e 15 16 l204 Enalish Alphabet et, Mahfelad AlAs > alntreduction., |. The English alphabet consists 26 Jeters. 5 1. Each leffer has on, upperease (“capital Jeter) and 9 lowercase (“small Mer) form. i Five af the. leHers in the Enafish Alphabet are Vowels: A ? E 3 I 39, U. 4. The vemaining 21 eters are consonants: B,C,D,F,G,H,iK,L,M,N,Pe@,R S_» Ts VX, Zand wsually W and Y. 5. Two lelers, A and I’ alse consthite words. 6. Until fairly recently until 1835), He 21!" fetter at the alphabet (right after “z:) wax the eunpersandl (®). T- The English Alphabet is based sae Latin seripl, sshich is the basic set of letters common to the various alphabels originaling, from He classical Latin alphabet. &. Tere are 44 sounds ja English: ; 24 corisonant sounds 1 * 2.0: vowel! sounds 44 _ In British ish we. Zed, ibe jap aa ‘Zee. Ih, Tie English ward “alphabet comes fran the List two feller of the Greek alphabet: alpha, beta 12. The: letters ctor} abways represent the same sounds of English: =4 '15 6 / 2014 S29 .0O~ Tin 2G) pS — Bb N 4KXS — Achabet me _fhenie > Pdababjue/ Aeon! Fil, /eed i Q a ele | a b /pi:l bee c fsi:l | Cee d His! | dee e fist € f feel | ef 3 /dzj:f h Ih) exif! bu) sate i ‘e leet j Iebgex| ther] | Yay b fell el m feml em n fenl en 0 a oO pit! i IKgus) fa t ferl ar s kesf ess £ [til tee u Sjucl u v sit vee wi ble x eX oa gees a z J= _— 2 es | a am? ae 1/7 frog Vowels Fref. Mahmoud Al Azab Vowel : a sound. We make when the breath flows out through the mouth freely, without being blocked. “The English letters A,€;1,0,U are called Vowels, because they vepreserit such sounds. There are 20 vowel sounds in English, divided into 3 types of vowel Sounds : - it Lb vowel sounds = 5 sounds Ture Nowels L 2. Short vowel sounds — : sounds 3. Di = sounds. Vowels ee tp aeor 20 sounds Vowels =20 sounds { Pave Vowels =12, sounds fral year, beer feal chair Ahere Jeu] joke vote Jet they, bathe fail my, dice fel bath, caw, ssfar fod door, saw, walk st bird, wark, hot Al bit 5 busy, started fel bed, said, dead leel_cat mat, apple Jal_ Cup, up, money fil shesp,cashe,field jeysnoise lol good,put,should | lio. mein, rethroghl [ acl veh aoe fol got, what because eal peor, mraoy lal about, the, police SCOOPS ATTCOTCTCSSECE CTE CLEC E CLESDigraphs #1 ’ Frat. Aahmondl Al Aza’ isa combination ot two letters that rap = speech sound: sh’ in'shoe - | Neue Digraphs Ba -h, much, chore al: strain, rain, main ae ack, neck, duck || cry:stay, ol Fale, ahr ey Be cecal: ey knot, Knee || eesfree tree, see, bee } ball, all ods road sbodt, goat, soap ing, King uertrue,qluesclue, blueee ee ee el Somehous blocked on if. Waly, out of the mouth. The Enalish letters byCrdsfigshyj Ralsonymn pogo sit.xy Xz and esuolly we andy are called Consonarils. There ave 24 cansonaiecourde ia English, divided indo 2. types consonarit sounds: L. Voiced sounds = /5 sounds 2.Noiceless sounds =_9 sounds Consecasifs = 2| letters = 24 sourds / bf ball, hobby, herb [dl dog, added, played Hef jam, fudge, danger [gf green, hug, league Iv}. video, move, fal this, with, mother [2] has, cosy,zebra_ [3] visual, leisure, television fmm many, lamb, tummy: pen, jump, hopphrig Hf table, Wille, watched Hef ibeh z: chips ip picture RI Rey, car, luck IL fre, lauate, oeHA 29/6 12019 Diphthongs fect Habescud Al Azab * Diphthong is avowel sound in which He tonque « there are 8 diphthongs commonly used in English. changes pesition ft produce the sound of Zi Vowels.22/6 / 2019 Sounds gErglish frof. Te nes The 44 Sounds The 18 Consonant Sourds b b > bed 3 ribbon Cat, pick, Rite €95, pet bread, friend ay add., dig pig,in, busy, happy fas yfan, phane,Laugh hor, off, hick, cough Gél, guest good fur monkey, Lrouble cat het, him, who they. jet, giant, giraffe Lip, fell. Lamp Lha made, maid, day man, map, climb € | feet, bean yme, eat Fat net, Rnow, gnat i cry, ple, like, might type happ pig gp,boab, home, snevs,dauh sug U |intisic, cube, Povs, feud rere sip, ice,cily, sux