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Rer Unit 5 Koe 074 Notes
Rer Unit 5 Koe 074 Notes
CHAPTER 5
BIOGAS
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$ % $ %
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$ % /
$ %
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-
111
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H B.BF
# )
$9F% # $16F%
#
#
/ =
y z x y z x y z
-35 L x − − 35 − + -5 L + − -3
4 2 2 8 4 2 8 4
#
' 0 '
# '
Organic material
(biomass) slurry
Biogas
Digester
Biomass
slurry Digester
Pump (digestion effluent
Mixing slurry)
tank Oxidation
pond
Sludge
to drying
bed
Pump
Sludge
Figure 5.1 = (
+
$ %
#
#
3 9A
$ % 5
$ % )
$ % 3
) / /
$ %
/
$%
/
$ % 4
/ >
113
/ 4
4
D # 4/
$ % '
Gas holder
Figure 5.2 = (
115
Stirrer
Biogas
Feed slurry
Gas
Sludge
Gas
Inlet Digested
Gas holder slurry
mixing
tank
Masonry work
4
#
Stirrer
Cover Gas
Inlet Cover
mixing
tank
Gas Level of
slurry rises
Digester Displacement
tank
117
$ %
$ % #
$% #
119
0@-
19@- 5
3
=
$ %
$ % D D
$ % ! "
4 ' "
Gas
Generator
Turbine
Digester Boiler
Cold water
Pump
Figure 5.6 = (
) =
$ % 3 U
$ % 3 / U
$ % 2 #
U
$ % 2 ) / U
$% 2 ) U
$ % 2 / U
• " ' @
(9:3G* 833"
893G : @
8'G =3J
87J :B3 G'
- @
, C : .16. C 00 G
, C 6 : .01. : 6 C 0.A G
∴ / C 00 L 0.A
C 116 G
" @
- C 0. G
- C 9.F
- C 0. : .9
C 9 G
121
2.23
C
0.34 × 0.18 × 7
C 1 C
!1
- C : 9 C 71
2 # / C 71
" C 71 L 71 C A7
84
C C ..99 $ C 0.B. G%
1090
.
< C . : .99
C 6A
110
> ? $0.F # % C 6A :
100
C 717
$ % $ %
$ %8 $ % $% $ %
=
$ % H
$ % #
$ %
$ %
$ %
$ %
123
'
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( $
%
$# %
$# %
=
$ % 4 # 3 -5 -5 -3 +
$ % 4 /
$ % 4
$ 0...@-% #
)
* / /
$1.7.@-% $19. %
& !
/
=
$ %
#
25− 75°C
H L →
anaerobic digestion H $-3 ..F L -5 67.F%
$
L %
$ % % #
$ # -35% /
) $ % $3
7 % =
32°C
-35
fermentation
→ 1-353 L 1-5
7 #
•
Wood pieces
Air
Ash
Grate
Water seal
125
4
2
.F
*
# $
% $
9.F;"2%
.@-
A.01. ,
' B
Recirculate
Sewer
Leachate
collection
0 11 4
7. 0..01 / 068
01.
4 B.F
#
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(
$ %
# 4
)
$ % -5 +3
#
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$ % ; !
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#
$ % ; !
A.B.F
00.
$ % ;
J5 K
00. 2 6. ;>
2
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/
3
127
+
!
3
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$"&-%
$ %4
, /
CHAPTER 13
OCEAN T HERMAL ENERGY
dI
C
dy
1
2
# #
5-
' 060
Low pressure
steam
Air removed
Generator
Vacuum pump Low Turbine
at low pressure
pressure
evaporator
Flash
steam
Deaerator
Warm Condenser
water Cold
Water water Condensed steam
Warm water
Cold water
$ % #
' 061" )
5-
Vapour refrigerant
at high pressure
Turbine
Boiler
or heat Condenser
Liquid
exchanger
refrigerant
Water after
Cold water cooling
; 5-
=
$ % ' ;2 5-
$ % 4 . 2 + E 4 1. ;2
-
$ % 40.;2 - ( ..2
3 D I
$ % 40..2 H 4 0. ;2
>
$% 4 11 2 5- - 0B6.
