Experimental Skills © rotution © Verner capers: to use t measure te THtroduction dopirafavesscl "2" 1p this section, we shall study some common experiments based on + Sere gauge: Ws wwe to determine the measurement of distance (length), acceleration due to gravity, focal © simple Fendutumeatssipation of energy length of a lens ete. Our focus will be on the procedure and the possible cf amplitude and tne, errors which occur in the measurement of various physical quantities. + Mee Sealethe mass ofa gten oles’ We take the experiments one by one. Sines gr iteate wee” °° EXPERIMENTS BASED ON MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH Tac and eject fdetyente, ”” ——Vemiercaliper and Screw gauge are the instruments used for measuring © Fiocoeis etm stent olen tneaa Bo length with high accuracy. From a normal scale, accuracy of 1 mm is recut termina vtcty «J se" —_gbtained, while with these instruments, accuracies upto 0.01 mm can be * Speed of sound in air at room achieved + Sri het cacy afoauen 1. Vernier calipers: Its use to measure the internal and snares external diameter and depth of a vessel. ©The resististy of the matertal of a ven uire using @ meter bridge It consists of a fixed main scale marked on a metallic strip. Another ©The resistance of a gwen we using hens tae ‘metallic stip slides on it with a verier scale on it. Scales are marked + Resistance and gure of merit sf in guch a way that when zero’s of both scales are aligned, n™ division © Te foal length of of vernier scale coincides with (n — 1)® division of main scale. In the (Convex miror Oe ee and figure shown, 10" division of vernier scale coincides with 9 division of (Convex tens, using the parallax main scale © The plot ef the angle of devlation vs Main scale (fxed) angle af Wetdence for a ttangulat prism. 0 1 2 3 (em) © Refractive index of glass slab using | | | | traveling microscope, pulpit toni Ty © Characteristic curves of a pn junction reper eo eat I (Figure is not tothe scale) ee era 0 10 voltage. Vernier scale. ee Pee eee (sling) Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-476234562 Experimental Skills Construction : Main scale 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 i>» uy gyal } Sip for depth Vemie scale measurement /— extemal “ews Extemal and internal jaws are used for extemal and internal measurements respectively. The strip at the end is used for depth measurement. Working n Vernier Scale Divisions (VSD) = (n ~ 1) Main Scale Divisions (MSD) ivs0 =(2=4)mso Difference between 1 MSD and 1 VSD is, 1MSD-1VSD = The figure, +10 is called Vernier Constant (V.C.) or Least Count (L.C.) ofthe verie. Ii the smallest distance which can be accurately measured by the veri. Note: The least count of a meter scale graduate in millimetre mark second’s hand is 1 second. 1mm. The least count of a watch having Reading a Vernier Let zero of vernier scale be between two main scale divisions. The division on main scale just before zero of vernier scale is the main scale reading Now, count the number of the division of vernier scale that coincides with a division on main scale. Multiply this number to L.C. of the of vernier. Ths is called vernier scale reading. Itis to be added to main scale reading Total Reading = MSR + (LC x VSR) Zero Error When jaws of vernier touch each other, the vernier should read 0.0 i.e. Zeros of main scale and vernier scale should coincide. If it is not so, the instrument has a zero error. Ifa vernier shows a non-zero reading when jaws are touching each other, itis the zero error which is to be algebraically subtracted from the reading taken. Zero Correction Zero correction is the correction to be applied to the reading taken to get correct measurement, Itis of same magnitude as that of the zero error but is of opposite sign. Zero correction is to be algebraically added to the reading taken. Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Experimental Skis 3 Positive and Negative Zero Error When the jaws of vernier touch each other, if zero of vernier scale is to the right of the zero of main scale, then zero error is positive if zero of vernier scale is to the left of zero of main scale, then zero error is negative, EXERCISE 1 1. The vernier scale of a calliper is divided into 30 divisions which coincide with 28 main scale divisions. Each main scale division is 0.3 mm. The least count of the instrument is (1) 0.03 mm 2) 0.01 mm @) 0.15 mm (4) 03mm 2. Let main scale division be of 1 mm and 50 divisions of vernier scale coin The least count of instrument is (1) 0.01 mm (2) 0.1mm 3) 0.02mm (4) 0.002 mm 3. Avverier calliper has 1 mm mark on the main scale. It has 20 equal divisions on the vemier scale which match with 12 main scale divisions. Its least count is (1) 0.4mm 2 0.2mm 3) 0.4mm (4) 0.6 mm 4. nedivisions on the main scale of a vernier calipers coincide with n + 1 divisions on the vernier scale. If each division on the main scale is of x units, determine the least count of the instrument, x x OF Ona 2x @ a4 ® a 5. The dimensions of a rectangular block measured with a vernier calliper having least count 0.1 mm is 5.0 mm * 10.0 mm * 10.0 mm, The maximum percentage error in the measurement of volume of the block is M1) 5% (2) 10% 8) 15% @) 4% 6. The smallest division on main scale of a vernier calliper is 1 mm and 10 vemnier scale divisions coincide with 9 main scale divisions. While measuring the length of a line, the zero mark of the vernier scale lies between 10.2 cm and 10.3 cm and the third division of vernier scale coincide with a main scale division. Find the length of wire, (1) 10.03 om (2) 10.33 om 8) 10.2om (4) 10.23 em 7. If the least count of the scale shown is 0.1 mm, then the reading the vernier caliper is 0 2 cm o 5 10 (1) 11.72 mm (2) 115mm @) 1.7mm (4) 107mm Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-476234564 10. Experimental Skills What is the reading of vernier scale shown in figure? 6070 Julio aa Loaeafia bu Lem rin itt 5 Vemier scale (1) 607mm 2 613mm 3) 624mm 637 mm ‘The figure shows a situation when jaws of vernier are touching each other and one main scale division is of 1 mm. The zero correction in reading measured will be a Lyla rey Vemier scale (1) 051mm @ 07mm @) -28mm @) 27 mm ‘The figure shows a situation when the jaws of vernier are touching each other. Each main scale division is of 1 mm and 5* division of vernier scale coincides with a main scale division, ‘The zero error of the instrument is Main scale 0 4 2 (em) Laatfyyayl eel! o 5 10} (1) 40.5 mm Q) 05mm 3) 40.9 mm (4) 0.4 mm aaa Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Experimental Skills 5 Screw gauge: Its use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire. It works on the principle of advancement of a screw when it is rotated inside mating threads. Construction Metal piece stud Reference line \ Screw \ Circular scale we 4] |—Ratenet Face Face hain T a8 Scale Cap (hollow) Hub Metal frame When the screw is rotated inside the nut by rotating the cap (connected internally to the screw), the screw advances or retracts depending on direction of rotation, A reference line is marked on the hub and main scale divisions are marked on it (see figure). Circular scale markings (usually 50 or 100 divisions) are made on the cap. Main scale division value Linear distance advanced in one rotation Number of divisions on circular scale Number of divisions on circular scale If main scale division value is 1 mm and there are 100 divisions in circular scale, then L.C. = 4 Least count : L.C. Reading : Main scale reading is taken on the main scale. To find circular scale reading, the number of the division of circular