e we |4 top, Tomas, helped Van, of , five a wet, queen, wail —y yes, opinions year 2 zoo, has, cheese 4: |th [the Ahan, this, them thy wh wshat,viken, white whale. esesdsdsseeeceeee BHESweonnr nw p —SYNONYMS & Synonym means a word has nearly the same meaning as another word. @ Wwwwengiisnstudyhere.com @ Large = Big Very = Differ Present Gift | Fost — Quick Last = Final | Near — Close Easy = Simple} Stort — Besin False — Untrue} One — Single Good — Fine Gofe — Secure Silent — Quite |Get — Receive eaeeeeseoe @2ee@nr rai 22/6 Jao Sounds Engli ish fof. eu Azab "The 44 Sounds Facts on Léters and Sounds : |. Leliers ave written, sounds ave spoken 2. When We write. We Use the variting gelling) alphabet which consists of 26 Jeffers. 3.When we speak we use te as (phonetic) alphabet wich consids of 4 There ave 44 sounds in Fle Sd. are divided ilo 3 namely : 1. Nowel sounds. . . nant sounds. sh Dates = =26 laters =44 sounds. wels “f oe 4 i Novels = [2 sounds Di thongs =8 sounds. 8. Long 50 soundset vowels = 5 ai Short seurde=F sounds, 4. Consonaits =) letters = 24 solide. B10; Neiced sounds of consyaits = =15 sounds. mitt. ie sowids of censonaits =9 sounds. yp. ee Fo > sound pers| Eig /24 Fonunciction Table fs. Jind tea | “Phonemic Chart ey words Symbol. ‘Key words pull, stop , apple i seat, geen,tree four, food » fish I |sit grin stish tree, stop ? wort U ead fect ? pull earth, thing ; throw UE | fead, rule, shoe chair, choiee,teacher | © |head, bel, said A sit ’ fast 3 aboub, teacher, abserver fish, shoe » Sune 3 girl nurse, earth cup, dark, walk OX | walk, door, four bel , about beer «2 hod, Lamb, apple | Vow, vote, observer va cup,love > mone! door; food, said. OX |heart, dark, task they sthere, bathe b het, top, ee okey j ae ee Dighthongs casual, measure, pleasure Symbel, Key swor vin, girl, Ie | year, beer, ear | ft ee €a | chair, where,there | money, my Lamb: OU | joke, vote throw nurse, grin, green AU | vow, orl (Lae sing, English, drank | EI |they,ba the, way oe al my, dice, thi ee Love, i OL joys noise, choice years ye a anPlural Nouns Add -s5 Add -es dream dreams ower lowers shoe> shoes Drapthe y, add -ies baby babies family>families story> stories Irregular Nouns child>children woman women mouse mice lunch “ lunches flash flashes mess messes Drop the f, “ves wolf wolves chelf= chelves wife wives deer deer tooth teeth Moose moose goose * geese man* menIRREGULAR VERBS PRESENT @ PAST @ PAST PARTICIPLE buy _ bought — bought choose -— chose — chosen cut =; Cit — cut do — did _ done — drank — crunk — ate W— eaten fall — fell _ fallen Fly = flew _ flowen hear — heard _ heard put _ put _ put read — read _ read speak _ spoke — spoken swim — swam — SwumTHE PASSIVE VOICE )@ACTIVENET PRESENT SIMPLE | write a letter PRESENT CONTINUOUS | | am writing a letter PAST SIMPLE | wrote a letter PASTCONTINUOUS | | was writing letter PRESENT PERFECT | | have wriftena letter PAST PERFECT | had written a letter FUTURE SIMPLE | will write a letter FUTURE BEGOINGTO | lam going to write aletter MODAL | must write a letter MODAL PERFECT I should have written aletter PASSIVE A leffer is written A letter is being written A letter was written A letter was being written Aletter has been written A letter had been written A letter will be written Aletter is going to be written A letter must be written A letter should have been writtenoo /%® yo Hot —Cold WVet— Dry Laugh — Cry Bad — Good Never — Always Shor+ — Tall Late — Early Full — Empty Fast — Slow Top _— Bottom Old — Young High — Low Lip — Down Little — Much Left — Right = In — Out Rich —Poor Before - AfterAin adverb desenbes a verb or an adjective or another adverb. T+ tells Now, how offen, when and where. ee Th: ee always inside, a aw real ee once early outside . now near ee since there, often Soon Verve es day here.