Module 2: kinetics

chapter 13
Module 3 :
Chemical Equilibrium
chapter 14
Module 4 Acid: Base equilibria

BA AD
chapter is
-

: : :: e
Module 4 acid-base equilibria -

Acids -
provide Htcaa, ions in water complete dissociation incomplete dissociation
Bases Provide OH can ions in Strong acid l base acid base
-

water weak or
.
- .

neutralization reaction :

Ht H2O ( e )
-

lag) + OH caa) →

weak acid :

+
HA ( age) t Hz Ou) F A- Cag ) t 1430 Caa )

[ A ] [1430-1] [ A ] ( Hzot )
-

Kc constant
-

= H2o

ka
=
'
( H2O ) ( HA ) CHA)

strong acids :
ka >> I lionize complete )
Bronsted lowry acid -

Ht ion donor weak acids :

Kall ( partially ionize)

Bronstead lowry base -

Ht ion acceptor

o BA -

AD
C C O
a

s c i n
e
e da
s P
s t
t e

conjugate pairs :

HNO zcaq)
t H2O ( i) S H 307am t NO z Cag)

(acid) (conj .
)
base
 -

pKa = -

log ( ka)

percent ionization :

-1 ionization =
molarity of ionized acid
100%
.

×
initial molarity of acid

T l Ionization stronger the acid

'

weak bases :
'
Beag) 142011 ) F BH OH
- -

t + Caa)
can
-

Kb But ][ OH T T Kb stronger base

-

- = =

( B] d Pkb =
Stronger base

Pkb =
109 ( Kb)
.
-

ka -

Kb =
Kw

Acid -
Base Properties of salts

-
Module 5- aqueous equilibria
Buffers :
-

San .
PH changes after adding small Amrit's of acids 1 bases
,
acid 's
}
must contain a weak + it's con base
strong ! !
.

can 't be
.

of a weak base + it 's conj .

acid

henderson -

hassel batch buffer equation :

buffer range t capacity :

buffer range = PKa I 1 leg .

When CAIKHA] between

0.1 and 10 )

capacity =
quantity of acid l base that a buffer can

neutralize in pH range

T CA Ii CHAT i
-

-
and less change in pH
,

acid base titrations : pH -

pKa t 109 CAT
.

equivalence Pt :
Pt .
when acid and base have CHAI
been consumed
.

endpoint : Pt . When stop adding reactant

( titration is )
over

usually use indicator

titration of weak acid it strong base

-

if strong base is limiting → butter

(some weak acid → con's base)

.

equal amnt → son .

Of conj . base by itself
( Kb Problem)
-

strong base in excess → some strong base + weak base

( PH dominated by strong base leftover )

titration with multiple equivalence points Arrhenius :
.

acids = proton donors

-

bases =
hydroxide donors

Bron steal Lowry

.
acids =
proton donors
.

bases =
proton acceptors

Lewis
-

acids =
electron acceptors
.
bases =
electron donors

solubility equilibria

T Ksp ,
T soluble the salt

factors affecting solubility

-

common ion effect :

will it precipitate
.

pH

add acid ( Ht ) reacts at basic anion :

,
Module 6 thermo chem.i -

dynamics
-

Work =
Force .
distance 1st law of thermodynamics
=
F d E =
q t w

q MCDT
-

-_
- change in
MYS (
( temp (Tf )
'
.

15=1 Nim =
1kg -
-

Ti
heat

Yaffa fig If'm:} Pm:Ena

-
OE =
E final -

E initial units :

=
E products -
E reactants ,

.
DE suis = -

osurr 510C } mmiaxeoitais

↳ syst .
loses energy

Sarr .
gain energy

Work =
F 'd
=
pressure .

area -

distance
W = -

p v

<

I Atm L .
=
101.325J

enthalpy .

9cal = -

qrxn
=
Coal .
T

-
P =
constant .

qrxn =
Erxn
-

H =
enthalpy
H =
E t PV

pressure -

volume
at constant p :

OH
-
-
OE t POV =
( qp t w) t POV =
( qptw) -

W =
qp

OH > O ( positive) → endothermic constant pressure calorimetry

.

syst .
absorbs heat from surroundings 9 son =
Msdn '

Cs , son
.
DT
-

feels cold Grin = -

950in
OH C O ( negative) exothermic OHr×n= qp gun
=
→

.
syst .
releases heat to surroundings
'

feels hot

multiply rxh . by n s multiply OH by h

.