scale that coincides with reference line is counted. If ni division coincides, then Final reading = Main scale reading + n x (L.C.) Zero Error & Zero Correction If the zero mark of circular scale coincides with the reference line when there is no gap between the faces A and B, then there is no zero error. If the zero mark does not coincide, there is a zero error. If the zero of circular scale is left behind the reference line when the faces meet, zero error is positive. The magnitude of error is to be deducted from the reading taken, It zero of circular scale advances beyond the reference line when the faces meet, the zero error is negative. ‘The magnitude of error is to be added to the reading taken. EXERCISE 2 The distance through which the screw advances when it is rotated through one division of the head scale is (1) Zero correction (2) Least count 8) Zero error (4) Pitch 2. The least count of a screw gauge is given by One main scale division One circular scale division (1) Number of divisions on circular seale (2) Number of divisions on main scale. Number of divisions on circular scale One circular scale division 8) “One main scale division Pitch Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-476234566 Experimental Skills 3. A screw gauge has a least count of § jim and its circular scale is divided into 200 equal divisions. One main scale division is (1) 0.005 m 2) 1mm 8) tom (4) 0.0025 mm 4. Asscrew gauge has least count of 10 um and its circular scale is divided into 100 equal divisions. One main scale division is (1) 0.5. mm Q 1mm 3) 0.5 om (4) tom 5. A carpenter while driving a screw through a wooden block of thickness 1 cm observe that he has to rotate the screw 10 times for the purpose. The pitch of screw is 1» hem @ Lem a) 700 2) i @ toe sem 6. The reading of micrometer screw gauge shown in figure (Least count is 0.01 mm) (1) 641mm 2) 638mm 8) 6.26 mm (4) 6.48. mm 7. Asserew gauge has main scale divisions of 1 mm each and its circular scale has 50 divisions. While measuring the diameter of a ball, cap end is after 14 marking of main scale and 21 division of circular scale coincides with the reference line. What is the measured diameter of the ball? (1) 14.40 mm (2) 14,02 mm 8) 14.42 mm (4) 14.44 mm 8. A student measured the diameter of a small steel ball using a screw gauge of least count 0,001 om, The main scale reading is 5 mm and zero of circular scale division coincides with 25 divisions above the reference level. If screw gauge has a zero error of - 0.004 om, the correct diameter of ball is, (1) 0.521 em 2) 0.525 em (3) 0.529 om (4) 0.053 om 9. L.C. of a screw gauge is 0.01 mm. When the faces touch each other, main scale zero marking is not visible and 96" division of circular scale coincides with the reference line, The zero error of the screw gauge is (1) +0.04 mm (2) -0.04 mm. (3) 40.96 mm (4) 0.98 mm Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Experimental Skis 7 10. A micrometer has L.C. = 0.02 mm. When the faces are touching each other, only zero marking of main scale is visible and 6" division of circular scale is coinciding with the reference line, Find zero error of the instrument, (1) +0.12 mm (2) -0.12 mm (8) +0.6 mm (4) -0.06 mm agaa Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110008. Phone : 011.476234568 Experimental Skills Simple Pendulum-dissipat amplitude and time n of energy by plotting a graph between the square of Ifa body executes S.H.M., the magnitude of force F acting on the body is always directly proportional to the displacement x, ie., Fex kx Where k is a constant called force constant (spring constant) Negative sign represents the direction of F towards the mean position. Force constant k for a pendulum = “ ‘The potential energy stored in the bob of simple pendulum for the maximum displacement A, at its extreme position is E Be A Bom O Som When the bob of simple pendulum oscillates, its amplitude decreases and hence its energy also decreases. The energy dissipates due to the damping force (such as air resistance ete.) experienced by the bob of the pendulum. ‘The maximum energy E, at the maximum amplitude A, can be given as Where «= 9 Procedure : 1, Measure mass m of the bob with the help of physical balance. 2. Take a cotton thread, tie the bob to one end of the thread and pass the other end of the thread through the split cork (effective length of the pendulum is equal to radius of the bob + length of the hook of the bob + length of the thread) as shown in diagram. Tie the two half cork pieces between the clamp firmly. Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Experimental Skis 9 3. Now put the stand on the table in such a manner so that bob is about 1 to 2 cm above the ground. 4, Puta metre scale just below the bob so that a full scale division lie below the centre of the bob 5. Take the bob along the metre scale 5 cm away from the rest position (mean position) of the bob and release it. The bob starts vibrating about the mean position O and you will observe that its amplitude decreases as the time passes, 6. Again take bob along the metre scale 5 cm away from the rest position O and release it so that it vibrates, in the same vertical plane. 7. Watch the movement of the bob, when it comes to the extreme right position, start the stopwatch and also note the position of the bob on the metre scale and record this time as zero. 8. Keep your eye on the movement of the bob continuously and observe the amplitude of the bob and record time simultaneously after every alternate oscillation, Le., 0, 2, 4, 6 ....... Oscillations till the amplitude decays to about 1 cm 9. Take 10 observations. 10, Plota graph between amplitude square, je., A? and time (1, taking talong x-axis and A? along y-axis by recording the observations meticulously Graph showing Variation of dissipation of energy of simple pendulum with time. (Amplitude A? (em)§—+ Time (0 (see) —> Conclusion We know that the energy E of a simple pendulum is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude 2 1 paz) Ai[E= 7145}, and we observed thatampltude decays wih passage of time and hence the energy ofpendun dissipates with time EXERCISE 3 In the absence of dissipative force, the time period (7) of a simple pendulum (performing oscillations of small amplitude) is 7 2nj— nD (ane @ ani if 1 ® 35 @ a4 Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-4762345610 Experimental Skills 2. Inthe presence of air resistance, the time period of a simple pendulum with time (1) increases (2) decreases 3) remains same (4) can’t be determined 3. An oscillating system has its energy being dissipated by resistive forces is said to be performing, (1) Forced oscillations (2) Free oscillations (3) Damped oscillations (4) Undamped oscillations 4, Ifa dissipative force (F,) acts on a particle of mass 'm' executing SHM of amplitude A such that F, = - bv where ‘v is velocity of particle and ‘b’ is a constant then displacement of the particle can be best described by () x)= 742 costor) @ «0 A Azeostat) 8) x(t)= Ae” (4) x(t)=Ae*?"