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Ahmed Gamal Flams
Ahmed Gamal Flams
Sec/ 1.
Dr/Mohamed Saed.
Premixed flame
Premixed flames occur in any homogeneous mixture where the
fuel and the oxidant are mixed prior to the reaction. Examples are
the Bunsen burner flame and the flame in most spark-ignited
engines. Premixed flames can progress either as deflagration or
detonation processes.
Diffusion flame
Diffusion flames are a phenomenon in which fuel and oxidizer
come together in a reaction zone through molecular and turbulent
diffusion. The fuel may be in the form of a gaseous fuel jet or a
condensed medium (either liquid or solid), and the oxidizer may
be a flowing gas stream or the quiescent atmosphere.
Free flame
Free-burning, in this context, is taken to mean fires in an ambient,
wind-free atmosphere, or in a room, but under such conditions
that the presence of the room walls and air flow restrictions do not
appreciably influence the burning rate. Some guidance is given
for assessing when these conditions are not met.
Confined flame
Confined fires are those restricted to certain types of objects or
equipment and limited in extent — such as cookware on a
stovetop. They are easier to contain and extinguish before they
get out of control.
Laminar flame
Laminar flame speed is defined as the propagation rate of the
normal flame front relative to the unburned mixture. It is an
important property for a premixed flame as it embodies the
fundamental information of diffusivity, reactivity, and exothermicity
of the combustible hydrocarbon mixture.
Turbulent flame
Turbulent individuals are success-driven, perfectionistic, and
eager to improve. They are always trying to counterbalance their
self-doubts by achieving more. Just as they push themselves to
become better, they're as likely to push their projects or efforts in
the same direction.
Enclosed Flame
ENCLOSED FIRE means a fire set within the confines of any
building, or contained within any container constructed for
incineration purposes according to the specifications of the Fire
Code, and fires built in fireplaces or metal or brick barbecues, for
cooking purposes. Sample 1.
Structure of Flame
A candle flame has three zones; outer,
middle, and inner. The outer zone is
blue, non-luminous, and the hottest
part of the flame. The middle zone is
yellow in color, luminous, and
moderately hot. The inner zone is
black in color, dark, and the least hot.
Flame Velocity
The movement of a flame is defined
relative to a specific coordinate system.
For coordinates centered in the
flame, the velocity at which unburned
gases move through the combustion
zone in the direction normal to the flame
front is defined as the flame velocity.
Laminar Burning velocity
The laminar burning velocity (SL) is the
speed at which a laminar (planar)
combustion wave propagates relative to
the unburned gas mixture ahead of it.
The fundamental burning velocity (Su) is
similar, but generally not identical to, the
observed laminar burning velocity.
Higher flame velocity corresponds to:
1) higher unburned gas temperature
2) lower pressure (most hydrocarbons)
3) higher adiabatic flame temperature (chemical reaction)
4) higher thermal diffusivity (= kcond/pcp )
Flame angle
Flame angle (θ f )
is measured from the
vertical in the direction of
fire spread: positive values
indicate that the flame is
tilted in the direction of fire
spread, and negative
values indicate that the
flame is tilted away from the
direction of fire spread.
Slope angle (θ s ) is
measured relative to a
horizontal line.
Flow in confined flames
A characteristic special
features of the confined
diffusion flames is the
presence a zone of
reverse flow. The reversal
flow is a part of the
combustion products
possessing high temp.,
returns upstream to base
of the fuel –air by entry
by this means ignition of
fresh mixture is ensured