reverse rxn →
change OH sign

enthalpy change for a reaction

spontaneous processes non -
spontaneous
-

process that occurs w/o outside intervention .

process occurs as long as energy continually
ex .
discharging battery added to system

burning hydrogen to form water ex . Charging battery

.

amnt of entropy T electrolyzing water into Hz and Oz

entropy ( s )
-

how dispersed 1 disordered

Dsuniv =
Dssys + Dssurr 7 O
DS =
Grew

T
-

grew =
flow of heat for reversible process

entropy t as temp T (S T TT )
entropy d as temp t ( Sd as Td )
entropy T as molecular structure T

LD S @ Hy) ( S¢H3CHzCHzCH3)

calculating Osrxn ( entropy changes )

Llsrxn =
Dssys =
S final -
S initial

Dsrxh =
E n products 5 products -

{ n reactants [ reactants

gibbs free energy ( G)

-

Max .
energy available / free for system to do work on surroundings

OG =
OH -
TOS

adjusting free energy for real conditions

Of L O spontaneous .
depends on rxh .
conditions relative to standard States
:

OG > O non -

spontaneous D Grxn =
Dborxn + RT th Q

OG =
O equilibrium .

when rxn .
at equilibrium :

0Grxn=0 and Q
-
-
K
0%

' D
calculating
-

0 Gun OG°r×n= -
Rtlnk er K -
-

En Ih Grin =
prod .
0 Got ,
prod -

react .
OGI , react to 0 Grin =
large POS .
then K =
very small

( favours reactants)

0Gr×n under non -

standard conditions bGixn= large neg . then K -
-

large

DGrxn=0G°rxn + RTLHQ ( favours products)

Dforxn =
change in Gibb 's free energy ( under standard Lond .
) Ofixn no then K -
- moderate

R -
-
gas constant ( 8.314 Tlmotk ) ( equilibrium )
T
-
-
temp . ( K)
Q =
rxh . quotient
equilibrium & temperature

0 Go T 05
°
=
OH -

In K =
-
G

RT

Ohio (f) of
ink -
-

+
-

( Ky ) get ( j )
th "

,
=

.
-

j
,
van 't hot tea .

I
Module 7- Ekochemistry

}
Pbis, -121-1-1 can Pb "ca
REDOX REACTIONS
→ this> +
,
( o) (1-1) ( o) (2-1)
rehaucfionihxiaafion -2 .

transfer of e-
-

results in changes in

Oxidation Reduction .

oxidation state of Pb has T the oxidation state

Oxidation state of H hast
Is
.

Is example
:

L
"

Cu "caq)
Gain Zncs) + →
Cues) +
Zn
055 can

}
}
2ms) → Zn
"
can
+ He oxidation
half rxn
,
,
-

oxidation loses e- so state T Cu "caq, + et →

Cues, } .

reduction

gains e- stated Cu "caa, }

"
.

reduction so 2ms, -1 → Cues, + Zn can redox rxn

oxidizing agents ( oxidant ) reducing agent ( reductant ) example

reduces others reducing agent agent
oxidizes others
noxiayizing
'
•

~
oxidation state I Oxidation state T
",aq,
-

Mnoicaq, Minyan 241am

.

5 V0 -1 + thou , → 5 Voicaa) + -1

gains e- -

loses e- +7 , -2 +1
+4 +5 , -2 +2
.

z
+1
-

z
-

,
,

gets reduced .

gets oxidized i

acidic 501h .

I oxidized

basic 501h .
I

ELECTRODES
.

anode cathode
electrochemical cells -

oxidation occurs .

reduction occurs

voltaic ( galvanic) cell electrolytic cell .

anions attracted to it .
cations attracted to it

produces electrical current .

consumes electrical current .

POS .
end of battery .

neg .
end of battery
-

from spontaneous rxn .

.

drive a non -

spontaneous rxh .
.

loses weight .

gains weight
" " " "

an ox red cat

cell potential ( Eee ) "

 / // ( uYaq, / Eden

EY-inai-EFnitiait-oceu-EIathode-t-oanodez.ee
2h ( s) 2h21am Cues ) =

2) cathode to Pos .
E°ceu =
spontaneous

CuYaq, Cues ) Elen spontaneous

2h21am
-

Ze → neg = non
Zncs) +
-

→ + .

salt bridge

cuiaii,
-

cues → + ze

oxidation ↳ loss of e-
anode

}pos .

( cathode) * for voltaic cell

is
electrolytic

µ
OPP .

yn.ae,
.