Flams

Name / Ahmed Gamal Sabry ELbeltagy.

Sec/ 1.

Dr/Mohamed Saed.
Premixed flame
Premixed flames occur in any homogeneous mixture where the
fuel and the oxidant are mixed prior to the reaction. Examples are
the Bunsen burner flame and the flame in most spark-ignited
engines. Premixed flames can progress either as deflagration or
detonation processes.

Diffusion flame
Diffusion flames are a phenomenon in which fuel and oxidizer
come together in a reaction zone through molecular and turbulent
diffusion. The fuel may be in the form of a gaseous fuel jet or a
condensed medium (either liquid or solid), and the oxidizer may
be a flowing gas stream or the quiescent atmosphere.

Free flame
Free-burning, in this context, is taken to mean fires in an ambient,
wind-free atmosphere, or in a room, but under such conditions
that the presence of the room walls and air flow restrictions do not
appreciably influence the burning rate. Some guidance is given
for assessing when these conditions are not met.

Confined flame
Confined fires are those restricted to certain types of objects or
equipment and limited in extent — such as cookware on a
stovetop. They are easier to contain and extinguish before they
get out of control.
Laminar flame
Laminar flame speed is defined as the propagation rate of the
normal flame front relative to the unburned mixture. It is an
important property for a premixed flame as it embodies the
fundamental information of diffusivity, reactivity, and exothermicity
of the combustible hydrocarbon mixture.

Turbulent flame
Turbulent individuals are success-driven, perfectionistic, and
eager to improve. They are always trying to counterbalance their
self-doubts by achieving more. Just as they push themselves to
become better, they're as likely to push their projects or efforts in
the same direction.

Enclosed Flame
ENCLOSED FIRE means a fire set within the confines of any
building, or contained within any container constructed for
incineration purposes according to the specifications of the Fire
Code, and fires built in fireplaces or metal or brick barbecues, for
cooking purposes. Sample 1.
Structure of Flame
A candle flame has three zones; outer,
middle, and inner. The outer zone is
blue, non-luminous, and the hottest
part of the flame. The middle zone is
yellow in color, luminous, and
moderately hot. The inner zone is
black in color, dark, and the least hot.

Flame Velocity
The movement of a flame is defined
relative to a specific coordinate system.
For coordinates centered in the
flame, the velocity at which unburned
gases move through the combustion
zone in the direction normal to the flame
front is defined as the flame velocity.
Laminar Burning velocity
The laminar burning velocity (SL) is the
speed at which a laminar (planar)
combustion wave propagates relative to
the unburned gas mixture ahead of it.
The fundamental burning velocity (Su) is
similar, but generally not identical to, the
observed laminar burning velocity.
Higher flame velocity corresponds to:
1) higher unburned gas temperature
2) lower pressure (most hydrocarbons)
3) higher adiabatic flame temperature (chemical reaction)
4) higher thermal diffusivity  (= kcond/pcp )

Flame Thickness and Quenching

Distance
The normal distance from the wall where
flame gets quenched, or the gap
between two parallel plates, or diameter
of the tube in which flame is just unable
to propagate under the given charge
conditions, is called quench distance or
quench layer thickness.
Heat Liberation in Flame Tube
The heat of combustion of a substance is the
energy released when a specified amount
(eg. 1 mol, 1g, 1 L) of the substance burns
completely in oxygen. The heat of combustion
is usually measured at conditions 298K (25 C)
and 101.3kPa. Water will be a liquid under
these conditions.
flame trajectory
flame trajectory refers to the path
or pattern that a flame follows as
it moves through a space. This
can be influenced by factors such
as air flow, fuel source, and
environmental conditions.
Understanding flame trajectory is
important in fire safety and
firefighting, as it can help predict
the spread of a fire and inform
strategies for controlling and
extinguishing it.

Flame angle
Flame angle (θ f )
is measured from the
vertical in the direction of
fire spread: positive values
indicate that the flame is
tilted in the direction of fire
spread, and negative
values indicate that the
flame is tilted away from the
direction of fire spread.
Slope angle (θ s ) is
measured relative to a
horizontal line.
Flow in confined flames
A characteristic special
features of the confined
diffusion flames is the
presence a zone of
reverse flow. The reversal
flow is a part of the
combustion products
possessing high temp.,
returns upstream to base
of the fuel –air by entry
by this means ignition of
fresh mixture is ensured

Swirling the combustion air

"Swirl"—the rotational motion of the incoming air charge about the
cylinder's axis as it enters the combustion chamber on a two-
valve head—is determined by the intake valve's position relative
to the bore axis, the chamber shape around the intake, and any
helix in the induction tract.
Non streamlined bodies.
A streamlined body is a shape that reduces friction drag between
a fluid, such as air or water, and an object moving through it. Its
particular body shape provides minimal resistance to air and
water. The surface of airplanes and ships in
the water has a streamlined shape to
reduce fluid friction.

Method of creating swirl

Swirl can be created by bringing the intake
flow into the cylinder with an initial angular momentum [2]. It is
well known that the in-cylinder air motion strongly affects the
combustion process and consequently their performance.

Effect of the degree of swirl on the intensity of central

recirculation
he main effects of swirl are to improve flame stability as a result of
the formation of toroidal recirculation zones and to reduce
combustion lengths by producing high rates of entrainment of the
ambient fluid and fast mixing, particularly near to the boundaries
of recirculation zones

• Obtained an open end central recirculation zone

• Stabilized and Efficient flame
• Dimensions of The central recirculation zone
• Pressure drop
• Strength of The central Recirculation zone
increasing Mixing and Combustion Occur will increase
increasing Heating Of Fuel And air with High stabilized And
short flames

increasing air to fuel ratio will decrease C.R.Z Temp

Effect of air swirl on flame dimension :

Increasing air swirl number and SPAR leads to; decrease in the
flame size, increase in the average flame temperature levels and
the size of the high temperature region and shift the flame and
high temperature region upstream.
will decrease Flame length
The intensity of swirl
will decrease The flame Diameter (max.
Effect of air swirl on heat liberation
• The heat liberated up to a certain section of the flame is calculated
from the total heat transfer to the
walls and the increase of the
enthalpy up to this section.
• The characteristics of heat
liberation could be considered as
the maxing characteristics of the
flame.
• The flame length could be
considered here as the distance
from the fuel- air entry to section of full heat liberation.