~ Lipes of Sentences % Dp Declarative: a statement * T have a basketball game tonight, AM, T just finiched reading that book, J ‘[ Interrogative-a question Will you come to my game ? Have you ever read this book? Exclamatory - an exclamation We won the game | This is the best book I have ever read! Tmperative- a command = request Please come ond watch me play. Read this amazing bock |min ccotive Nouns Use an apostroph he () +o show what Lelong: INGULAR] (PLURAL) doq’s house dogs’ hovse book's words books words girl s dolls girls’ dolls | seakt chicks birds? chicks man’s comprter fhe 's computers child’s doen Chien esContractions Which letter(s) should be Kicked out? Ogee yi (Wy ra gy, \\ can't she'll would notwouldn + will not won't they are they re let us let's we havewe ve it is—it’s” J would> I'd” here is here's S J Peat erie en have to read the She's tine years a — She is The Oe eat She hasThank you! -(Many) Thanks -Cheers -| can’t thank you enough! -Thank you (ever) so much -Thanks a bunch -Thanks a lot -Ta! ereratemnabevte com You're welcome -Anytime -Don’t mention it -Glad to help -My pleasure -No problem -No worries -Not at all -That's all right te}action or state ‘thing or person describes anoun describes a vert, adjective or adverb: Pronoun replacesa noun rr links a moun to id=) TORILCCI OM other word A a Joins clauses or Conjunction |jmisemeniaien short exclamation, rometimes inserted intearentence Interjection ee {ta) be, have, do, like, wark, sing, can, must pen, dog, werk, music, town, Landan, teacherJohn a/an, the, 63, some, good, big, red, well, Interesting. ‘quickly, larity, wall, badly, very, aally 1, you, he, the, some to, at, after, en, but and, but, or, nor ahi, ouch!, hil, wall example sentences My dog is a collie.! like to playfetch with her, This is my dog. He lives in my hause. We livein Londen. My dog ia big. | like bir dogs. My dog eats quickly. Wine frais vary hungry, he eats really sautichly. ‘Tarais indian, She is beautiful, Wa went to school on Monday. IIe dogs and 1 lice cats, like cats and dog: | like dogs but! don't like eats. Ouch! That hurts Hit How are you? Well, | don't know.fo BRE Geist ZY = Apostrophe! Singular Possessives Plural Possessives mn onl ct) <2 6 a the ar: hive the bees’ hive (the a pares to) (ese ee on ‘s ‘se the girl's gitt the girls’ gifts \ What if 0 singular noun clready ends in-s? the walrus's tusk Tf it's a proper noun, odd © only-rChris’ toothEtisal dog, cat, garden, work, music, town, Manila, teacher, Bob: The sun shines. ana goes to school. he, |, ith. me, my, she, that, this; those, ws, who, whom, you, rum, go, have, levite. laughed, listen, playing. singing. walle John is hungry. Hie wants to eat. angry, brave, healthy, little, IN EN EN describe nouns | old, red, smart, two, some, geod, Big dntecesting Brown dog fat cat. Mig garden describe werbs, ‘badly, fully, hardly, nearly, adjectives or other | never, quichly, silently, well, sbanseaiiats wery, really, almost above, before, except, from, In, near, of, since, between, Conjunctions express strong feelings pan. with, to, at, after, on Peel ones otter connect words, | and, or, but, 10, altar, before, — phrases, clauses or unless, either, neither, - ‘aitaries: econ, olncas Lwas.tited 10 Lent to sleep, ‘exclamations that | sis!, gosh. ervstl. hey! hil. co hoorayt, ch!,cops!, ota, ht, oucht, hit, weltWho asking about a person Who are your best friends? Where asking about a place Where do you live? Alig asking about a thing What is her favourite colour? When asking about a time of an event or | When is his birthday? activity asking for a reason Why are they always late? asking about an option or choice | Which day do you prefer fora meeting — today or tomorrow? asking about a procedure or How can I learn English quickly? method How many [ESRUDED ETE How many people live in this city? Tomita asking about anamountorprice | How much money will | need? SCRE asking about alengthoftimeor | How long was the film? re atl asking about a distance How far is the university from your house? Permits asking sbout