(coset) 5. _ Inthe situation of question 4, the variation of energy E(t) is given by 1 @) E()=ShAvew @) 4) Et 6. particle undergoing damped oscillations (with small damping) is said to be performing (1) Oscillatory motion (2) Periodic motion (3) Simple harmonic motion (4) Both (1) and (2) 7. The oscillations of simple pendulum in air is an example of (1) Free oscillation Q) Forced oscillation (8) Damped oscillation (4) Can either be forced or damped oscillation 8. Indamped oscillations, damping force is directly proportional to speed of oscillator. amplitude becomes half of its maximum (A,) value in time(0, then after time 2t, amplitude will be @ 4 @* OA @ fA 9. Ifa simple pendulum oscillates with small amplitude (A,) then the total energy of oscillations can be (symbols have usual meanings) moh mal o 3 @ ana, mgas mgAs o & o 10, The amplitude of oscillations is reduced to half of its initial value of 5 cm (due to damping by resistive forces) at the end of 25 oscillations. After it completes 50 oscillations its amplitude will be (1) 1.25em 2 0.625m (3) 0.3125 em (4) 0.15625 em qgaa Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Experimental Skills 11 Metre Scale-the mass of a given object by the principle of moments If M, and M, be the mass of the body and mass of the weight used and r, and r, be the distances of their thread loops from wedge. Then, power (unknown mass) arm = r,, known weight arm From principle of moments we can say that, Mee Mg r,=M,gr,or M, = —"* wiich can be calculated via two different methods. (Arm lengths being fixed and equal, and weight being adjustable. ‘The thread loops are suspended at positions such that both arm are of equal length. Weight in the paper an are adjusted til the metre scale becomes horizontal, Paper pan Weights In this case r, = 1, = Hence, Mg r,= Mg 1, or M, = M, ‘A physical balance makes use of this method Procedure : Arrange the metre scale horizontally by supporting it at the sharp edge of the broad heavy wedge at 50 cm mark, 2. Suspend the body of unknown mass by a loop thread at a fixed mark on the lefl of the wedge. 3, Suspended paper pan at same distance on the right of the wedge with some weights in it, 4, Adjust the weights in the paper pan till the metre scale becomes horizontal 5, Note the mass of the weights in the pan. 6. Repeat steps 2 to §, three times by increasing the length of the arms in equal steps keeping the lengths equal. (il) The known mass and known weight arm being fixed while the power arm being adjustable, ‘The known mass is suspended at a fixed distance r, ‘The length of power arm is adjusted by moving unknown weight loop thread in and out til the metre scale become horizontal mass Weights Mg Wedge Mag Corporat Office: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deli110005, Phone : 01-4762346612 Experimental Skills In this case r,= 1. = R Hence Mgr, = M,g ry becomes M.gr= Mg R orM, =M, Rr Procedure : 1. Arrange the metre scale horizontally by supporting it at the sharp edge of the broad heavy wedge at 50 cm mark ‘Suspend the body of known mass by a loop thread at a fixed mark on the right of the wedge. ‘Suspend the unknown mass on the left of the wedge. Adjust the distance of the power arm till the metre scale becomes horizontal. Note the position of the unknown mass and thus length of the power arm. Repeat steps 2 to §, times by increasing the mass of the weights by equal amount. EXERCISE 4 1. Auniform metre ruler weighing 100 gf, pivoted at its centre O. Two weights 150 gf and 250 gf hang from the points Aand B of the metre scale such that OA = 40 cm and OB = 20 cm. The total clockwise moment about Os ( toms) pe tom, 200m, 150 of 250 of () O1N-m @) O6N-m (8) 08N-m (4) 07N-m 2. Auniform metre ruler of weight W supported on a fulcrum at a distance /, from its centre by applying effort at a distance J, IfJ, is greater than /, then which of the following conclusion can be drawn? () We @) WHE @) W Ifthe rod is in rotational equilibrium then choose the correct relation. 7a 1 pu1a =i () PRS @ as aw 5Q 3) Pa 4) Ww 2 In the above question ifthe mass of tray is 0.12 kg then the value of forces P and Q respectively is (1) 1.8N,3N (2) 3.8N,1N (@ 3N18N @) 12N.18N disc is rotating with angular velocity @.Aforce Facts at a point whose position vector w.rt, axis of rotation is 7. The torque due to force is given by () (Fx) @) (Fx?) @ FF (4) 7-F-a) A force (7-3) +2k) acts on a particle lying at origi. The torque acting on particle about origin is (1) Zer0 @) 3N-m 3) 5N-m (@) 2N-m ‘The equilibrium of the rod as shown below is (consider the mass of rad to be negligible) F ne (1) Only rotational (2) Only translational (3) Both rational and translational (4) Neither rotational nor translational Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-4762345614 Experimental Skills 10. Choose the correct statement. (1). Two equal and opposite forces whose line of action do not coincide make a couple (2). For rotational equilibrium of a body, torque about its centre of mass is zero. (8) Abody in translational equilibrium need not necessarily be in rotational equilibrium (4) Allof these Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Experimental Skis 15, Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire When a deforming orc is applied to deform a body, it shows some opposition, this opposton is called siifrse, Young's modulus is 8 physical quantly Used to describe te sfness of @ body isthe ralo of stress applied fo sian produced, where cress apped is free applied pet unit area and sian isthe rabo of change in length and orginal enh F A) _ Fe x) Ax 7 Here, F is applied force, A is area of cross-section, / is length and x is increase in length. Arrangement : The arrangement consists of two wires. One of the wires is a reference wire loaded with a fixed weight. The other wire is the test wire, on which variable load is applied. The reference wire is used to ‘compensate for the thermal expansion of the wire. The extension in the test wire is measured with the help of a spherometer and a spirit level arrangement Metatic ‘rama. Spit 7 level ‘Spherometor Procedure : The following steps are required to measure the young’s modulus: 1, Using micrometer determine the radius of the wire, then using the formula for area of circle = 1, calculate the area, Measure the length of the wire & Note down the load applied F and corresponding increase in length x. Use formula F ig to calculate load in newton. Plot a graph of extension x (along x-axis) against weight (along y-axis). 6. The ope of the graph the rato Fe 7. Find Yusing the formula ¥ = £4 ° ae EXERCISE 5 Searle's apparatus is used to determine (1). Spring constant ofa helical spring @) Young's modulus of material (@)_ Shear modulus of a material (4) Both spring constant and Young's modulus Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110008. Phone : 011.4762345616 Experimental Skills 2. Young's modulus of a material is defined as. Normal stress ( Tongitudinal strain a) Normal sess @ Lateral strain Lateral strain (9) Tongitudinal strain a) Shoarstress “ ‘Shear strain 3. _Inthe experiment to find the Young's modulus of a wire by the Searle's method, the spherometer screw should be rolated always in one direction. This is done to avoid (1) The error due to changes in temperature (2). Slipping of the wire form the chucks (3) Back lash error (4) Error due to bending of support In the experiment to determine the Young's modulus of a wire using Searie’s apparatus, which of the following parameters should remain same for both experimental and reference wire? (1) Length (2) Nature of material (8) Cross sectional area (4) Allof these: Ifin a wire of Young's modulus Y, longitudinal strain Xis produced, then the value of potential energy stored inits unit volume will be (1) ¥x* (2) 2¥xe @ Yex2 @) were 6. The equivalent of spring constant k for a wire of length L, cross-sectional area A and Young's modulus Yis () YA (2) YAL (3) ALY (4) YAL ‘A wire extends by 1.cm when a certain force is applied. Double the force is applied to another wire of same: material and length, but hal the radius of previous one. The elongation produced in another wire is. (1) 8mm (2) 08cm 3) 0.08m (4) 08m & The Young's modulus of a wire of radius R and length Lis Y Nim. f radius and length are changed to 2R and 4L. respectively, then its Young's modulus will be my @ 2 ot (@) 5Y Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-4762345610. Experimental Skis 17 ‘An elevator cable is to have a maximum stress of 7 « 107 Nim? to allow for appropriate safety factors. Its maximum upward acceleration is 1.5 m/s’. If the cable has to support the total weight of 2000 kg of a loaded. levator, the area of cross-section of the cable should be (1) 3.28 0m? (2) 2.38 om* 3) 0.328 emé (4) 8.230me ‘The adjacent graph shows the extension (A/) of a wire of length 1 m suspended from the top of a roof at one end. with a load W connected to the other end. Ifthe cross-sectional area of the wire is 10-* m?, calculate the Young's ‘modulus of the material of the wire al (ax 10°) m 60 80 wit) (1) 210" Nim? @) 2x10" Nim? (@) 2x10? Nim? (4) 210-9 Nime gaa Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-4762345618 Experimental Skills 6. Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents. ‘Surface tension is the property of aliquid, by virtue of which its free surface at rest behaves like an elastic skin or a stretched rubber membrane, with a tendency to contract so as to occupy minimum surface area. This property is caused by cohesion of molecules and is responsible for much of the behaviors of liquids, ‘The property of surface tension is revealed, for example, by the ability of some objects to float on the surface of water, even though they are denser than water. Surface tension is also seen in the ability of some insects, such as waler striders, and even reptiles like basilisk, to run on the water's surface. ‘The Theory Behind Surface Tension A liquid stays together because of attraction between molecules. Consider a molecule well inside a liquid, the intermolecular distances are such that itis attracted to all the surrounding molecules, This attraction results in a negative potential energy for the molecule, which depends on the number and distribution of molecules around the chosen one, But the average potential energy of al the molecules is the same, Let us consider a molecule near the surface. Only lower half side of tis surrounded by liquid molecule. There is ‘some negative potential energy due to these, but obviously its less than that of a molecule in bulk, :e., the one {uly inside. Approximately itis half of the latter. Thus, molecules on a liquid surface have some extra energy in ‘comparison to molecules in the interior. A liquid thus tends to have the least surface area which external conditions, permit. In order to attain minimum potential energy and hence stable equilibrium, the free surface of the liquid tends to have the minimum surface area and thereby it behaves like a stretched membrane, ‘Surface tension is measured as the force acting normally per unit length on an imaginary ine drawn on the free liquid surface at rest. Itis represented by the symbol T (or S). Its S.J. Unit is Nm and dimensional formula is IML Surface of any liquid behaves Net force on molecule as though it is covered by at surface is into a stretched membrane bulk of the liquid F, es RE & When a capillary tube is dipped in a liquid, the liquid level either rises or falls in the capilary tube. The phenomena of rise or fall ofa liquid level in a capillary tube is called capillarty or capillary action, When a liquid rises in a capillary tube, the weight of the column of the liquid of density p inside the tube is, supported by the upward force of surface tension acting around the circumference of the points of contact, In order to arrive at a relation between the capillary rise (h) and surface tension (7), consider a capillary tube which is held vertically in a beaker containing water, the water rises in the capillary tube to a height h due to surface tension. Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Experimental Skis 19 ‘Total upward force = (Tcos0) (2nr) = 2nrTeos0 where @ is the angle of contact, ris the radius of the tube. Let p be the density of water and h be the height to which liquid rises inside the tube. Then, Volume of liquid column in the tube, v= Volume of the liquid column of radius rand height h + Volume of liquid of radius rand height r—_Volume of hemisphere of radius r 28 any tO 2, = nth Bl av anPne = vemrths (rr? xr ‘The upward force supports the weight of liquid column above the free surface, therefore r rhe [mn 3 bs 2cos6 aarrcos0=rr4[n+£pg>7 where, ris inner radius of capillary tube. Procedure : 1. Keep the beaker fixed with water on support base. Let the capillary tube immerse in water. Adjust the needle ‘such that the lower tip ust touches water surface. 2. Focus the travelling microscope so that you can see inverted meniscus of water. Now with the proper adjustment note down the reading so that the height of liquid can be calculated. 3. Substitute the value of h, r, p and gin the formula for T and calculate the surface tension. EXERCISE 6 ‘The S.1, unit of surface tension is, (1) kgs? @) kgs* 8) kgs? @) kgs? The shape of meniscus when contact angle is greater than 90° is, (1) Concave upwards (2) Concave downward (@) Can either be concave downward or concave upward (4) Insufficient information The intermolecular force of attraction between molecules of different substances is known as (1). Adhesive force 2) Cohesive force (8) Surface Tension (4) Contact force When a capillary tube is immersed in a liquid, then liquid of mass M rises in the capillary tube. If capillary tube of triple radius is taken the mass of liquid rising in tube is a 2) @) @) aM OE Nz Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-4762345620° Experimental Skills 5. The height to which water will rise in a capillary tube of diameter 1 x 10° mis [Given : surface tension of water = 0.072 Nim, angle of contact = 0°, g = 9.8 ml5*, Pa, = 10° kg/m*] (1) 2.94% 102 m @ 42% 102m @ 1.26 «102 m (4) 5.26% 102 m 6. The correct expression for determining surface tension of water by the method of capillary rise is (where symbols have their usual meaning) rales cy PMs) Zeoss ra) n= @) —1_3i 258 Zeos0 7. Water rises in the two capillaries of same material up to height of 30 and 60 mm. The ratio of the radii of the capillaries is (Assume h >> r) (24 @ 3:5 @) 5:4 @) 4:7 8 The pressure difference on two sides of curved liquid surface is due to (1) Surface tension (2) Buoyancy (3) Viscosity (4) None of these 9. Choose the correct statement among the following. (1) For liquid surface, pressure on concave side is always lower than on convex side. (2) For a liquid surface, pressure on concave side may be higher than on the convex side. (3) For a liquid surface, pressure on concave side is always higher than on convex side (4) None of these: 10. Choose the correct statement (1) Water sticks to glass windows due to cohesion, (2) Cohesive force of mercury is larger than that of water (3). The height of rise of liquid in capillary tube is directly proportional to radius of capillary tube (4) All of these Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Experimental Skills 21 To determine the coefficient of viscosity of given liquid by measuring terminal velocity of given spherical body. Most of the fluids are not ideal ones and offer some resistance to their own motion, This resistance to fluid ‘motion is like an internal friction analogous to friction when a solid moves on a surface. Viscosity is the prop- erty of a fluid by virtue of which an internal resistance comes into play when the liquid is in motion, and op- poses the relative motion between its different layers. Thus, itis the resistance of a fluid to