The Catholic Tradition

Story & Structure II

Week 11
 AGENDA
I. Introduction
II. The Rise of Islam
III. Relationship with the Churches of the East
IV. Internal Crusades
V. Persuasion: The Preaching/Mendicant Orders
VI. Calls for Church Reform (13th - 15th cent.)
VII. Conclusion
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I. INTRODUCTION
• Religions are born and develop within history
• Contribute to shape of surrounding culture
• Shaped by those cultures

beliefs
politics technology
understandings
trade
INFLUENCE
economics

practices
geography language
migration
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I. INTRODUCTION
• Relationship with the “other”
force
• non-Christians
• non-Catholic Christians persuasion

• non-conforming Catholic Christians

• Investiture Controversy
• Concordat of Worms, 1122
• Pope’s position strengthened INNOCENT III
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I. INTRODUCTION
• Apex of papal power
• King of England - surrender England to pope
• Chose the next emperor — Otto IV
(1198-1216)
• Abolished secular taxes on clergy
• Imposed papal taxes - clergy & laity
• Expanded canon law
• Expanded Vatican bureaucracy INNOCENT III
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 God
I. INTRODUCTION
Pope
• Lateran IV
King
• Clerical reforms, theology, clergy & laity
• Inquisition • Cathars and Waldensians
(1198-1216)
“Just as the moon derives its light from
the sun and is indeed lower than it in
quantity and quality, in position and in
power, so too the royal power derives
the splendor of its dignity from the
ponti cal authority.”
INNOCENT III
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I. INTRODUCTION
• The Vicar of Christ • The Vicar of Peter
• Interdict • Exclude from sacraments (burial)
• Political alliances, military power
• Radically alter role of Pope (1198-1216)

1. Imperial support for Christianity

2. Germanic tribes
3. East Emperors abandon West
INNOCENT III
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I. INTRODUCTION
• Christendom
• West survived and expanded
• Church — leadership & structure
a. Religious Uniformity
• Highly valued and essential
b. Catholic Christianity = Salvation
• Belief prevalent
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II. THE RISE OF ISLAM
• Both east and west affected

• Christians
justi ed using
force

• “Doing battle
for Christ”

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II. THE RISE OF ISLAM
a. The Reconquista
914
• Force effective

• Reclaiming
Christian
territory

1492
• One religion!
II. THE RISE OF ISLAM
b. The Catholic Crusades

• 1st Crusade 1095 — Pope Urban II

• Byzantine requested aid

• Urban offered plenary indulgence

• Religious, political and economic interests

 The Crusades

1. Europe, 2. Jews, 3. The 4th Crusade, 1204

 The Sack of Christian Constantinople
by Christian Crusaders in 1204

David Aubert (1449-79) - 15th century miniature

II. THE RISE OF ISLAM
b. The Catholic Crusades

• Jerusalem under Egyptian Muslim control in 1070

• Note – Muslims control since 661
• Pilgrimages always safe – now rumours of danger
• 1095 Pope Urban II - holy war!
• Eastern Christians, pilgrims, holy sites
II. THE RISE OF ISLAM
b. The Catholic Crusades

(1) Religious

• Aid Christians
• Saving heathens
• Protect Jerusalem and Bethlehem
• Protect pilgrimages
II. THE RISE OF ISLAM
b. The Catholic Crusades

(2) Political

• Urban was a feudal lord

• Offered competition expansion abroad
• Common enemy — Islam
• Population growth
II. THE RISE OF ISLAM
b. The Catholic Crusades

(2) Political

• Younger sons of nobility

• Endemic warfare between lords (knights)
• Redirected violence against non-Christians!
• Investiture/crusades – enhanced papal political
II. THE RISE OF ISLAM
b. The Catholic Crusades
(3) Economic
• Forests cleared, frontiers pushed, markets opened
• Italian trade growing
• Allegiance with Pope required
Missionary Religious Violence
zeal intolerance acceptable
Constantinople
1204
III. THE CHURCHES OF THE EAST
a. Schism of 1054 CE
• Pope Leo IV and Patriarch Michael

Excommunicate
each other

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III. THE CHURCHES OF THE EAST
b. The Fourth Crusade 1204

• Pope Innocent III

• Sack of Constantinople
• 60 years of western governors
• Ottoman Turks captured city 1453
• Orthodox — national churches
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III. THE CHURCHES OF THE EAST
• Pope Paul IV and Ecumenical Patriarch
Athenagoras I (1964)

