ST.

MARY’S COLLEGE (Autonomous), THOOTHUKUDI

I M.Sc. Mathematics
Semester II
Core IV – Calculus of variation and Integral equation
Subject Code: 21PMAC24
Question Bank-2022

Section-A (1x10=10)
UNIT-I
1.If f(x) has a continuous derivative in (a,b), a necessary condition for the existence of the
maximum or minimum at x0 in (a,b) is that______
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(a) (𝑑𝑥 ) >0 (b) (𝑑𝑥 2 ) >0 (c) (𝑑𝑥 ) <0 (d) (𝑑𝑥 ) =0
𝑥=𝑥0 𝑥=𝑥0 𝑥=𝑥0 𝑥=𝑥0

2. Solution of Euler’s equation is the ______ of the problem.

(a) Integrand (b) extremals (c) stationary value (d) a and c

3. Which of the following is the condition for Natural boundary condition_______

(a) [𝜕𝐹/𝜕𝑦′]𝑥=𝑥1 =0 (b) [𝜕𝐹/𝜕𝑦′]𝑥=𝑥2 =0 (c) a or b (d) a and b

4.Any quantity which takes on a specific numerical value in [a,b] corresponding to each
function on the set S is called________

(a) constant functionals (b) functionals

(c) variate functionals (d)none of the above

5.________ is a first order approximation to the change in that function along a particular
curve.

(a) variation of the functionals (b)variation

(c)differential of function (d) functionals

6. Derivative of the variation with respect to an independent variable is______ to the

variation of the derivative.

(a)equal and opposite (b)opposite

(c)equal (d) inversely proportional

7. The stationary function for an integral functional is ______ for which that variation of that
integral is zero.

(a) 1 (b) 0

(c) ∞ (d)depends upon the integrand

8. 𝑦(𝑐 +) = 𝑦(𝑐−) is one of the natural transition condition where y is______ at c.

(a)continuous (b)discontinuous (c)differentiable (d) a and c.

UNIT-II
9. If the constraint is prescribed directly in the variational form fδu+gδv = 0 then the
necessary conditions are given by ______ .
𝝏𝑭 𝝏𝑭 𝝏𝑭 𝝏𝑭
(a) g[𝒅/𝒅𝒙(𝝏𝒖 ) − 𝝏𝒖] - f[𝒅/𝒅𝒙(𝝏𝒗 ) − 𝝏𝒗] = 0
𝒙 𝒙
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
(b) f[𝑑/𝑑𝑥(𝜕𝑢 ) − 𝜕𝑢] - g[𝑑/𝑑𝑥(𝜕𝑣 ) − 𝜕𝑣 ] =k
𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
(c) g[𝑑/𝑑𝑥(𝜕𝑢 ) − 𝜕𝑢] - f[𝑑/𝑑𝑥(𝜕𝑣 ) − 𝜕𝑣 ] ≠ 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
(d) g[𝑑/𝑑𝑥( )− ] - f[𝑑/𝑑𝑥( )− ]<0
𝜕𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣

𝑏
10. If the normalizing condition is dropped, the problem δ∫𝑎 (𝑝𝑦 ′ 2 − 𝑞𝑦2) 𝑑𝑥 determines
only one stationary function _______
(a) y≡ 𝟎 (b) y≡ 𝛼(𝑥) (c) y≡ 𝑘 (d) y≠ 0
11. The energy difference L= T-V is sometimes called _______
(a) Lagrangian function (b) kinetic potential
(c) generalized equation for energy difference (d) both a and b
12. The normalizing function is added to the variational problem which has ________
stationary functions.
(a) infinite (b) countable (c)uncountable (d) finite .
𝑑 𝜕 𝜕
13. The general solution of { (𝐹 + 𝜆𝐺)} − (𝐹 + 𝜆𝐺) = 0 will involve
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ′ 𝜕𝑦
the________
(a)Constant parameter (b) constants of integration
(c) single variable (d) both a and b