flow. When liquid flows over flat surface, a backward viscous force acts tangentially on every layer. This force de- pends upon the area of the layer, velocity of the layer, and the distance of the layer from the surface, = FnA® a av F =A where m isthe coefficient of viscosity of the liquid. When a spherical body of radius r and density «falls freely through a viscous liquid of density p and viscosi ty n, with terminal velocity v, then the sum of the upward buoyant force and viscous drag, is balanced by the downward weight of the ball 4 Seq =4 Snag = Snr pg +6mnv git sg = 30r°pg + 6mm coy BT U-PM 272 (op) or v8 Tn where vis the terminal velocity, the constant velocity acquired by a body while moving through viscous fluid under application of constant force. ‘The terminal velocity depends directly on the square of the size (diameter) of the spherical ball. Therefore, if several spherical steel balls of different radii are made to fall freely through the viscous liquid then a plot of v vs r® would be a straight line as illustrated id The shape of this line will give an average value of vir? which may be used to find the coefficient of viscosity 1) of the given liquid. 7? _2_(o-p) V9 (elope of line) (i) n= Za(o-p) Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-4762345622° Experimental Skills Procedure 1. Separate a set of clean and dry stee! ball of different radi. The set should include four or five identical steel balls of same known radi (r,) 2. Fix a shor inlet tube vertically at the open end ofthe wide tube and with the help of forceps hold one of the balls of radius r, near the top of tube. Allow the ball ofall freely 3. Take two stop watches and start both of them simultaneously as the spherical ball passes through the rubber band P. Stop one of the watches as the ball passes through the band Q. Allow the second stop ‘watch to continue and stop it when the ball crosses the band R. 4, Note the times t, and t, as indicated by the two stop watches, t, is then the time taken by the falling ball to travel from P to Q and t, is the time taken by it in faling from P to R, If terminal velocity had been attained before the ball crosses P, then t, = 2t, Repeat the experiment for other balls of different diameters, Obtain terminal velocity for each ball Plot a graph between terminal velocity, v and square of the radius of spherical ball, 2. The slope of line and coefficient of viscosity is determined with help of equation (i) B Venus tid (Gheame) B EXERCISE 7 1. The viscous force on a ball of radius 1 mm moving through a liquid of viscosity 0.2 Nsim? at a speed of 0.07 mis is (1) 2.63% 104N (2 0.263N (8) 3.48% 104N (4) 0.348N 2. Twoballs of same material whose radii are in the ratio of 1 : 2 fall in a liquid. The ratio of their terminal velocities is given by (1) 2:3 2 1:4 @) 3:2 (4) 5:9 3. The correct dimensional formula of coefficient of viscosity is, @) IMUT] 2) IMUT] 8) MET] 4) [MT] 4. Choose the correct statement among the following (1) As temperature increases, the viscosity of liquid decreases (2) As temperature increases, the viscosity of gas increases (3) As temperature decreases, the viscosity of gas increases (4) Both (1) and (2) Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Experimental Skis 23 10. Ina Newtonian fluid, tangential stresses are set up (1) Due to strain (2) Due to pressure head (8) Due to rate of change of strain (4) Dueto velocity head Choose the correct expression for terminal velocity acquired by a body while falling through a viscous medium. (where symbols have their usual meaning) 2 2 ) Gye-elg @ F009 © §5(e-0)9 &) $5 (0-v)9 A graph is plotted between the square of radius a of a body and the terminal velocity v, acquired by the body while falling through a viscous medium. The slope of the graph is given by where terminal velocity is plotted along y-axis and square of radius of body along x-axis. (where symbols have their usual meaning) 2 3 (1) gqleP)9 @ glo-e)a 9 2 8) pAlo-P)9 4) gqlPte)9 liquid having coefficient of viscosity 1s filed in a container of cross-sectional area A. I viscous drag between two adjacent layer is F,, then velocity gradient is 0 2 ® aa o & o & 7A nA? The property of liquid by which it opposes the flow of iselfis called (1). Surface tension @) Bulk modulus @) Viscosity (4) Shear modulus Choose the correct statement among the following (1) The terminal velocity is directly proportional to square of radius of body. (2). The terminal velocity is inversely proportional to viscosity of medium 3) The terminal velocity is proportional to difference of densities of body and fluid (4) Allofthese Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-4762345624° Experimental Skills 8. Speed of sound It is a simple apparatus used to measure speed of sound in air with the help of a tuning fork of known frequency. The resonance column is an air column closed at one end. Its length is variable. It is based on the phenomenon of standing waves, AA vibrating tuning fork is held near the open end of the tube which is partially empty. The air-column vibrates with the frequency of tuning fork. As the length of air column is increased from zero onwards, a stage is reached when very intense sound is observed. At this stage the natural frequency of the air-column matches with the frequency of tuning fork. This state is known as resonance. At resonance, the vibration of air column can be like any of the following figures. air at room temperature using a resonance tube Arrangement : The arrangement is shown in the figure. It consists of a metallic tube and a connected glass tube, There is a reservoir containing water. This is connected to the metallic tube by a rubber pipe. Parallel to the glass tube is a scale to measure the length of air-column, Glass tube, = Board Reservoir Water ‘Screw Metallic tube —} Stopeock uber tube Leveling screw Fig. Procedure : Following steps are used in the experiment: 1. Hold the vibrating tuning fork at the open end of the column and start increasing the length of the air column by adjusting the height of reservoir. 2, Determine the first resonating length £,. This is the length at which an intense sound is observed. 3. Determine the second resonating length /,. This is the length at which an intense sound is observed again. 4. Compute the wavelength. It can be calculated as shown. From the figure-1, itis clear that ones i 3h, gte=F Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Experimental Skis 25 Here 2 is wavelength of sound and @ is end correction (height of the antinode above the open end) Subtracting (2-1, =4 (it) Using the formula v = F2, compute the speed of sound. Compute the end-correction. It can be calculated as shown. 