frequency How often do you visit your grandmotherUsed to name people, places or things in GENERAL. it refers to the class or type of person or thing (without being specific), Examples: girl, city, animal, house, food Have a singular anda plural form andcan be used with a number or a/an before it. They are sometimes called Count Nouns Examples: car, desk, cup, house, bike Shorr person, place or thing, Proper nouns begin with a capital letter, Examples: John, London, Pluto, France __ COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE ‘Cannot be counted. They often refer to substances, liquids, and abstract ideas. They are sometimes called Mass Nouns, Examples: wood, milk, air, happiness Refer to people or things that exist physically and that at least ane of the senses can detect. Examples: dog, tree, apple, moon, sock OUND Two or more words that create a noun. They can be written as one word, joined: by a hyphen or written as separate words. Examples: rainfall, son-in-law, credit card. Have no physical existence. They refer to ideas, emotions and concepts you cannot see, touch, hear, smell or taste. Examples: love, time, fear, freedom Refer to a set or group of people, animals: or things. They are often followed by OF + PLURAL NOUN (e.g. bunch of flowers) Examples: team, pile, stack, flock, bunch. rz yEm a drink/party a decision PC a bus/train breakfast/lunch a plane EAT) Pe) MEIN an exam PUA FLIRT ahath/shower § abath/showerWhisper - speak very softly Mumble - speak softly and unclearly Mention - bring up a topic Reply - answer Enquire - ask Stutter - speak nervously, repeating sounds (h-h-h-hello) Stammer - speak nervously Shout - speak loudly and angrily Yell - shout Cry (1) - speak while crying Cry (2) - shout Whine - complain in a sad voice Inform - tell Howl - cry out in pain Explain - give details Elaborate - explain in detail Murmur - speak softly and unclearly Sigh - breathe heavily to show disappointment Report - explain something in a formal setting Pray - speak to God Announce - give information to many people State - say something firmly Declare - state Roar - shout or speak loudly and fiercely Promise - commit to doing something Narrate - tell a story Chant - speak in a rhythmic singing mannerParts of Speech Name of a person, place, thing or idea, Examples: Daniel, London, table, hope - Mary uses a blue pen for her notes. Shows an action ora stote of being. Examples: go, speak, eat, live, are, is ~The /ittle girl has a pink hat. - | listen to the word and then repeat it. Modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. It tells how (often), where, when, Examples: slowly, very, always, well, too ~ Yesterday, late my lunch quickly. _ CONJUNCTION _ INTERJE Joins two words, ideas, phrases together Aword or phrase that expresses a strong and shows how they are connected. emotion. It is a short exclamation. Examples: and, or, but, because, yet, so Examples: Ouch! Hey! Oh! Watch out! -| was hot and tired but still finished it. - Wow!| passed my English exam. ET E /Se ee \ ‘Yarts of Speech | eels erie Reseda Cree POM Rot Mig many, or which one. eeu Me taal nt lr memset OC lel kee EN ars R uke as eller et ies3 I’m Sorry Use sorry for + noun @ I'm sorry for the trouble. @ I'm sorry for the inconvenience. Use sorry for + gerund @ I'm sorry for missing the party. @ |'m sorry for forgetting my homework. Use sorry to + verb @ I'm sorry to hear that. @ I'm sorry to see you go. Use sorry+SVO @ I'm sorry | missed the party @ I'm sorry | lost your CD.Signs and symbols you need to know period, decimal point semicolon ) ) colon !) exclamation mark / exclamation point ? ) question mark ') apostrophe, prime quotation mark ) parenthesis ) square bracket / bracket ) brace less-than sign greater-than sign dollar sign a +A oom : oeeeyeisi wo ‘Written By neilps! : = ch eben A y | #) number sign ) ampersand ') at sign asterisk Le @ © % Speak like an American * Rm ee nn nn ene