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RER UNIT 5 KOE-074 notes

Renewable Energy Resources (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University)

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

CHAPTER 5
BIOGAS

  


(                
H            H    
                       3    
             
            H 
      0F         H         
            
            $ 
       %   /    $      %

  
·%&                

·           

(                 
              #       
           



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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

  107

               


                  =
-5 L 35 L      C -35 L 5
                         
  
-  L 5 C -5 L   L  

&         


                        
     (                 .7   .9 µ
          $(4&%     
       $ %   (4& .F      $ %A.F   
(4&            $ %1AF  
         $ % 7.F           
              =
 C 0.. : .. : .A : .1A : ..
C 9F

    !  ! 


             =
$ %     1. 6.@-      #  
 
$ % -         #            
$ % -      #          
$ % 2              
$%                      (4&  
   

 
•                 
H     !         #    
          
H         ;       
               /       

 7 
•                   
                         
  

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108     

0 
                >             
                  01. ;EG

! 
        )                 
         6. ;EG -             

0   
'           
  

& ! 
                           
             $-353%      /    
        9A@-         1B ;EG

& 
H              $          
  %                         
                4      
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        #       
#          >    
                 
               
  $ %  $-3%9F$ %   # $-5%16F $ %8
                      
   16;EG           
-   

  
              $     
           %         
                         
    0BF    #  0AF   0F    00F    # 
         -    
                 !    

&  
                
       H                 
/           !       
       

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

  109

 7   
•                      
                      / 
                      

0  
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                      -    
                    

    
"                         
                        
              

   
               
$ %       $ %   $     %  
    $ %   $        % 
    

2 
D               $;"2%      /   
,                         
 

/ 
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•                

 
$%         
$ %              /  
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$ %                  

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

110     

$ %          


$ %                      
#  
$ %         
$ %              
$ %      /     

  
•     
H                
                     
    ..F     67.F    #  F      
      ;        
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            -   

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  4            

 ,  . - 


• %&       

•                 
  

•                  
      

• %&                        
            

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

  111


•                       

•                     

•        '   
H      B.BF        
         #  )   
            $9F%      #  $16F% 
          #    
  #                     
                        
     
   /              =
 y z x y z x y z
-35 L  x − −   35   − +   -5 L  + −   -3
 4 2 2 8 4 2 8 4

       /        =


$-35% L 35  6  -5 L 6 -3
     /                     
                         
                  
                            
              
#      )       .9F   
            
               
  =
$ %              $ #     
    %        $ %   
  "      $%        
$ %                  1@-
$ %                   
                        
1@-                  # 
$ %    4                   
       1           1@-

#  
              '   0 '          
   #   '          

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

112     

Organic material
(biomass) slurry
Biogas

Digester
Biomass
slurry Digester
Pump (digestion effluent
Mixing slurry)
tank Oxidation
pond
Sludge
to drying
bed

Pump

Sludge
Figure 5.1 =   (

+               
          $ %
  #               
                    
                     # 
                        
   3                  9A

         
$ %          5    
            
$ %                )  
   
$ %                    3 
  )              /     /  
$ %                
             /        
$%              
 /            
           
$ % 4                     
              /    >       
 

   


                          
                         

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  113

 /     4          
                
     4                   
  D                 #  4/ 
        $ %         '     
                     

0    !        


               =
$ % ,    4                  
1.@-
$ %  4    0.              
       
$ %              #           
                      
             B0.F
$ %     3                    
 $  %>       3   9
                 
$% )     4                  
                          
      !          
$ %       -            
-                        
       #       " 
                        
      
$ % !                         
               
              
$ % /&      ; #         #  
                       
       
$ #% $                    
                       
6.8 8.           $     %      
&               9.A.F         
$#% ,&              
        
$# % ,                      
              
                       

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

114     

      7 ) 


•            %&      

• #                          

•               

• %&                   

•              1       

• %&          &              
  

•                        &  
      

H                   


            $ %                
$ %8 #           

& ! 


