Spintronics or spin electronics is the study of the role that is played by the spin of an electron in the solid-state physics and other devices that exploit spin properties. Spintronics is also known 2s spin Flextronics is the study of the intrinsic spin of the electrons and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to fundamental electronic charge in solid-state devices. For example. spin transport and spin relaxation in semiconductors and metals are important solid-state physics issues that are included in the fundamental research along with new technology being’implemented in the electronic storage technology. Spintronics helped in creating a prototype device which used in industry as a read head and a memory-storage cell is the giant-magneto resistive (GMR) sandwich structure which consists of alternating ferromagnetic and non-magnetic metal layers. Depending on the relative orientation of the magnetizations in the magnetic layers, the device resistance changes from small (parallel magnetizations) to large (antiparallel magnetizations)..Spintronics loresistance) is used to sense changes in magnet ‘magnetic field having one of two positions, known a Uup and down. This gives an extra two binary states to the conventional high and low logic valu Which are represented by simple currents. When the spin state is added to the mix, a bit can ha: Four possible states, which can be called as up-high, up-low, down-high and down- low. The four states represent quantum bits or qubits. Applications of Spintronics Some spintronics applications are given below: This change in fields. Electron spin ean be identified ance (also called m Spintronic devices are used in the field of mass-storage devices. It is used to compress massive amounts of data into a small area, as an instance, approximately one trillion bi Per square inch (1.5 Gbit/mm?) or roughly 1 TB data can be stored on a single-sided 3. diameter dist Spintronics is also used in the medical field to detect cancer, Spintronic technology in general holds promises for digital electronics. It has been tes in mass-storage components namely hard drives. Future Works in Spintronics Creation of spin polarization through optical or magnetic injection Spin-polarized Transport through semiconductor/superconductor interfaces Spin relaxation in metals and semiconductors Spin-based devices such as PN junctions and amplifiers Spin-based quantum computation and electron entanglement in different semicondu devicesIntensity of Magnetisation (I) It is defined as the magnetic moment per unit volume of the magnetised substance M v which for a substance of length 2/ and cross-sectional area a becomes mx 21 _m ax2la Thus, it can also be defined as pole-strength per unit area of cross-section. The intensity of magnetisatior sometimes represented by M. In that case, another symbol is used for the magnetic moment. Magnetic Susceptibility (y,,) Itis the ratio of the magnetic moment per unit volume (J) to the magnetic field strength (#1) of the magnetis, field. Ils positive for a paramagnetic material and negative for a diamagnetic one. Relative Permeability (11,) tis the ratio of the magnetic permeability (1) of the substance to the permeability of the free space (Ll) # Ha This can also be defined as the ratio ofthe magnetic flux density produced in the medium to that which be produced in a vacuum by the same magnetising force.Relation between Permeability (j;,) and Magnetic Susceptibility (Za) Asdliscussed earlier, the mngnetie Ml density # ean be written in term ofthe magnetic field strength an the imensity of magetisation Fs Be pgs) o i hereto, antl nated) nlt te) or a HE Holt Lm) Relative pemeabiliy y= #14 4 Ho : wher is the magnetic permeability of fee space MAGNETIC MOMENT OF AN ELECTRON Gor! ‘The magneti proper of solids rigiae du tothe motion of etn An atm fa made up of posively hargedmuceus placed athe env nd egavely charged clcrons which move around th cleus. The Sra motion ofeach lec round the nls ay Beste aa eren op. As aesl te upa magnetic fed The cures produce, Tie period “7 @ nce _ 2a 2ar i velocity v where vis the linear velocity ofthe electron ina circular orbit of radius r. Then, "Qariy Dar “ Magnetic moment of a magnetic dipole is Mai a 2ar ww ‘According to Bohr, the magnetic moment can also be expressed as nh 2n o a 2am o By putting the value of from Eq, (v) in a, (iv), we get“verge rropetos 0 Solids 705 ‘+ In view of the application of