birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes and other animalsPn OU,” G@GRTATION BELTS OF INDIA India, Various : Fig. 9.1: a map of India showing types of forests cegetation belts can be , ed. The type of | eee a REFERENCES — tion found in a | | coe be jon is telated to its Bape lieffeatures and climatic conditions. | five major vegetation | felts may be recognised onthebasis of the varieties of trees found in each of them. These are: 1 Tropical rainforests s Tropical deciduous forests «= Thorn forests § Tidal forests = Montane forests Tropical Rainforests Tropical rainforests are found in regions that receive high annual rainfall of over 200 cm Owing to high rainfall, conditions are favourable Refer to the forests map of India and an: swer th for the growth of treeS @ Which states of India em erbe rector a in all seasons. ‘These m What type of forests would one find in Kerala and Manipur? = © find in Kerala and Manipur : toi: Naural Vegetation, Wilde and Conseaton 125 4‘The tropical evergreen forests of on the Western Ghats a Matheran— a hill station forests are also known as because the trees retain their leaves throughout the year. Rosewood, mahogany, ebony and a large number of hardwood trees are commonly found in the tropical rainforests. The tropical rainforests are found in the Western Ghats and the west coast, parts of West Bengal, Assam, the North-East and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Parts of these forests have been cleared for plantations of tea, coffee, rubber and spices. evergreen forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Tropical deciduous forestsare foundinthe regions that receive an annual rainfall of 80-200 cm. They face a long dry season Trees shed their leaves in the dry season, and fresh leaves grow in the beginning of the rainy season. These forests are also called monsoon forests. Teak, sal and sandalwood are economically useful trees found in these forests. Bamboos grow as clumps between trees. There are less number of plant species in these forests than in the tropical rainforests. si forests having trees that retain green foliage 126 Geography The tropical deciduous forests are foung in the foothill zone of the Himalayas from Jammu to West Bengal, and in most parts of the Peninsular Plateau and the Ganga Plains. Most of these forest areas have been cleared for cultivation except in hilly and mountainous areas Thorn Forests Thorn forests occur in regions of low rainfall. They have short, stunted trees such as acacia, and scrub thick, The plants have deep roots and thorny or waxy leaves. These plants are adapted to the dry conditions. These forests occur in the arid areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Pun Haryana. ab, anc These are also found in the interior region of the Peninsular Plateau Tidal or Mangrove Forests In the coastal regions that are subject to tidal changes in sea level, forests are found. These are mostly common in the Sundarbans area of West Bengal. Sundari trees are common in this area all round the yearare found at higher levels, and they ; nountainous regions such as have trees such as oaks and chestnuts. malayas, the type of vegetation Coniferous forests are found between _ with the change in altitude, 2” altitude of 1,500m and 3,300 m. The because temperature decreases common trees are pines, cedars, silver ase in height above sea level. firs, and deodars. Above 3,300 m, alpine foot region, there a are tropical meadows and shrubs occur. These continue up to the snow-line beyond which snowfields are found. The height limits for different types of forests vary according to the climatic conditions. Himalayan montane forests FOREST CONSERVATION PROGRAMMES Gorests in India are getting depleted O at a rapid rateYdue to a industrialisationY and require ot ee (Forests whut must be protected Y conserve natural tee UC LR cl) Name of Amount of Species of Trees Distribution Vegetation Rainfall pie 2+ aon ! Western, slopes “of Western Ghats, Tropical Rosewood, ebony, | parts of West Bengal, North-East ect y*200e" mahogany Himalayas, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam Tropical Teak, sal, sandal- Foothills of Himalayas, most parts of 2. deciduous 80-200 cm wood, bamboo Peninsular Plateau, Ganga Plains forest 1 ——— Less than Rajasthan, western Uttar Pradesh, Thorn and but more Date, acacia, khair 3, 100 cm but Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana scrub forest | than 25 cm | Spruce, pine, cedar, | | coda, | saouman WOH) Serf deeds found above 100m on dl hore “laurel, walnut, birch, |‘ hills of Nigiri, Annamalai in the vest | poplar jsouth and in the Himalayas Ganga Delta in Sundarbans; Godavari, Krishna and Mahanadi | Deltas Mangrove Sundari, casuarina vegetation {ndia: Natural Vegetation, Wildlife and Conservation 127 t4 = i species ss toda Tesources; prevent soil erosion; preserve air quality; check desertification _and coastal erosion; and According to the National Forest Policy 1988, a minimum of one-third of the country’s total land area should be set aside for forests. So, the optimum area under forest cover in, India should be 33 per cent. However, it is only 24.6 per cent naw. Hence, several measures have been adopted to increase the land area under forest. = Severalafforestationprogrammeshave been implemented to restore greenery. The National Forest Policy of 1952 and 1988 development of forest resources = Methods