7. Compute the error in end-correction by comparing it with Rayleigh’s formula © = 0.6 R, where R is radius of resonance tube. EXERCISE 8 The air column in resonance tube experiment behaves like (1) A closed organ pipe 2) An open organ pipe (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None of these In the resonance tube, an antinode is formed (1) Exactly at the open end @) Sighty above the open end 3) Slightly below the open end (4) Exactly at the closed end In resonance tube ifthe first resonating length is 20 cm then wavelength of sound wave used is (1) Equal to 80 cm (2) Slightly less than 80 cm 3) Slightly more than 80 om (4) Equal to 100 cm In resonance tube if the first resonating length is 20 cm, and the second resonating length is 62 cm then wavelength of sound is (1) 80 om (2) 84 om (3) 40 cm (@) 420m In resonance tube if the first resonating length is 18 om, and the second resonating length is 56 om then radius of the tube is. (1) tom (2) 3.33 em (8) 0.84 em (4) 1.67 em ‘The first two lengths of an air column, in a resonance column method, were found to be 23.2 cm and 76.4 ‘om respectively. The end correction for the tube is (1) 42cm Q 170m (3) 34cm (4) 6.8 om ‘The first two lengths of an air column, in a resonance column method, were found to be 27.2 cm and 84.4 ‘om, respectively. If it is known that velocity of sound in the laboratory is 332 mvs, then the frequency of the vibrating tuning fork is nearly (1) 290.2 Hz (2) 3904 Hz (3) 580.4 Hz (4) 190.6 Hz Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-4762345626 Experimental Skills 8 If an open organ pipe of fundamental frequency 2800 Hz dipped 30% in water then the new fundamental frequency produced is (1) 2800 Hz (2) 1400 Hz (3) 1000 Hz (4) 2000 Hz 9. Length of a resonance tube is 130 cm. Number of resonances possible for wave having frequency 400 Hz (speed of sound 320 mvs) will be ay 3 @ 4 (3) 5 a 7 10. A tuning fork of frequency 320 Hz is vibrated just above a cylindrical tube. The length of the tube is L = 100 cm. Water is slowly poured into the tube. The minimum height of water required for resonance is. (take velocity of sound in air = 320 mis) (1) 25m Q 75m (3) 50cm (4) 20m qgqaa Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Experimental Skis 27 Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures. Heat is a form of energy that transfers from higher temperature to lower temperature and it is measured in calories or joules. ‘The specific heat capacity is the property of the substance. It is defined as the amount of heat per unit mass absorbed or rejected by the substance to change ils temperature by one unit, Itis dependent on the nature of the substance and its temperature. Calorimetry ‘The branch of physics that deals with measurement of heat is called calorimetry. When two bodies having different temperatures are brought in contact, the heat lost by the hot body is equal to the heat gained by the. colder body, provided no heat is lost to the surroundings. A device in which heat measurement can be made is. called a calorimeter. (i) Specific heat capacity of given solid by method of mixtures Procedure : 1. Takea clean and dry empty calorimeter. 2. Weigh the empty calorimeter with the stirrer and lid using a weighing machine. Note this as mass m, of the calorimeter. Pour an adequate amount of water into the calorimeter such that itcan submerge the given solid. ‘Weigh the calorimeter with water and note its mass m, Measure the temperature of the water in the calorimeter using a thermometer. Wait tl the reading in the thermometer becomes stable. Note this as f, Remove the thermometer and take another thermometer and hang it from the laboratory stand. ‘Weigh the given solid using a weighing machine and note down its mass m, ‘Take a beaker and fil half of with water and place it on the wire gauze kept on a tripod stand. ‘Suspend the solid in the beaker containing water by tying the free end of the thread to a laboratory stand and. ensure that the metal attains the same temperature as the water on heating. 10. Boil the water with the solid suspended it with the other thermometer. it for about 5-10 minutes. Measure the temperature t, of the water 11, Remove the solid from boiling water by holding the thread tied to it and quickly put it in the water in the calorimeter. Replace the lid immediately. 12. Stir the water with the stirrer. Measure the final temperature of the mixture once it becomes constant on attaining equilibrium, Record this temperature as t,, Calculations Mass of the water in calorimeter (m,—m,) Change in temperature of water and calorimeter (t,—t,)= *c Change in temperature of solid (t,~ t,)= “c Heat lost by solid in cooling from f, to t, = Heat gained by water in raising its temperature from ¢, to f,+ heat gained by calorimeter in raising its temperature from t, tot kg (i) Specific heat capacity of given liquid by method of mixtures Procedure 1, Weigh the empty calorimeter with stirrer and lid, Note the mass m, of the calorimeter. Pour the given liquid in the calorimeter. Make sure that the quantity of liquid taken would be sufficient to completely submerge the solid init, Weigh the calorimeter with liquid along with the stirrer and the lid and note its mass m,, Place the calorimeter in its insulating cover, Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-4762345628 Experimental Skills 2. Take a metallic cyiinder whose specific heat capacity is known and weigh the solid with the physical balance and note down its mass m,, 3. Tie the solid tightly with the thread at its middle. Now suspend the solid in the beaker containing water by tying the other end of the thread to a laboratory stand. The solid should be completely submerged in water. Now heat the water with the solid suspended init. Measure the temperature ofthe liquid taken in the calorimeter, Record the temperature t, of the liquid Let the water in the beaker boil for about 5-10 minutes. Now measure the temperature t, of the water with the other thermometer and record the same. Holding the solid with the thread tied to it remove it from the bolling water, shake it to remove water sticking on itand quickly putit in the liquid in the calorimeter and replace the lid immediately. Stiri withthe stirrer. Measure the temperature of the liquid once equilibrium is attained, that Is, temperature of the mixture becomes constant, Record this temperature as t, Observations Mass of the empty calorimeter with stirrer (m,) Mass of the calorimeter with liquid (m,) Mass of solid (m,) Initial temperature ofthe liquid (t,) =k Temperature ofthe solid in boling water (t.) =K Temperature of the mixture (t,) ok ‘Specific heat capacity of material of calorimeter s, = J kg-1°C-1 (J kg K™ Specific heat capacity of solid (s,) Jkg kt Calculations. 1. Mass of the liquid in calorimeter (m,—m,)=...9=..kQ 2. Change in temperature of quid and calorimeter (t,— °c *c 3. Change in temperature of solid (t,— ty Heat given by solid in cooling from t, tot, Heat gained by liquid in raising its temperature from f, to f, + heat gained by calorimeter in raising its temperature from t, tof, img8,(tp- 4) = (m,—_m,) 8 (fy—b)+m,8, (-b) masala )— mills —t) _yygrtaget (mz =m) (ty — G) EXERCISE 9 1. The specific heat of a substance depends upon (1) Volume of substance (2) Mass of substance (3) Temperature of substance (4) Nature of substance 2. The flow of heat from one end at higher temperature to the end at lower temperature of a body is by the virtue of (1) Density gradient (2) Temperature gradient (@) Velocity gradient (4) None of these Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Experimental Skis 29 3. Which of the following statement correctly defines the specific heat of a substance? (1) The specific heat of substance is the amount of heat energy required to raise temperature of substance by one degree celsius. (2) The specific heat of substance is the amount of heat energy required to raise temperature of one gram of substance. (3) The specific heat of substance is the amount of heat energy required to raise temperature of one gram of substance by one degree celsius. (4) All of these: 4, According to the principle of calorimetry for an isolated system (1) Heat lest by part at higher temperature equals the heat gained by part at lower temperature (2) Heat lost by part at higher temperature is always less than the heat gained by part at lower temperature. (3) Heat lost by part at higher temperature is always more than heat gained by part at lower temperature (4) Heat lost by part at higher temperature is never equal to heat gained by part at lower temperature. 