FACULTY OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCE

DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY FIRST SITTING AND SUPPLIMENTARY EXAM

DML06322 – DIAGNOSTIC PATHOLOGY IN HISTOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY

DATE: 13/10/2023
TIME: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Read this paper carefully.

2. This paper contains FIVE (5) sections. Section A, B, C, D and E.
3. This paper contains SIX (6) printed pages.
4. Answer all Questions in section A, B, C, D and E.
5. Follow the instructions given on each SECTION carefully.
6. Total Marks is 100.
7. Cellular Phone and any paper work outside the exams room is
prohibited and not allowed.
8. Use Provided booklets for answering the questions.
9. Do not leave with Question paper and Answer sheet out of exam room.

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SECTION A: MULTIPLES CHOICES QUESTIONS.
(20 MARKS)

This section consists of ten (20) questions. Choose the letter of the most
correct answer. There is only one correct answer. 1(one) mark will be
awarded for each correct answer

1. Which of the following acid may be used for decalcification?

A. 25% sulfuric acid
B. 5% nitric acid
C. 20% hydrochloric acid
D. 30% orthophosphoric acid
2. 10% Buffered formalin has the advantage that ___________________
crystals not formed in the tissue.
A. Haematin
B. Uric acid
C. Calcium oxalate
D. Amorphous urates.
3. Zenker’s formal saline is a ______________ fixative?
A. Histochemical
B. Cytological
C. Short term
D. Tissue
4. Bouin’s fluid is yellow because of the presence of
A. Chloroform
B. Picric acid
C. Formaldehyde
D. Iodine
5. Which of the following are not dehydrating agent?
A. Alcohol
B. Acetone
C. Xylene
D. Dioxane
6. Which of the following acid is used in the electrolytic method for
decalcification?

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 A. Formic acid
B. Nitric acid
C. HCL
D. Acetic
7. Inspect the specimen with naked eye and not description about the
specimen is.
A. Tissue processing
B. Surgery
C. Grossing
D. Visual description
8. Tissue processing unit is also known as?
A. Histokinette
B. Histomat
C. Histobath
D. Histoform.
9. Histopathology is the branch of anatomy where study
A. Cell
B. Tissue
C. Organ
D. Histone protein
10. Several factors are associated with unfixed tissue degeneration. Select
the correct process
observed when intracytoplasmic enzymes are responsible for tissue
degeneration?
A. Putrefaction
B. Osmotic injury
C. Pressure
D. Anoxia
E. Autolysis
11. When preparing a tissue for Histopathology and light microscopy, which
method precedes clearing the specimen with an organic solvent?
A. Fixation
B. Clearing
C. Staining
D. Dehydration
E. Embedding
12. Acetic acid...
A. Is a denaturing agent
B. Swells collagen
C. Is a precipitating fixative
D. Is an alcohol
E. Is all of the above
13. Formalin Solution (10%, unbuffered) is composed of:

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 A. 10ml Formaldehyde (40%) and 90ml distilled water
B. 50ml Formaldehyde (40%) and 50ml distilled water
C. 90ml Formaldehyde (10%) and 10ml distilled water
D. 90ml Formaldehyde (10%) and 10ml distilled water
14. Which is not the aim of fixation?
A. To prevent putrefaction
B. Remove excess water from the tissue
C. Prevent osmotic swelling
D. Render the tissue suitable for subsequent staining
E. To prevent lysosomal activity
15. Which buffers are used in formaldehyde to make Neutral buffered
formalin?
A. Sodium Acetate
B. Boric acid
C. Acetic acid
D. Disodium phosphate & Monosodium phosphate
16. Tissue appears cloudy & opaque due to?
A. Over dehydration
B. Under dehydration
C. In accurate staining
D. Insufficient clearing

17. The ripening of stain due to?

A. Oxidation & Reduction
B. Oxidation
C. Ultra – oxidation
D. Reduction
18. Dehydration is helped by _________________ of the tissue?
A. Agitation
B. Using formalin
C. Heating
D. Keeping in room temperature (RT)
19. Frozen tissue embedded in a freezing medium is cut on a microtome in
a cooled machine called a _________________.
A. Freezing box
B. Cryostat
C. Floatation box
D. Base sledge
20. Which knife is used for hard tissue?