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III. THE CHURCHES OF THE EAST
• Pope Francis and Ecumenical Bartholomew of
Constantinople (2014)

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III. THE CHURCHES OF THE EAST
• Pope Francis and Orthodox delegation (2018)

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IV. INTERNAL CRUSADES
• Commitment to uniformity
a. The Northern/Baltic Crusade 1200-1400

• Baltic Sea area

• Incl. Orthodox Slavs
• Forced baptisms The Baltic Sea
of indigenous peoples
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IV. INTERNAL CRUSADES
b. The Albigensian/Cathars Crusade

• Albi
• Gnostic ideas
• Innocent III
calls crusade
in 1209

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IV. INTERNAL CRUSADES
b. The Albigensian/Cathars Crusade
i. The Inquisition
• Judicial inquiry into heresy
• Role — nd and eradicate heresy
• 1st goal — conversion
• Imprisonment, exile, loss of property, death
• Torture allowed to exact confessions
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IV. INTERNAL CRUSADES
b. The Albigensian/Cathars Crusade
i. The Inquisition
• Why so drastic?
• No separation of state & religion
• Religious dissent was social/political dissent
• A heretic was a “disease”
• Execution was “excommunication” of a heretic
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V. PREACHING/MENDICANT ORDERS
• Persuasion
• Recruiting
• Reforming
• Syncretism
• Male preaching orders founded (mendicant)
• Response to dissenting movements
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V. PREACHING/MENDICANT ORDERS
a. Dissenting Movements, e.g., the Albigensians
• Anti-Clericalism
• Many clergy — less than virtuous
• The Black Plague (1340s)
• Clergy not helpful (explanation/cure)
• Sense of divine punishment for Church failure
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V. PREACHING/MENDICANT ORDERS
a. Dissenting Movements, e.g., the Albigensians
• Common characteristics of dissenting groups
• Poverty and chastity
• Inclusivity, reject traditional practices
• Reject exclusivity of clergy
• Unorthodox teachings
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V. PREACHING/MENDICANT ORDERS
b. The Mendicant Orders, e.g., the Dominicans
• Dominic Guzman (1172-1221)
• Surpass dissenters in poverty
and preaching
• The Order of Preachers
• Trained in theology
• 2nd order — nuns
• 3rd order — laity
Hounds of the Lord
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VI. CALLS FOR CHURCH REFORM
a. Social Unrest

• Plague, ill weather, famine, wars

• Taxation, in ation, economic depression
• Rural peasant uprisings, urban riots
• Church scandals
• Reform!
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VI. CALLS FOR CHURCH REFORM
b. Church Scandals
Babylonian
i. The Avignon Papacy (1309-1377) Captivity

• French King Philip IV vs Italian Pope Boniface VII

• Seven French popes
• End of Christendom
• Complex political situation — national rulers
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VI. CALLS FOR CHURCH REFORM
b. Church Scandals
Italian vs
ii. The Western Schism (1379-1417) French
• Rival popes — two papacies!
• Financial crisis
• Sold church of ces or left un lled
• Indulgences, papal fees, taxes
• Damaged papal credibility
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VI. CALLS FOR CHURCH REFORM
c. Reformers
• Roman Catholic Clerics
• Questioned clerical authority
• Challenged clerical abuses
• Stressed centrality of scriptures
• Available to laity in vernacular
• Claimed many practices as superstitions
• Declared heretics
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VI. CALLS FOR CHURCH REFORM
c. Reformers
i. John Wycliffe (d. 1384) England
• Philosopher, theologian (Oxford)
• Clergy authority from morality
• Questioned necessity of priesthood
• Scriptures must be accessible to laity
• Wycliffe Bible
• Declared heretic after his death
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VI. CALLS FOR CHURCH REFORM
c. Reformers
ii. Jan Hus (d. 1415) Czech
• Priest, professor (U of Prague)
• Protested sale of indulgences
• Rejecting king, pope and councils
— appealed to Jesus as supreme judge
• Invited to Council of Constance
• Burned as a heretic
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VII. CONCLUSION
• Catholicism shaped western culture
• Catholicism was shaped by it
1. Roman Empire politics
Shaped
2. Germanic tribe ambitions Christianity
in the west
3. Islam

• Western culture = Christian culture

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VII. CONCLUSION
• Intolerance of difference — forced uniformity
• Factors beyond Church control:
1. Population growth
Reform
2. Climate change
3. Economic development Dissent
4. Urbanization
Rebellion
5. Social/intellectual developments
• End of Catholic monopoly!
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THE
END