5. A sphere of aluminium of mass m, placed for a sufficient time in a vessel container boiling water, so that the sphere is at temperature T,. itis then immediately transferred to calorimeter of mass m, which contains water of mass m, at T,. The temperature of water attains a steady state temperature of T,.. Assuming S, and S, to be the specific heat for calorimeter and water the specific heat capacity of aluminum is iMpS4(Ts - Tz) + M3S2(Ts ~ To) o imgSq(T; =T3) + M3S2(Ts - To) m(T =Ts) @ (Ts =Te) ImyS3{Ty ~To) + mpSa(Ts To) a) MaSeTi=Ta)+ mS Ta) ig =T3) “ ‘m,(Ts —Ta) Which of the following conclusion can be drawn for the body of infinite heat capacity? (1) No change in temperature occurs whether heat is given in or taken out. (2) No heat is absorbed by such a system (3) No heat is rejected by such a system (4) All of these 7. Which of the following material is used in calorimeter? (1) Rubber Q Glass (3) Wood (4) Metal ‘The temperature of a mixture (1) Is never less than temperature of hotter body (2). Is never more than temperature of colder body (3) Can be more than temperature of colder body (4) May be more than temperature of hotter body 9. A-calorimeter of heat capacity 100 J/K is at room temperature of 30°C. 100 g of water at 40°C of specific heat 4200 Jikg-K is poured into caloriemeter. The final temperature of water in calorimeter is (1) 30°C (2) 42°C @ seorc @ 260 10. The SI unt of specie heat capacity is = ® eK al ) eek gaa Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-4762345630 Experimental Skills 10. The resi ity of the material of a given wire using a meter bridge. Meter bridge : The resistance of a metal wire depends on its length, area of cross-section and resistivity of the metal, The formula is t R=pt Pa Here, p is the resistivity. Its unit is @-m (ohm-meter). To measure its resistivity, we use a meter bridge. The working of a meter bridge is based on balanced Wheatstone bridge principle. The circuit shown is called Wheatstone bridge. When P_R GAS" there is no flow of current in the branch BD. ie., galvanometer shows zero deflection. Arrangement : The arrangement consists of a 100 cm long wire connected between A and C. It is tapped. at point B by a sliding contact called jockey. R is a known resistance. Sis the resistance wire whose resistivity is to be determined. A cell and a variable resistance R,, are connected to supply current in the circuit. R $ — a Pp Srey Q 100-1 100 er Ry \ 4) = aK, Procedure : Following steps are used in the experiment, 1. Plug the key and slide the jockey on wire AC to locate point B where the galvanometer does not show deflection. Note down the length ¢ 2. Compute the resistance S using the formula lp ol t P= Pee Xe Here, P= Pee % 100-4 = Pane A 3. Compute the value of $ by determining different values of length ¢. This can be done by using different values of R. 4. Calculate the percentage error in measurement of S. 5. Compute the resistivity by measuring length and area of cross-section of resistance wire S using the formula p=S4. Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Experimental Skills 31 EXERCISE 10 ‘The resistance of the conductor of unit length and unit area of cross-section is called (1) Conductance (2) Capacitance (3) Specific resistance (4) Conductivity ‘A meter bridge works on the principle of (1) Balanced Wheatstone bridge Q) Kirchhoff's voltage law (3). Kirchhoff current law (4) Principle of superposition 3. Choose the correct statement regarding meter-bridge: (1) Ameter bridge works on the principle of null-deflection, (2) The meter bridge usually consists of a wire of length 1 m and of uniform cross-sectional area, (3) The meter bridge is used for the precise measurement of low resistance (4) All of these In a meter bridge, there are two unknown resistances R, and R,, The ratio of R, and R,, if the galvanometer shows a null deflection at 30 cm from one end. () 2:7 @ 5:4 @) 3:7 (@) 2:9 5. Arresistance wire connected in the left gap of the meter bridge balances a 12 2 resistance in the right gap. This happens at a point where the bridge wire is divided in the ratio 2:1. Assuming length of wire to be 1 m, Calculate the approximate length of 1 resistance wire (1) 24cm Q 42cm (3) 6.1 em (@) 5.9m 6. In-an experiment to find the resistivity of material using meter bridge, the null point was found to be at 60 ‘om as shown. The value of resistance Q is P=60 ° ANN 60cm | wire joo _,| th (1) 29 (2) 42 @ 52 @ 69 7. In-an experiment to find the resistivity of material using meter bridge, the resistance of wire is 16 Q. The resistivity of material of wire of length 1 m and radius 1 mm is () 165* 107 am @ 162 104m @ 42x10" am @) 4n« 100m ‘The best material used for making connecting wires among given options is (1) Tungsten 2) ron (3) Nichrome (4) Copper Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-4762345632 Experimental Skills 9. The wire of meter-bridge needs to have (1) High specific heat and iow temperature coefficient of resistance (2) Low specific heat and low temperature coefficient of resistance (@) Low specific heat and high temperature coefficient of resistance (4) High specific heat and high temperature coefficient of resistance 10. The device used to measure small electric current in a circuit (1) Meter bridge 2 Voltmeter 8) Galvanometer (4) Resistance gaa Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Experimental Skis 33 11. The resistance of a given wire using Ohm’s law. According to ohm’s law, the current flowing through a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the ends of the conductor provided the physical conditions like temperature and mechanical strain etc are kept constant. V= IR, where R is a constant called resistance Arrangement : The figure shows the arrangement used to measure resistance of a wire. It consists of a cell of emf E, connected to a fixed resistance R and a variable resistance R,,. An ammeter is connected in the circuit to measure current / and a vollmeter is connected across the fixed resistance R to measure potential difference V, O7 p HAN R Ammeter (4) L_./, E Procedure : Following steps are to be followed. 1. Close the switch S and note down the readings of voltmeter and ammeter. Repeat the above process for different values of variable resistance Ry, Plot a graph between V and I by taking V along y-axis and / along x-axis. Slope or gradient of this graph is constant. This shows that V= / EXERCISE 11 1. The Ohm's law for a metallic conductor can be represented by Potential Difference Current Resistance (2) Current = Resistance * Potential difference Resistance (2) Curent = 5 ontial difference (4) Both (2) and (3) 2. According to Ohm's law current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends provided that (1) Temperature of the conductor remains constant (2) Dimensions of conductor remains constant (3) Temperature and physical conditions keep changing (4) Both (1) and (2) Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-4762345634° Experimental Skills 3. Choose the correct statement among the following (1). Resistance of a material is independent of current passing through it. 2) Resistance of a material is its tendency to oppose passage of free electrons (8) Every material generally has resistance (4) Al of these The resistance of a conductor increases with increase in (1) Current (2) Potential difference @) Temperature (4) Both (1) an (2) 5. The resistance of a wire depends on (1) Length of the wire (2) Area of cross-section of the conductor {)_ Nature of material and temperature across conductor (4) Allof these 6. An electrical instrument that is used for controling the current by varying the resistance is (1) Voltmeter 2) Ammeter 9) Galvanometer (@) Rheostat ‘Ammeter and voltmeter readings were recorded as 0.5 A and 1 V during the experiment to determine the resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law. The correct value of the resistance is, a 19 2 1059 @) 20 @) 450 & To measure potential difference across an element in a circuit (1) Voltmeter is connected in parallel to the element (2) Voltmeter is connected in series to the element (3) Ammeter is connected in parallel to the element (4) Ammeter is connected is series to the element 9. For the given V-I graphs it can be concluded that 0 @ ® (4) RRR, 10. The shape of V vs / graph for a ohmic conductor is (1) Parabola Q) Straight tine 3) Hyperbola (4) None of these Qgaa Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Experimental Skils | 35 12. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method. To determine the resistance of galvanometer and its figure of merit following circuit is used. The resistance Ris kept high so that deflection in galvanometer is less than its maximum value. Let the current through Gis |. Now key K; is closed and resistance $ is drawn from a resistance box in parallel with galvanometer ‘0 that deflection in the galvanometer becomes half. In this situation the current through galvanometer become 112, e KJ R Sok We can write the flowing equation for two cases E 4 ! (R+6) “ F ) 1 [en {gS 2) 2 |R+ Ws 4 Ww G+8)} Solving equation (1) and (2) for G, we get RS SRS Figure of merit : The current required for unit division deflection in galvanometer is called figure of merit 0 Rep k= where 0 = Deflection in the galvanometer when K, was open. EXERCISE 12 In half deflection method of determine resistance of Galvanometer, the follow circuit is used. =p2=—[ Ra, °K, ® 6 @ RB, : s ky ‘The resistance box 1 is set to resistance R and resistance box 2 is set to resistance S. Then (1). Both Rand S should have high values (2) Both R and S should have small values (8) R should be high but $ should be low (4) R should be low but $ should be high Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-4762345636 Experimental Skills 2. Which of the following is not the precaution in measuring the resistance of galvanometer by half deflection method? (1) Emfof the battery should be constant, while taking reading (2) Use as high value of R as practically possible (3) Adjust R such that deflection in galvanometer is of odd division (4) The current in the circuit should be put to very small values 3. In the half deflection method the galvanometer resistance G is equal to RS RS Res @) Ros @ &8 w BS RS RS 4. The figure of merit (k) of galvanometer is defined as (1). Current per unit defection (@)_ Deflection per unit current (@)_ Current X deflection 4). Voltage per unit deflection 5. Choose the correct statement among the following (1) Both miliammeter and microammeter have same resistance 2). Millammeter have higher resistance than microammeter @) Microammeter have higher resistance than miliammeter (4) Both miliammeter and microammeter have different but very high value of resistance 6 While finding the galvanometer resistance using half deflection method, a student got almost the same value of S, every time whatever be the value of R. He had set very high value to resistance box R. This is because E k, I . (1) The resistance box in which $ is there is faulty (2) Resistance of G is very low (9) In half deflection method R is very high and current gets divided between G and S. (4). The internal resistance of the de source varies with current flow 7. Inan experiment to determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method, the following circuit is used. In one set of readings, if R = 5002 and S = 502 then resistance of Galvanometer is E =r 6 AN Ss Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-4762345610. Experimental Skis 37 (1) 5059 @) 55562 @) 5259 @) 4752 In a circuit of finding the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method, a 6V battery and a high resistance of 11 k®2 is used. The figure of merit of the galvanometer is 60 wA/division. In absence of shunt resistance, the galvanometer produces a deflection of @ = 9 division, when current flows in the circuit. The value of galvanometer resistance is 4 on ght @ ZK 10 0.01 @ aK @) “Ke a In above question, the value of shunt resistance that can cause the deflection of > is (1) 5509 2) 2209 @) 559 @ 1109 The sensitivity of a galvanometer is 50 divisionfampere. When a shunt is used its sensitivity becomes 10 division/ampere. If the galvanometer resistance is 40 Q, the value of shunt resistance is, () 109 @ 8a @) 169 @) 209 gaa Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-4762345638 Experimental Skills 13. The focal length of; (i) Convex mirror (ii) Concave mirror, and (iii) Convex lens, using the parallax method To find the focal length of (i) concave mirror and (ii) convex lens When an object is placed at a distance u in front of a convex lens/concave mirror, it forms an image at a distance v from the lensimirror. The two values u and v are related to each other. 1 For a convex lens, the relationship is 1-4 wu For a concave mirror, the relationship is + ; vu Arrangement : The lens/mirror is fixed on an optical bench with a scale marked on it to measure the distance of object and image. The lens or mirror is fixed. There are two other stands in which two pin shaped objects are fixed. One of these is the object pin. This acts as an object. The other one is called image pin. It Is. used to locate the image position. When there is no parallax between the image pin and image seen in the lensimirror, the image pin represents the position of the image. Comexlens 4 y nao fe. + t 1, pica benen obietFin tend tae F optical bench + image pin object pin mirror stand +#—_——_ v1 Fig.: 2 Procedure : Following steps are to be followed. Fix the lens on the lens stand, 2. Place object pin in front of the lens. Measure the distance between the two. The value of u will be negative of the above distance. 3. Place the image pin on the other side of the lens at such a distance from the lens, so that there is no Parallax between image pin and image seen in the lens, The value of v will be the distance between the lens and image pin. 4. Compute the focal length of the lens using lens formula 1. v 5, Prot oraph between wand vand 2 and 2 Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Experimental Skis 39 For a convex lens, the shape of graphs obtained are shown. “TP i) 7 7 For a concave mirror, the shape of graphs obtained are shown. tT ci) In the u-v curve, we draw a line at 45° as shown in figure. This line intersect the curve at point P. PB and PA are parallel to axes. Here OA = OB = 2. So, focal =A length 1 = 94 To find the focal length of a convex mirror using a convex lens. [An object AB is placed at point infront ofa thin convex lens such that its real, inverted and magnified image AB" is formed at position C on the other side of the lens (Fig. (b)). Now a convex mirror Is introduced between the convex lens and point C and so adjusted that the real and inverted image A’ coincides with the object AB at point (Fig. (a)). This is possible if the light rays starting from the tip of tho object, after passing through the lens, fall normally on the reflecting surface of the convex mirror and retrace their path. The aistance PC is the radius of curvature Rand half oft would be the focal length of the convex mirror. That is, PC_R 2 2 Corporate Office: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005. Phone : 017-47629456