magnetic materials, diferent materials were discussed, viz, low-carhor Steel, iron-silicon alloys, nickel-iron alloys, mumetal, alnico alloys, soft ferrites, hard ferrites, ee rit Tm hydrogen atom, an electron revolves around a nucleus in an orbit of 0.53 A radius. I th frequency of evolution ofan electron in 6.6% 10 He, find the magnetic moment ofthe orbiting electron an calculate numerieal value of Bohr magneton Sean Given r=0.53% 10m and n= 6.6% 10! He Magnetic Moment M=iA "% Area = mw? = 3.14 x (0,53 x 10°!) Mid = 16X10 «6.6 x 10" 3.14 x (0.53 x 10°)? = en= 16x10" x 66109 ‘Bohr magneton isthe smallest value of the orbital magnetic moment of the electron, Form 1, Bohr magneton eh am 1.610" «6.6% 10" 4¥3.14 9.1 x10 239% 10 24x10 ST Erenri£2 Determine the magnetisation and flux density insilcon, ifits magnetic susceptibility is—4.2 10 and the magnetic field in it is 1.19% 10°Am!. What would be the value of the relative permeability oft ‘material? Season Given >A. x 16 and H= 1.19% 10° Amr ‘The formulae used are Magnetsation = 2% 10% 1.19% 108 Am! 0.4998 An 150 Am Fuk density 8 = (H+ 1) =4 nx 107 «(1.19 «10° 0.50) 0.1498 0.1507 Relative permeability706 {nyinoorn Hs repre) noteored “ nT Ear 3 Vind she porcentape bnerease fv magnetic Inbction why oon is filed with mapnesinm, Given 4 foe mages as 1.2 10% Srmme Gwon > 1.2810" Mognote fas density Re ytt o Wher the fee space 8 ill wah mags, then gt “y andy ty iy From Bs i and wean ence the percentage increase in magnetic induction = no ~ ‘By sing Eqs. i) and (i), Ey (¥) Becomes (seo eB 90 yx GPP 100 x 100 1.2% 105% 100 = 122 10% = o0012% Euarie # Determine the magnetisation and Mux density of the diamagnetic material if its magnetic susceptibility is ~0.4 10" and the magnetic field in iis 10" Any Seumon Given z=-0.42 108 and = 108A a, Magnetstion =m HO 102108 = 008 An Magnetic ux density pill Dy = 42 10 {40 0.04) wonser Emre 5 The majnetic suscepliility of aluminium is 23%10°. Find permeability. is permeability and relativeSour Given x2 9%10°. Pormcaiiy > ad Relative permeahiiy lex 123x105 = 1000023 1 f= 107 ONO 56% 107 NIA? Frame 6 The magnetic sscepibiiy of wed permeabli Serer Given y=0.054 n is 940x104, Caleutate it abate and relative Absolute permeability Ht, Relative permeability p,=1 42 0, w= 1+ 0098 = 1,094 Hdl 4% 10% 1.098 $1410 NIA Gianna 7 The maximum value ofthe permeability of & mate is 0.126 NIA® What inthe relative permeability and magnetic susceptibility? Saumee Given 1=0.126NI8" liyisz=y-1 ‘Earie ® Calculate the diamagnetic susceptibility of He assuming that the two eleetrons are contribu tots diamagnetism. Consider the mean radius ofthe atom as 0.6 A and W=28x 10% per Sauer Given N=28% 1 perm and R= 016% 10" Susceptibility of diamagnetic material zene ag HEN100 Af praise magnetic far rf 2218 Meher aba of of airy al sey he ba. HR LW anh Abe Ml " ” 2 awa! err mt rote sume Cr wl ctes-ectin Asean jn the Son of aloe ring. AF the 119 Si! ta the mar ern oe aod se oe ‘Wh theearyh the chased sing, ix 200, ™ Sanne C0001 0, 4-As 4 Magnetic fax density = % 4 ppermeabibty fun of de ta nf 7 Ne ah 9419 avis = 10 Yin arya he = yd Ampere sum tit ” bow 20 Aim ort frantis 19 “Vie man length of an iron ring having, 200 wens of wire upon is 0.5 m and its cross-section 12 47 10 ‘m, What current trough he winding shouldbe sem o prdacea flux of 4 10-* Wh sn the ing? Permeability of ion is 657 10 § Whim, Seine Ciren WS MINIA I, BAZ IOS an A A De formats wes Hm Bn 81 oa yyy? ar Mo wen » PD 4 ere He mons ft pr wei, 20 19 28 40 nin" w wy even a = Nn 8 Wen.camew Baanrie 2 Nosovatoy tty sv epivy a li tod ce with tate ont 2,98 A, ‘Caleta gon Ht, Waly one eter em jer wen io cent lingnetinn Boorse 100 NONE Mb DN A 20 HM 7 pal xt f? heel vee 46 satan or wl vn e Co vo ana My vee the Ft 2 ana un ay col as etn pr neh ” N= 120m 10 pea ie] ag tenner tn Tea oN A Eeamrve 131 yaronnnypete mbt con ‘ton bse Hoh ningun, nd ts me Sein (ves. N05 10 atonal 612107 tan per a he iy rng tpt, ineic mvonent of wah 1 coneeapnding tv npernuny 21279 NK pysia? 1 My ‘he niqgeteamnent of each mon oh wolina) Lozi 760210 r) Aesiaryscio" 9294710 du? Shusity Son Ha.) ews Un 210") 205 210 928 20 YE sats 077 M0 sarge 210? = S012 107Hameve FAN auteur oth an blhy puna tne a 1,9 a ANA Kyi, wet tet na na one HH elt aaetn ‘eves ae ony iy ain agen pont Hr baw Mob af 19" Aw Povoan 1009 oul vel AG, 9, malar egy NM ln! vane tenpenatne (2) 74 P18 HM EFA Ho tn yg) TD Aa oe Wy AN snd a Mh iv mye Se NN py HIN) nae YE eae Pee no ety vba vB wags ps mln wa ation 3 tie Go 100 Ceres 4 Ye btoone no a sis hy 39 sv, ala the on energy tes Ho at 31H yen, he ey a nn a7 a et a Ferien 0. 