Igneous- Magma crystallization (melting)

Sedimentary- Erosion, transportation, deposition

- Physical weathering
- Frost wedging, thermal expansion, biological activity (animal or plant)
- Chemical weathering
- Dissolving, oxidation, hydration
Metamorphic- Burial (pressure) and temperature (heating)

Minerals
- Polymorphs
- 2+ minerals with the same chemical composition but different structure
- silicates 90% of earths crust
- Light+ dark silicates
- Non silicates economically important

Igneous
- Magma
- Crystalizes (forms a solid from a gas or liquid)
- Volatiles
- Gaseous components
- Water vapor, CO2
- Extrusive
- Forms at the surface
- Aphanitic
- Fine grained
- Rapid cooling
- Intrusive
- Crystallized underground
- Comes to the surface through erosion or uplifting
- Phaneritic
- Coarse grained
- Porphyritic
- Mix of coarse (phenocrysts) and fine grain (groundmass)
- Felsic (light), Intermediate (medium), Mafic (dark)
Sediment
- Regolith
- Makes up sedimentary rocks
- Fossils, coal etc.
- Clastic
- Loose rock fragments (clasts) cemented together
- Weathering→ erosion→ transportation→ deposition→ lithification
- Compaction or cementation
- Conglomerate
- Round gravels
- Breccia
- Angular gravels
- Sandstone, shale
Metamorphic rocks
- Protolith
- Parent rock
- Gets heated and pressured
- Foliated
- Parallel alignments
- High grade
- gneiss
- Non foliated
- No layering
- Low grade
- shale
- More temperature + pressure = higher grade + foliation
- Regional
- Large scale
- Converging plates
- Contact
- Small scale
- Low grade