14. φ(u,v) =0 then the variation of φ _________

(a) constant (b) zero (c) decreases (d) increases

15. In a conservative system the total potential energy does not depend on ________

(a) velocities (b) position (c) lagrangian function (d) kinetic

 UNIT-III
1
16. If α=1 in α(x) y(x)= 𝜆 ∫0 𝐾(𝑥, 𝜉)𝑦(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 + 𝐹(𝑥) then the equation is known as_______.
(a) Fredholm equation (b) Volterra equation of the first kind
(c) Volterra equation of the second kind (d) Volterra equation of the third kind
1
17. If α=0 in α(x) y(x)= 𝜆 ∫0 𝐾(𝑥, 𝜉)𝑦(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 + 𝐹(𝑥) then the equation is known as_______.
(a) Fredholm equation (b) Volterra equation of the first kind
(c) Volterra equation of the second kind (d) Volterra equation of the third kind
1
18. If α is not a constant in α(x) y(x)= 𝜆 ∫0 𝐾(𝑥, 𝜉)𝑦(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 + 𝐹(𝑥) then the equation is known
as_______.
(a) Fredholm equation (b) Volterra equation of the first kind
(c) Volterra equation of the second kind (d) Volterra equation of the third kind
19. Which one of the following is the homogeneous boundary condition?
(a)𝛼𝑦 + 𝛽𝑦 ′ = 0 (b) 𝛼𝑦′′ + 𝛽𝑦 ′ = 0
(c) 𝛼𝑦′ + 𝛽𝑦 ′′ = 0 (d) 𝛼𝑦 + 𝛽𝑦 ′ + 𝛾 = 0
20. If the wronskian value is zero, then the corresponding functions are
(a)independent (b)dependent (c)zero (d)continuous
21. Green’s function G is continuous at x = ξ then _______ .
(a) G1(ξ)> G2(ξ) (b)G1(ξ)< G2(ξ) (c) G1(ξ)= G2(ξ) (d)G(ξ)=0.
22. Suppose Ly is the differential operator of order n. Then the Green’s function
satisfies______
(a) homogeneous boundary condition (b) LG = 0
(c) G and 1st (n-2) derivatives are continuous (d) all the above.
UNIT-IV
23. Any polynomial in x and ξ is _______
(a) relevant kernel (b) seperable (c)simple kernel (d) none of the above.
24. K(x,ξ) = ______ is the seperable kernel
(a)∑𝑁
𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑔𝑛 (𝑥) (b) ∑𝑵
𝒏=𝟏 𝒇𝒏 (𝒙)𝒈𝒏 (𝝃)

(c) ∑𝛼𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 (𝜉)𝑔𝑛 (𝑥) (d) ∑𝑁

𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 (𝜉)𝑔𝑛 (𝜉)
1
25. y(x)= 𝜆 ∫0 (1 − 3𝑥𝜉)𝑦(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 + 𝐹(𝑥) is non- homogeneous if _____
(a) F(x) is equal to zero (b) F(x) is not equal to zero
(c) F(x) is continuous (d) F(x) is constant.
 1
26. y(x)= 𝜆 ∫0 (1 − 3𝑥𝜉)𝑦(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 + 𝐹(𝑥) where y(x)=0 is the only solution if _____
(a) F(x) is equal to zero (b) F(x) is not equal to zero
(c) F(x) is continuous (d) F(x) is constant.

27. e(x)=∫ 𝐺(𝑥, 𝜉)𝑐(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 represents a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind for its
determination of c. Then the kernel is_____ .
(a)relevant (b)seperable
(c)influence function (d)none of the above.
UNIT-V

28. The constant fn are the________ in the expansion F(x)=∑fn𝜑𝑛 (x)

(a) Continuous (b) Co efficients (c)Characteristic function (d) none of the above.
29. The kernel in the basic expansion theorem is _______
(a)Continuous (b)real (c)symmetric (d)all the above.
30. _______ in x and ξ is seperable.
(a) polynomial with finite degree (b) onto function
(c) any polynomial (d) continuous function.
31. When the set of characteristic functions is infinite, the resultant infinite series converges
________ in the interval (a,b).
(a) absolutely (b)uniformly (c)at a particular point (d) both a and b.
32. A Fredholm equation with a non symmetric kernel may posses_______
(a) continuity (b) discontinuity at some points
(c)complex characteristic numbers (d) real characteristic numbers
33. If λ= λk, for some k, ___________ exists unless F(x) is orthogonal to the
corresponding characteristic function.
(a)Unique solution (b)No solution (c)distinct solution (d) infinite solution

Section-B (5x2=10)
UNIT-I
1. Give the necessary and sufficient condition for the function z = f(x,y) to have relative
maximum.
2. State the Euler’s equation for the given function F.
3. What will be the reduced form of the solution of Euler’s equation if F does not involves
x explicitly?
4. State the natural transition condition.
5. Define functionals.
6. Define variation of y.
7. What do you mean by a stationary function?.