of social forestry and_agro forestry have been implemented, wherel croppi id_forestry are only hi i Bi: 5 of Rajasthan, have sacrifi, Te their live: save \ he Ch eee jovement was a landmar! ‘ Garhwal to_prevent deforestation in the region} i rated with drive 1Ama Shite Been Geographer! eae Recycling paper is an important step towards saving forests. Next time you want to dispose ‘of old newspapers or books in your house, think hard and do the right thing by recycling them. m Discuss the ways we can recycle paper in our day-to-day lives. = What are the benefits of paper recycling? Find out as many as you can. Two have been listed here: environment 1. It saves energy. Gone together in the same are; Bit educes walsicn, ing a} but also in maintaining a balanced 4 5. (eiexrers = = Maintaining sacred groves is another metho ~ conservation i which trees are ascribed divini thereb Curiosity Corner Find out how the members of Soliga and Santhal tribes are protecting the forests from getting depleted. What measures have been taken by the government to save the forests from degeneration? preventing unnecessar pena ree uc earn * information literacy 128 Geography WILDLIFE IN INDIA AND ITS CONSERVATION India’s wildlife wealth is both large and varied. It is home to 89,000 species of animals. Some of the major varieties of animals in India are lions, the Royal Bengal tigers, elephants, leopards, bears, rhinoceros, deer, cheetahs, monkeys, pythons and panthers.FE ind in the Gir forest areas of protected land provide natural Royal Bengal ligess are habitat for animals where there is no 5 “Corbett National Park-of human interference. Some of the national 4, Manas in Assam, Sal Sariska parks in nt tees al and Sundarbans_of West ee National eauu splns ards can be Bignted't in the Bandhavgarh National Parkin Madhya Pradesh by Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat National Park. jyehomned rhinos are found in Assam i north Bengal. Among the reptiles Jaldapara National Park in West Bengal jandin India, cobra is commonly found 0 i yf Gorumara National Park in West jn Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal and the Berea North-East. Pythons are found in the hill estern Ghats, Assam and —— ‘teDeccan Plateau. Saltwater crocodil and alligators are found on the westerr found on the western ust, Sundarbans in West Bengal, anc and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Atpresent, the Indian rhino, tiger, lion, musk deer, black buck, crocodile, and the great Indian bustard are some of the endangered animals ie won ua Several animals have become endangered J Ofextinct because of the destruction of Wildlife Sanctuies their habitat and prolific illegal trade of (Wildlife sanctuaries “ aré specially their feathers, ivory, hides and skins. designated areas for the conse: x The Wildlife Protection Act 1972 governs —fadangeted_species) In sanctuaries, Maire corccesaon and protection of Sing and firewood! collection are endangered species. Under this act, trade Possible only in the margins,Sanctuaries ofrare and endangered species has been ‘Ke care of the injured and diseased \ ee animals and help in the br a " gubtaiees in Bandhavesrh National Park eeding of \wpu- endangered animals “i i pecies a: National Parks udhy Oe Vy fotmul Following are the major aes Feienal parks are es to conserve sanctuaries of India: ildlife in Indi9. These lay See ‘ y "Be A Sariska in Rajasthan for tigers Pew tom Bons dLife Bom WE ‘endangered animals: animals facing extinction rational park: natural habitat for animals where there is no ‘wildlife sanctuary: places where animals are kept for conse wildlife Cou, human interference vation of species eS Indi: Natural Vege tation, Wildl io, WRN ee teepprabha in Uttar Pradesh for jions bore in Rajasthan for tigers J pur in Karnataka ie tuivt 1 siosphere Reserves Why he us piosphere reserves are multipurpose areas to preserve the genetic rersities of floraa and fauna and conserve ecosystem, nain objectives are: Conservation of plants, animals and micro-organisms Ranganathittu in Vedanthangal in Tamil Nadu are some of the bird sanctuaries in India. A langur inside the Manas Biosphere Reserve Keoladeo Bird Sanctuary at Bharatpur, Karnataka and Promotion of research on ecological Ya wide network of over 450 wildlife * conservation y Education and training to create an "awareness of the biosphere ) (yw Some biosphere reserves in India are as follows: WNilgiri (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka) Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Nanda Devi (Uttarakhand) # Manas (Assam) ¥ Sundarbans (West Bengal) 9 Kanchenjunga (Sikkim) o_o woes) human beings, should let the anima’ live freely in their habitat and cause no harm or disturbance by erve: protected areas for flora and fauna whore ia | sanctuaries, 103nationalparks, 50project tiger areas, and 18 biosphere reserves are dedicated to the conservation of wildlife,ffhe Project Tiger, started in 1973, works towards the conservation of the Royal Bengal tigerThe Wildlife Protection Act lays a great emphasis aj wildlife preservation. We as responsible way of encroachment in the forest areas or by encroachment in the forest areas or by deforestation, poaching ani z Wildlife is our heritage and it is our ya Tole be duty to preserve it Keoladeo Bird Sanctu: ary Hh and training i is conducted for ecological conservation Ind Naural Vegeavion, Wilde and Conse 131