4                         
                
                         A0. 
                7..      
    4                  
3                   ..  >  
       '  1         
             

Gas Gas Gas


Floating Floating Floating
cover cover cover

Gas holder

Digester 1 Digester 2 Digester 3

Figure 5.2 =         (

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

  115

    3. 3


              /             
                          
                       
             
             
           '  6  
   #            
                  
 /       

Stirrer
Biogas

Feed slurry
Gas

Sludge

Figure 5.3      (

0     


                  
                     '   7

Gas
Inlet Digested
Gas holder slurry
mixing
tank

Masonry work

Figure 5.4 '   (

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

116     

                         
                 
               
                       
                      4 
                        
    #             

0$      


                 
     #                  '    
        #        #            
      4               #      
         #                 
       #                      
                              #
                        
  4     #       
                   
                    0         
               

Stirrer

Cover Gas
Inlet Cover
mixing
tank

Gas Level of
slurry rises

Digester Displacement
tank

Figure 5.5 '#  (

      $     


            #            0

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

  117

TABLE 5.1           #   

 $  " ( "


/             /           
                 
           3     
  #       >    #   #       
        
         >          
   
              
  
                
0                
  
            
    
/      /       (

             


     =
$% 3                
$ % +   
$ % -      
$ % +     #  
$% +  /          
        
$ % "     
      =
$ %                
$ %                 
$ %   /      

        $     


     =
$%      
$ %        
$ %           
$ %   /      
      =
$ % ,               
$ %          

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

118     

$ %                 
$ %        #  
$%    #    

 ,33    7  &  


•            "  

        =


$ % "   ;  .F   # 7.F    
       
$ % "    -     0.  G  71.  G
$ % !              4G'    19   
$ % "     &     /   99  G    AF   
       -           
-  3           
       -              $         
 %          #            0.F     
   -                
 0.F               

 +  7 ) 


• #               

>           =


$ % -                   $I<-   
  %
$ % -     #     $- %
$ % '#            
$ %           $+%
$% !          $(   %
$ % E           $  %
$ % I    <       -    $I<-% 
$ % (  &   4   >     $(&4>% 
$ #% 4"&4 $4     "         & 4% 
$#% ,  

! 7 )  ,


•                  @        
               !  
                         
              

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

  119

              0@-       
              19@- 5      
                     3  
          =
$ %                        
                  
    
$ % D    D          
        
$ % !      "            
      
4                 '    "  
                          
                    
Gas
Generator
Turbine
Digester Boiler

Cold water

Pump
Figure 5.6 =       (

" 7')   - 


• %&                   

 !           '   9


Properties Uses

Gas Biogas Combustible gas


Fiberous Scum Insulator

Liquid Supernatant Biologically active

Solid/liquid Effluent Fertiliser

Solid Inorganic solids Waste

Figure 5.7 =       (

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

120     

$ 4    7 )


•                   

                 =


$ % >            06              
 
$ % *               
$ % 2                      
$ %           #              
        1   9@-
$%                         
        

6 1 7 )


•             &   1      

            )       =
$ % 3                  U
$ % 3       / U
$ % 2              #  
   U
$ % 2     )           / U
$% 2       )           U
$ % 2    /                  U
• "          '  @   
   (9:3G*   833"      
893G :     @        
      8'G      =3J  
    87J               :B3 G'

-  @   
,    C  : .16. C 00 G
,     C 6 : .01. : 6 C 0.A G
∴    /   C 00 L 0.A
C 116 G
" @   
-     C 0. G
-      C 9.F
-       C 0. : .9
C 9 G

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

  121

2        $0AF% C .0A : 9 G


,    $67. G% C .67 : .0A : 9 G
,        C  : .67 : .0A : 9
/        /     
.67 : .0A : 9 :  C 116

2.23
 C
0.34 × 0.18 × 7

C 1 C  
!1    
-     C  : 9 C 71 
2    # /  C 71 
"  C 71 L 71 C A7 

84
C  C ..99  $   C 0.B. G%
1090
            . 
<     C . : .99
C 6A 

110 
>  ?   $0.F # % C 6A : 
100
C 717 

* ) .      = 7 


·                    
   -     

;            


    =
$ % ,     
· (                   
· *                       
·             
· D                       

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

122     

$ % !     


· 2             
    )  
· *             
· *              
$ %      
· >              
· *             
· D          
· >               
· *                     

                  
                           

    7 ) 


•               

                         
              $ %    $ %        
$ %8     $ %         $%          $ %   
             
         =
$ % H                          
      
$ %    #                    
                  
$ %                          
 
$ %                   
                 

       


• %&         '   

                    $ %      
$ %               
        
   
                              
                    

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  123

        '         
                        
                 

%!  !  
                         
     (     $
  %                         
            $# %
              $# %
              
   =
$ % 4    #       3 -5 -5 -3   +
$ % 4  /                           
$ % 4     
              $ 0...@-% #     
                
                )  
* /          /       
$1.7.@-%       $19.  %

& !  
                   