8 Wh= Wadd agin! ‘so yt n= 20 ng vn pe sucess) Ate rg! ms ee ye talon a a SAsetiNehAbeAn! Het ony oan every ut Sane at tn Sethe! Aeawnis 16 1.00 moyen cnewevty oF 1% 10 Alt, Wises to domnapnetin Itby ise 4 10-00 long tent vin, 50 mes, Wh ent abun eae sang he woken? Sovran Siove, every 5.2 8 Alon =H emn 0, Foun yer wt Ht 0A Ivins Nm, an se Wer o WA coud ing, H the ofa W Weber Eoaarie 17 ion veh oF 10 reat Ane ersten ne vn he Bo penivenbality hon but 1 4 iy, compte he puna oF ta gules pnaay Upon m Seumoe Neve Aan? A104 Semen, e685 10 "Tm and as 10° Wh, o As eM geno Nt oe Noa = AMI tw? a0 Bt ot pe yd 5.8 Astuniin Cree toe ee Name of tm NTH 1898x015 7.68 Frnwne 18 A wagnetiing fil 600 An prvneena magic hy of 24 1? Weber in (0.2 emt cross-sectional area, Compute the permeability and susceptibility of the bar, Sumo Gien $°24%10* Wha 4°02 en? 2x0. The mt fn deny gen by iron bar of 0002 Bax = 1591 1159-1 Fxanie 79 The magnetic susceptbily of medium is 950% 10!'. Compute the permeability and relative permeabiliy Soanon Magnetic uscepibiliy 7=950% 10 As m4) and permeability of fee space y= 4 10 Hin n= 41" «(1495010 7 Henee, wis ipl greter than jy # i [Now relative permeability == 14-980 107 permeailiy = f Franrit 20 Find the energy loss per hour in a iron core of a wransformer, i the area ofthe B-ff loop is 250 Jim? and the frequency of the altermating current is 50 Hz. The density of iron is 7.5% 10? kim and the -mass ofthe core is 100 kg. Suaoae Ares o BH oop=250 in and feuenyf=S0 He, deny p=7.5 10? kylnand mass = 10k "100 ume of eae, ¥= 2 i Pp TSx10 133107?niyo ace a ane cone on wt o ivlstal eBaneaye thoi 4 What tianapnaton be eat oy Bangi sna or nat png a ena pi on ‘on esennapnee 2.9 Whey te fervnnape tn ane inky ed at Hu 2.40 What ete chatting, pana Frannie satances? 1 eC Boo Cl ferent He magni bebe aged es means, Com fat eens eel angi hvac ae or on on anew O41 What es the ane nf a HE eptenent fom -- General Questions 0.4 plain genic fa desir Meaty oF wonton (Af), ne Hr sent 9D) Neon ae they telate eat othr 2 Deine mixgetic saecopnblty (fy mid relative mignetie parmvabiity y,) ao esas elatins WD 1.4 Distinguish between dia, yarn wd fesomiyueic maberals, Derive an expression Yor magnet susceptibility of» parang asta QA. titeentate parame, Amanecer substances hy Mss simple pein 4 Vvesive wn expnessio for dara asexilty om te basis Lang's Nec aad she is dependent temperate 4 doses diamapneticg panama, esr, wnt earomagn ‘iting one example of eh rove hat ae change iste sae ovebior the Mivcction on ausielock ive Siecton, Hew aueonding, Wo Langevin's tony inane, 4 Haveden Sanger’ theany of ian, ne Wot te diamaggeticsuscepubility 1s negative and independent of vrmperre ant field erent 09 Give Lanyevin's electron: Heny of paramsnpnetion and bene porve that suscepubilnty (9 of pavarynone ubatance is inves propetinal ta abate: temperate, Wand ferrimagnetic substances i enbiing atom te: nucleus in elk ive ts the dinmaynetic hehaviour af the substanceQo Qu Qu Q.a3 Qi Qus Qs Qi7 Qs Quis Why are some substances diamagnetic while others paramagnetic? Explain. How do you classify a material as dia, para or ferromagnetic? Discuss the classical theory of paramag- nnetism, Explain the origin of atomic dipole moments and derive Langevin’s equation for paramagnetic susceptibility. What are the physical basis of diamagnetism and paramagnetism of materials? Describe the Weiss's molecular theory of ferromagnetism and derive the Curie-Weiss Law. What are the distinguishing features of ferromagnetism? Give the theory of magnetic domains in ferromagnetic materials, What is ferromagnetism? Explain ferromagnetism on the basis of domain theory. Why does a piece of iron ordinarily not behave as a magnet? What do you understand by hysteresis remanence (retentivity) and coerci the value of remanence and coercivity from a hysteresis loop? Show that the loss of energy due to hysteresis per unit volume of the material per cycle of magnetisation is given by (i) fly Xarea of J-H loop and (ii) area of B-H loop. What type of material should be used for making (a) permanent magnets, and (b) electromagnets? Explain the use of a hysteresis curve, What type of magnetic material is suitable for transformer cores, telephone diaphragm and chokes? ? How do you determine