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 E. Plane wedge
F. Tool edge
G. Biconcave
H. Plano concave

SECTION B: TRUE AND FALSE QUESTIONS. (10

MARKS)

Answer “T” on the statement which is correct and “F” on the statement
which is incorrect. Half a mark will be awarded for each correct response

1. The correct step of tissue processing.

A. ______________ Fixation – Dehydration – Microtomy – Staining
B. ______________ Microtomy – Fixation – Staining – Microscopy
C. ______________ Fixation – Microtomy – Embedding – Microscopy
D. ______________ Microtomy – Impregnation – Fixation – Staining
2. Alcohol is used in Histopathology as dehydration agent choose correct
order of dehydration.
A. _____________ 70% - 80% - 95% - 100%
B. _____________ 40% - 60% - 80% - 100%
C. _____________ 100% - 80% - 60% - 40%
D. _____________ 100% - 95% - 80% - 70%

3. The following are dehydrating agent.

A. ___________ Alcohol
B. ___________ Acetone
C. ___________ Xylene
D. ___________ Dioxane
4. Several factors are associated with unfixed tissue degeneration. The
correct process
observed when intracytoplasmic contents are responsible for tissue
degeneration.
A. ____________ Putrefaction

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 B. ____________ Osmotic injury
C. ____________ Anoxia
D. ____________ Autolysis
5. All of these factors described are characteristics for fixation.
A. ___________ Arrests autolysis
B. ___________ Activates bacterial decomposition
C. ___________ Minimises loss of soluble cytoplasmic components
D. ___________ Stabilises tissue for further processing and treatment

SECTION C: MATCHING ITEMS.

(10 MARKS)

Match the items in column B with the corresponding statements in column A

by writing a letter of correct response in the booklet provided. Each correct
response is awarded one (1) mark. Each item from column B is used only
once.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Artifacts A. Unrelated features in the
2. Silver nitrate tissue section
3. Pseudocysts B. Surgical glove
4. Starch C. Thermal artifacts
5. Picric acid D. Yellow stains
6. Congo red E. Paraffin wax
7. Ideal Fixative F. Cytological fixatives
8. Methanol G. 50%, 70%, 90% and 100%.
9. Dehydration H. 3,3′-((biphenyl)-4,4′-
10. 54 – 60oC diylbis(azo))-bis (4-amino-1-
naphthalenesulphonic acid)
disodium salt
I. Avoid excessive hardness of
tissue
J. Commonly used for surface
marking

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SECTION D: SHORT ANSWER QUESTION.
(20 MARKS)

1. A. What is Microtome?
B. Types of Microtome Knives.
C. Write about Rotary Microtome.

(5 MARKS)
2. Write the composition of PAP Stain.

(5 MARKS)
3. A. What is Decalcification?
B. Write any 2 decalcifying fluids.

(5 MARKS)
4. A. What is mounting medium?
B. Write any 2 different mounting medias.

(5 MARKS)

SECTION E: GUIDED ESSAY QUESTIONS.

(40 MARKS)

This section consists of four (4) questions, only two (2) questions which are
supposed to be answered in a narrative way. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper provided; each question should start on a new page.

1. Enumerate the cytological stains. Describe in detail about the

composition, preparation, staining procedure and advantages of May
Grunwald Giemsa staining

(20 MARKS)

2. What are tissue artifacts? Describe in detail about different types of

Tissue artifacts with at least two (2) vivid examples from each type
and Remedy of at least one (1) from the example you have mentioned.

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(20 MARKS)

3. Elaborate on how to prepare cell block and mention about its

application.

(20 MARKS)

4. Describe in detail about the FNAC? Write about the advantages and
disadvantages.

(20 MARKS)