      /                  
         =
$ %                  
                       #  
         
25− 75°C
H  L    →
anaerobic digestion  H  $-3 ..F L -5 67.F%

          $
L %        
$ % %               #
  $ #           -35%  /       
   )   $    %        $3 
   7   %             =

32°C
-35 
fermentation
→   1-353    L   1-5
     

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124     

 7 #   
•                   

H                   


         #      #          
 #            
                              
                            
                    
              9F         
        $ % #    $ % # 
   $ %         $ %   )             
  4    #             '   A

Wood pieces

Drying zone (350°)

Pyrolysis zone (350–600°)


Producer
gas Oxidation zone (1000–1200°)

Air

Ash
Grate
Water seal

Figure 5.8 )      (

   (  =.   .4   


• %&             
/!      (   *    /!
                 

;   $;"2%          


H                      
            
                   
                            

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

  125

     4             
                           
         2         
                     
         .F             
*              
  #              $ 
  %           $
9.F;"2%             
   .@-                        
   A.01.      ,
         '   B

Future landfilling Gas collector


Gas placed horizontally

Recirculate

Sewer

Leachate
collection

Double composite layer


(plastic liner + clay)
Figure 5.9    (

     0        11 4  
7.      0..01   /   068 
             01. 
4 B.F              
           #    

 ) 8#     4>  


•                  
          )       
                            
                       
"        

"                 
              /     
                             
 

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

126     

-                          
                
             (            
         $   %  
               
                       
          # 4   
    )           
$  %              -5   +3     
                           
             #              
$&H-%                 )
    
              /  =
$ % ; !         
                       
     (                       
               
           #    
  
$ % ; !                     
                 
       A.B.F              
00. 
$ % ;                      
                           
 J5    K                  
                     
           00. 2   6. ;>   
 

 7   -( 3   )  


•           

· %                
    "        

2                            
                       "    
                           
                 /         
                        
  3               

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

  127

                    
                       
                 
                 +       
         !            
           3   
      "         !  
     $"&-%                     
      $    %4   
                             
,                           / 
                       
             

 7  )  & 


•               

          7.              ...         / 


                       
        5               
             !  
             "                
                              
         #  H                 
      /       /    
                          
                 09.. ;2      
       -   70;2        
      ;+"                    
                   
     0B.. ;2                  
06 ;2                       
     F                  
                            
             
H                      
                        
                      
          ;    
         A ;2           4
01.             
  

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

CHAPTER 13
OCEAN T HERMAL ENERGY

  


5                         
               
                          
                           
     $5-%            
                           
4        1.@- /        
               

 '        


 
· %&     '       +,%"  

·                     

5                         4 


                       
                          
                          
      "          
    * ?     4           /   

 

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

232     

               


         $%    $%     
  =

dI
 C 
dy

               C .


           
5      
 C 6m#
           #     $%
;                     
  #    #          
      #         
                         
                            
                             
                  
               19@-            7@-      
                        
 4                               
           -       
    
T1 − T2
 C
T1
          I            I 
      C 19@-    C 9@-  
(27 + 273) − (7 + 273)
C
(27 + 273)
C 9F
                 
                           
 1.1@-      #          
           #     
                            
    5-       
                             
          

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

      233

         


•         +,%"              '  
  

•     +,%"        '  
      

5-                  


 -               4    

1   
2              
                       
                      
    #       #            
                       
                       5-   
   '   060

Low pressure
steam
Air removed
Generator
Vacuum pump Low Turbine
at low pressure

pressure
evaporator
Flash

steam

Deaerator

Warm Condenser
water Cold
Water water Condensed steam

Warm water

Cold water

 .   .% (

   
                         
$    %                  # 
                
                       

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

234     

  '  061"        )     
  5-  

Vapour refrigerant
at high pressure
Turbine

Boiler
or heat Condenser
Liquid
exchanger
refrigerant
Water after
Cold water cooling

    .% (

   


• #                 

;                 5-   
               =
$ % '        ;2 5-      
$ % 4 . 2                +    E 4   1. ;2
              - 
$ % 40.;2     -  (     ..2   
     3         D  I 
$ % 40..2             H 4   0. ;2   
      > 
$% 4 11 2 5-     -       0B6.
$ % 4 0. ;2 5-     ,       
$ % 4 0 ;2 5-         *       

     