UNIT-II
8. State the normalizing condition.
9. State the transversability condition.
10. State sturn- Liouville problem.
11. State Hamilton’s principle.
12. What is called kinetic potential?
13. Define generalized co ordinates.
14. Define generalized velocities
UNIT-III
15. Write the types of Integral equations.
16. Write Leibnitz formula.
17. Define Fredholm equation.
18. What is called volterra equation.
19. Solve 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑓(𝑥), y(0) =y(l)= 0
20. State Dirac delta function.

UNIT-IV
21. Define a separable Kernel.
22. Give one example for separable kenel.
23. What is called influence function?.
24. Write the function of effect at x.
UNIT-V

25. Define resolvent kernel.

26. State basic expansion theorem.
2𝜋
27. Solve F(x) = ∫0 sin (x + ξ)y(ξ)dξ.
1
28. Obtain an approximate solution of the integral equation ∫0 sin (x, ξ)y(ξ)dξ + x2

Section-C (5x4=20)
UNIT-I
1. Explain – Lagrange’s Multiplier’s method.

2. Elucidate the Natural boundary condition.

3. Find the minimal surface of revolution passing through two points.

 𝑥2
4. Show that the integral I = ∫𝑥1 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ )𝑑𝑥 is stationary iff its first variation vanishes.

5. Prove that the derivative of the variation and variation of the derivative are same with

respect to an independent variable.

1 2
6. If I = ∫0 (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 ′ )𝑑𝑥, Calculate both △ 𝐼 and δI when y = x and δy =εx2.

UNIT-II
7. Summarize the steps followed to maximizing or minimizing an integral using
constraints and lagrange multipliers.
8. Determine y(x) such that δI =0 ,y(x1)= y1 and y(x2) = g(x2) for a given
𝑥2
I = ∫𝑥1 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ )𝑑𝑥.
9. Determine the curve of length l which passes through the points (0,0) and (1,0) and for
which the area I between the curve and the x axis is a maximum.
𝑥2
10. Find the extremals of I = ∫𝑥1 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ )𝑑𝑥 , y(x1)= y1 , y(x2)= y2 subject to the

𝑥2
constraint J = ∫𝑥1 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ )𝑑𝑥 = k(constant).

𝑥2
11. Solve I = ∫𝑥1 (1 + 𝑦 ′ )1/2 𝑑𝑥, y(x1)= y1 , y(x2)=g(x2) where g(x) = mx+b and m,b are

constants.
UNIT-III
12. Obtain the volterra equation of the second kind.
13. Transform y”+ xy= 1, y(0) =0 , y(l) = 1 into an integral equation.
14. Transform y”+ y= x, y(0) =0 , y(l) = 1 into a Fredholm integral equation.
15. If n is a positive integer, a is a constant and In(x) is defined by the equation

In(x) = prove that

16. Explain the Types of Integral equation.

17. Explain about Green’s function.

UNIT-IV
18. Suppose the string is rotating uniformly about the x – axis with angular velocity ω.
Show that the influence function is the Green’s function of the problem.
19. Show that the characteristic values of λ for the equation
2𝜋
y(x)= 𝜆 ∫0 sin(𝑥 + 𝜉)𝑦(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 are λ1=1/π, λ2= -1/π with corresponding
characteristic functions y1(x)= sin x + cos x , y2(x)= sin x - cos x.
 2𝜋
20 . Prove that the equation y(x)= 1/π ∫0 sin(𝑥 + 𝜉)𝑦(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 + F(x) possess no
solution when F(x)=x but it possess indefinitely many solutions when F(x)= 1.
Determine all such solutions.
21. Derive the Integral equation for the determination of small deflections of a string due to
a loading distribution.

