Abstract

This paper compares Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing
(AODV), and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) as reactive and proactive routing protocols
in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). The Network Simula
tor (NS) version 2.35 is used to simulate and evaluate the performance of these protocols in terms of
packet delivery ratio, average throughput, end-to-end delay, and packet loss ratio.

Executive summary
The paper under consideration focuses on the performance evaluation of three routing protocols,
namely AODV, DSR, and DSDV, in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). The study utilizes the Network
Simulator (NS) version 2.35 to conduct simulations with varying numbers of nodes. The simulated
performance metrics include packet delivery ratio (PDR), average throughput, average end-to-end delay,
and packet loss. The paper also briefly discusses previous related studies in the field of MANET routing
protocols, highlighting the use of different protocols in various applications such as forest fire detection
and traffic pattern analysis.
The introduction provides a good overview of the background and context of the study, outlining the
importance of routing protocols in MANETs and the relevance of evaluating their performance through
simulations. The paper effectively sets the stage for the reader by presenting previous research in the
field, which serves to highlight the significance of the current study. Additionally, the introduction
provides a clear description of the simulation scenarios, including the number of nodes, node speed,
transmission range, simulation area, and simulation time, as well as the performance metrics used in the
study.
The paper could benefit from further elaboration on the significance of the selected protocols and the
specific motivation behind evaluating their performance. Additionally, a more detailed explanation of the
importance of the performance metrics used in the study, as well as their relevance to the evaluation of
routing protocols, would enhance the introduction.
Overall, the introduction effectively sets the context for the study, presents relevant background
information, and introduces the key components of the simulation and evaluation process. With some
additional detail and expansion on the significance of the selected protocols and metrics, the
introduction would provide an even stronger foundation for the study.
Introduction
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic topology where wireless nodes work as both routers and
hosts to maintain the activation of the communications network. Nodes in MANET can move out or join
the network freely and organize themselves. They collaborate to route packets from source node S to
destination node D, enabling communication among nodes located outside the transmission range. This
allows nodes to change their link case orderly with other mobile nodes.

Recent studies have explored various routing protocols in MANET, with a focus on forest fire detection.
Comparisons using MATLAB simulators showed that LAR is more efficient than OLSR in detecting fires
and consumes less energy. AODV is better than DSR in high mobility conditions. Temporarily ordered
routing algorithm (TORA) and optimized link state routing (OLSR) were compared using NS2 simulations.
Performance metrics like end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and throughput were analyzed. LAR
was found to outperform ZRP and FSR protocols. DREAM showed better performance than DSR, while
LAR performed better than DSR and DREAM. DSDV was found to be better than WRP, and OLSR
performed best.
The Routing Protocols in MANET
here are three types of routing protocols in MANET namely Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid routing
protocols. Proactive protocols create routes before they are needed, whereas Reactive protocols create
routes just when it is needed.

Routing in MANET involves data exchange between nodes, typically through multi-hop due to short node
range. Various routing protocols are proposed to improve network performance. There are three main
types: Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid. Proactive protocols allow nodes to create routes before they are
needed, making route discovery faster. Reactive protocols create routes when needed, while hybrid
protocols combine both strategies.

Figure 1:- The Classification of Routing Protocol Figure 2:- RREQ and RREP in AODV

Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)

AODV is a reactive protocol with a hop-to-hop routing methodology. It involves nodes establishing a
Route Request (RREQ) and intermediate nodes forwarding the request, creating a reverse route to the
destination. When a request has a route, intermediate nodes establish a Route Response (RREP), and
each node cooperates to create a forward route to the destination.

Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

DSR is a reactive routing protocol designed to reduce bandwidth wastage in wireless networks by
deleting periodic table-update messages. It eliminates the need for network infrastructure or
administration, as networks are self-configured and organized. Source routing defines the complete node
sequence for forwarding data packets.

Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)

DSR is a reactive routing protocol designed to reduce bandwidth wastage in wireless networks by
deleting periodic table-update messages. It eliminates the need for network infrastructure or
administration, as networks are self-configured and organized. Source routing defines the complete node
sequence for forwarding data packets.
 Figure 3:-The Advantages and Disadvantages of AODV, DSR Figure 4:- The Simulation Environment

Simulation Scenarios
The study uses the ns-2.35 network simulator to compare and evaluate DSR, AODV, and DSDV routing
protocols in MANET. The simulation uses different nodes with varying speeds and packet sizes. The
transmission range is 250m, and the simulation area is 600m x 600m.

Table 1. Simulation Parameters

Performance Metrics
Our simulation utilized various network performance metrics, specifically TCP and UDP, to assess the
performance of the protocols.

Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)

PDR is the ratio of data packets delivered to the destination to those generated by the sources,
calculated using the following formula.

Average Throughput (TP)

Average TP is the number of bytes received successfully and it is calculated as follow:
Average End-to-End Delay (e2e delay)
The average e2e delay is the average time it takes for a data packet to successfully transmit across a
network from the source to the destination.

Packet Loss (PL)

PL is the different between the number of data packets sent and the number of data packets received. It
is calculated as follow:

Simulation Results and Discussion

The study compared and evaluated the performance of three routing protocols: DSR, AODV, and DSDV.
Using ns-2.35 in MANET, the simulation showed that AODV had the highest throughput at 10096.82,
while DSR had slightly higher performance at 5004.56 and DSDV at 4479.68. The average throughput for
the protocols was also analyzed in Table 2.

Figure 5:- TP Versus Number of Nodes Table 2:-The Results Values of AODV, DSR and DSDV in Average Throughput

The DSDV protocol outperforms DSR in PDR, achieving 98.87% at node 10 and 96.64% at node 50, while
AODV achieves 90.4% and DSR 66.67%, indicating that DSDV receives more data. Table 3 displays PDR
results for various node locations.

Figure 6 PDR Versus Number of Nodes Table 3. The Results Values of AODV, DSR and DSDV in
The DSDV protocol has the lowest PL value, while DSR has the highest, with 3.36% at node 50, while
AODV has 9.6%, as shown in Table 4.

Figure 7 PL Versus Number of Nodes Table 4 PL Versus Number of Nodes

The DSR protocol outperforms DSDV and AODV in e2e delay, with a value of 0.111149 sec, 0.210932 sec,
and 0.165754 sec respectively. However, AODV outperforms DSDV in e2e delay, as shown in Table 5.

Figure 8 E2E Delay Versus Number of Nodes Table 5: . The Results Values of AODV, DSR and DSDV in Average E2E Delay

Conclusion
MANET is a network of mobile nodes that communicate with each other without utilizing any
infrastructure. This paper has presented the performance comparison between Dynamic Source Routing
(DSR), Ad hoc on demand distance Vector Routing (AODV) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector
(DSDV) protocols.

This paper compares Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and
Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) as reactive and proactive routing protocols in a Mobile
Access Network (MANET). The results show DSDV is more effective in PDR and PL, while AODV is better
in TP. DSR is better in e2e delay. The paper concludes that DSDV is the best protocol due to PDR
importance.