•            +,%"  

•    I       +,%"  

•                           
+,%"

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

      235

    5-   =


$ %                         
 
$ %               
$ %              /        
#       
$ %   !  5-        
   
$%                     
$ %        )                 
    5-     =
$ % 4    #          
          3   )
                /  
$ %                        
 
$ %                    
$ %  ) #          
  
$%          
$ % * !             / 
$ %                         / 
             
      
$ %                /          
           
$ #%         /                 
 
                 5-     =
$ %      $     %              
$ %                   
    
$ %       /               
          
$ %     #               
                

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

CHAPTER 12
WAVE ENERGY

   
2                   
>                          
             
            2     #     
           0     
2                
                       
                    2  
                
            2       0.        
     0..;4           
0 2G          ... ;

       
· !                       

· )    &        '       
      

· !                 @        
              


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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

     

D      #                      


                         

             
    '  010   
             4    
       /   $4%    $%   $ %   $%  
 2S  2S 
$%    /    Z =       k =  4     
 W   O 
    $  0!# %                   
   $   %                
          /   =
 C    $0   %

2S 2S
  C     ×x−

×t
 O 7 

2
2
y w
Crest a
x
1 1 a 3
3
Trough
4
4
l
(a) (b)
  !   (+,$   +,!  (

2   C    0 C     C .R              
O
       0!         C
 4     
T
0!                        

2S g
 C
Z2
2S 2S O
   C  C
Z g
  C 006 

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

    

           =

O 2S
 C    C
7 Z

∴  C
Z ×O
2S
             
 

    
                         $ C .%
-                    +0      5 

<     C 5+0

2      C 5+0 : .

y
(     C  ( C . T
2

y
  ( C 5+0 . T
2

1
C  &.&5&&+0
2

1 2S
  $ .5%&    $0% +0   C
2 O

1 O
( C
2
 .5 ∫0 a 2 sin 2 ( kx ) dx

1 O 1 − cos 2 ( kx)

2
 .5 
∫0 2
 +0

O
1  1 
 kx − 2 sin 2 ( kx) 
C .5 
4k 0

1 
C  .5
4

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

     

      


C 5

1
( C . $5%
2

1
C . 
2
PE 1 
  C         C   .
A 4

7    
                        
              0!           
             / 
3          =

KE 1 
C .
A 4

%   
TE PE KE
C +
A A A
1  L 1 
  . .
4 4
1 
C .
2

  
             

P TE
C
A A ×T

1
H  C   4   /  
f

P TE
 C ×f
A A

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

    

P 1 U ga 2
 C :
A 2 T
1
C . 4
2
• B   83 )        
,'        839< 'G3

,    C 0.  1  C 7     C 0.1 G

 C 0 : 
C 0 : 0.
C 0 
+        
O
 C
T
156
C
10
C 0 G

4
+ C  C 1 
2
2 /    
1 1
4 C  C  C .0
T 10
         
E 1 
C .
A 2
1
C : 0.1 : BA0 : 1 EG
2
C 1.00. EG
(     

P E
C  : 4
A A
C 1.00. : .0
C 1.00. 2G

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

     

        
·                      
%&     '               

·          '        
 

2              
                  
2        3     
  =                           
      5                $ %   
    $     7. %   $ %     5        
         $ %      $ %       $ %    
     

*  
                         
                    
                    '   011        
     "                  
                          
        

Air in Float

Piston moves up and


down with float
Air pump

Compressed
Anchor air storage
cylinder

  '        +,(

                            
       '  016     
           4                


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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

    

Reservoir

Piston moves
up and down

Water Water
in out

  '     (

 !
             $    %
                         
    #               
       #      
                         
        #             
                  (      
         #            

Water
motion
in trough

Water
Motion
motion
in peak
Motion

             (

*   ! 


                 
 #   4       
               
                         
                          
       '   01

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

     

Motion of
Stationary connecting rod
generator Floating
generator
Connecting
rod

Wave
Motion
of float

  >                (

 ,(  -(   ( 


·                  

     =


$ %              
$ %       
$ %                         
           
$ % 2                      
$% 2            #      +  
   / 
      =
$ % "           /              
$ % ;          
 
$ % 2                
$ % "                     
$%               
$ % &                 
$ % (                        
                 
$ %                       
  /             
$ #%              
·                 

2                
              
     3           
       

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lOMoARcPSD|24081892

CHAPTER 10
TIDAL POWER

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Earth Sun

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