UNIT-V
22. Show that the characteristic numbers of a Fredholm equation with a real symmetric
kernel are all real.
23. Discuss briefly the method of finding resolvent kernel specified by Fredholm Theory.
24. If ym(x) and yn(x) are characteristic functions of the homogeneous Fredholm equation
𝑏
y(x) = 𝜆 ∫𝑎 𝐾(𝑥, 𝜉)𝑦(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 corresponding to distinct characteristic numbers, prove that
ym(x) and yn(x) are orthogonal over the interval (a,b).
25. Generate characteristic functions for the case when K(x,ξ) = sin (x+ξ) and (a,b)= (0,2π)
𝑏
of ∫𝑎 𝐾(𝑥, 𝜉)𝜑(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 .
𝑏
26. Show that if F(x) = ∫𝑎 𝐾(𝑥, 𝜉)𝑦(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 possesses a continuous solution then it is of the
form y(x) = ∑𝑛 𝜆𝑛 𝑓𝑛 𝜑𝑛 (𝑥) + 𝜑(𝑥).
1
27. Solve y(x)= 1 + ∫0 (1 − 3𝑥𝜉)𝑦(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 by iterative methods.

Section-D (2x10=20)
UNIT-I
1. Determine a continuously differentiable function y(x) for which the integral
𝑥2
I = ∫𝑥1 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ )𝑑𝑥 takes a maximum or minimum value and which satisfies y(x1)=y1,
y(x2)=y2 .
1
2. Find the stationary function associated with the integral I = ∫0 (𝑇 𝑦′2 − 𝜌𝜔2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥,
where T, ρ and ω are given constants or functions of x.
3. Explain the steps involved in maximizing or minimizing the integral of the form
𝐼 = ∬ 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 , 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
4. Illustrate the Dirichlet problem.

UNIT-II
5. Explain the Sturn- Liouville problem.
 𝑥2
6. (i) Find the extremals of I = ∫𝑥1 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ )𝑑𝑥 , y(x1)= y1 , y(x2)= y2 subject to the

𝑥2
constraint J = ∫𝑥1 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ )𝑑𝑥 = k(constant).

𝑥2
(ii) Solve I = ∫𝑥1 (1 + 𝑦 ′ )1/2 𝑑𝑥, y(x1)= y1 , y(x2)=g(x2) where g(x) = mx+b and m,b are

constants.
7. Derive the equation of motion of the pendulum consisting of a point mass m suspended
by an inextensible string of length l.

UNIT-III
8. Show that the integral equation corresponding to the boundary value problem is a
Fredholm equation of the second kind.
9. Transform the Bessel equation x2y”+ xy’+ (λx2 -1)y = 0 when y(0) = 0, y(1) = 0 into an
integral equation.
10. (i) If y”(x) =F(x) and y satisfies the initial conditions y(0)=y0 and y’(0)= y0’ show that
𝑥
y(x)= ∫0 (𝑥 − 𝜉)𝐹(𝜉)𝑑𝜉+ yo’x+yo
(ii) Verify that this expression satisfies the prescribed differential equation and initial
conditions.
11. Show that y” + λy = f(x), y(0) = 1, y’(0) = 0 transformed into the integral equation
𝑥 𝑥
y(x)= ∫0 (𝜉 − 𝑥)𝑦(𝜉)𝑑𝜉+1-∫0 (𝜉 − 𝑥)𝑦(𝜉)𝑑𝜉. Prove also the converse.
𝑥
12. Show that, when G(x,ξ) exists,y(x)= ∫0 𝐺(𝑥, 𝜉)𝜑(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 is a solution of the differential
equation Ly+φ(x) = 0 with homogeneous boundary conditions. Prove also the convese.

UNIT-IV
13. Determine the characteristic value of the integral equation
1
y(x)= 𝜆 ∫0 (1 − 3𝑥𝜉)𝑦(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 + 𝐹(𝑥)and the corresponding characteristic functions.
14. Explain the procedure to solve Fredholm equation of second kind with seperable kernels.
15. Show that the influence function is the Green’s function of the problem.

UNIT-V
16. Explain an iterative method for solving a volterra equation.
17. Let yn(x) be the characteristic function corresponding to the characteristic number λn of the
𝑏
homogeneous equation y(x) = 𝜆 ∫𝑎 𝐾(𝑥, 𝜉)𝑦(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 where 𝐾(𝑥, 𝜉) is continuous, real and
 symmetric. Show that these functions and constants determine a continuous solution of
the non-homogeneous Fredholm equation of the II kind
𝑏
y(x) = 𝜆 ∫𝑎 𝐾(𝑥, 𝜉)𝑦(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 + 𝐹(𝑥).
18. Explain an iterative method for solving a Fredholm equation of the second kind.