$ % 4 0. ;2 5- ,
$ % 4 0 ;2 5- *
CHAPTER 12
WAVE ENERGY
2
>
2 #
0
2
2
2 0.
0..;4
0 2G ... ;
· !
· ) & '
· ! @
2S 2S
C ×x−
×t
O 7
2
2
y w
Crest a
x
1 1 a 3
3
Trough
4
4
l
(a) (b)
! (+,$ +,! (
2 C 0 C C .R
O
0! C
4
T
0!
2S g
C
Z2
2S 2S O
C C
Z g
C 006
O 2S
C C
7 Z
∴ C
Z ×O
2S
$ C .%
- +0 5
y
( C ( C . T
2
y
( C 5+0 . T
2
1
C &.&5&&+0
2
1 2S
$ .5%& $0% +0 C
2 O
1 O
( C
2
.5 ∫0 a 2 sin 2 ( kx ) dx
1 O 1 − cos 2 ( kx)
2
.5
∫0 2
+0
O
1 1
kx − 2 sin 2 ( kx)
C .5
4k 0
1
C .5
4
1
( C . $5%
2
1
C .
2
PE 1
C C .
A 4
7
0!
/
3 =
KE 1
C .
A 4
%
TE PE KE
C +
A A A
1 L 1
. .
4 4
1
C .
2
P TE
C
A A ×T
1
H C 4 /
f
P TE
C ×f
A A
P 1 U ga 2
C :
A 2 T
1
C . 4
2
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,' 839< 'G3
C 0 :
C 0 : 0.
C 0
+
O
C
T
156
C
10
C 0 G
4
+ C C 1
2
2 /
1 1
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2
C 1.00. EG
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C 1.00. : .0
C 1.00. 2G
·
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· '
2
2 3
=
5 $ %
$ 7. % $ % 5
$ % $ % $ %
*
' 011
"
Air in Float
Compressed
Anchor air storage
cylinder
' 016
4
Reservoir
Piston moves
up and down
Water Water
in out
!
$ %
#
#
#
(
#
Water
motion
in trough
Water
Motion
motion
in peak
Motion
Motion of
Stationary connecting rod
generator Floating
generator
Connecting
rod
Wave
Motion
of float
2
3
CHAPTER 10
TIDAL POWER
' 0.0
Low tide
Moon
Earth
High tide
High tide
Low tide
. (
4 17 . #
R
01 1
11 # 17
5
$' 0.1%
Tidal
range Sea level
Low tide
Tidal cycle
(12 h 25 mm)
(
2 ' 0.6
#
Earth Sun
2 ! ! ' 0.7
+
First quarter
Sun
Third quarter
New moon First quarter Full moon Third moon New moon
&
· @
'
· &
> 01 1 #
Area A
Sluice
dh
Range R
Reservoir Ocean
( C +.)
C $ )% : . : )
R 1
( C ∫0 U A.g.h.dh C
2
U AgR 2
10
( C . ∫ hdh
3
1 91
C U gA[102 32 ] C U gA
2 2
E
( C C
t
C 01 C 116. "
=
$ % %
$ % )
$ % ,
$ % $ %
$ %
=
$ % ,
$ % "
/
$ % !
$ % !
$% !
#
"
>
"
G
' 0.9$%
' 0.9$%
2
' 0.9$ %
'
Sea
Basin Sea Basin
(a) (b)
Filling Emptying
Sea
Basin Sea Basin
(c)
(+, +, + ,>
(
$' 0.A%
5
2
Powerhouse
Sea with turbines
Dam and generators
=
$% , I $, %
$ % , I $, %
$ % " $2 H %
$ % , - $, %
$% ( - $2 H %