WEBER's LEAST COST THEORY OF

INDUSTRIAL LOCATION
ALFRED WEBER WAS A GIRMAN Eco- TRANSPORTAT ION COST
NOMIST, GEOGRAPHER, SOCIOLOG|ST OF IT Is INFLUENCED BY 3 BA SC
CULTURE WHOSE ORK WAS INFLUENTI- ELEMENTS:
|AL IN THE DEVELOPMENT. OF MODERN - THE WEIGHT To BE TRANSPORTE D
ECONO MIC GEOGRAPHY. 4 THE DISTANCE To BE CO VERED.
PUBLISHED HIS THEORY ON LOCATIDN THE NATURE OF cOMMDDITY.
INDUSTRIES IN I409.
WEIGHT OF MATERA
WEBER´3 BASIC PRINCIPLE IS THAT MATERAL INDEX =
A FIRM WOULD CHOOSE LOCAT1ON WEIGHT 0F PRDDUCT
WHERE COsTS ARE THE LEAST. IF, MI )1’FIRM 1S MATERIAL ORIENT
ASSUMPTIONS - LF MI<I ’FIRM 1S MARKET ORIENTED
UNIT OF STUDY 15 TAKEN AS A SINGLE IF, MI -1-FIRM 1S MATERL AS WE
COUNTRY WITH CONSUMPTION CENTRE. AS MARKET ORIENTED.
SOME NATURAL RESOURCES AR OBIQUITOS. " MI = MATERIAL INDEX
SOME NATURAL RESOURCES ARE LOC - MARKET
CHEAPEST LONGEST
ALIZED |s NATURE. To TRANSPORT

LABOUR 1S NoT UBIQUITOUS BUT IS COSTLIEST ¿ SHORTEST LEAST

TO TRANSPORT TRANSPT
cosT PoiN
HAS FIXED LoCA TLON AND
FIXED
MOBILTY. 2nd coSTLEST E 2n
SHORTEST To TRANSPORT LOCA TLD N
FACTORS |NFLUENCING ILNDUST. LOCA.
THE LABOUR CosT MAY DIFERS. DUETRIANGLE
To 2 REASONS:
T= LEAST TRANP.
"
DIFFERENCES IN WAGE CosT
LOCATION
REGlONAL FACT LNTRA REG4. FACTOR RA TE. L=CHEA
LABOUR
CosT
OR OR " DIF IN LEVEL OF
LOCAT4
PRIMARr CAUSES| BECONDARY CAUSE FF|CIENCY.
AGGLOMERATIVE
REFERS TO THE ADVANTAGES OR
OF COST CHEAPENING
PRaDUCTION DUE TO THE CONCENTRA
TRANS. COST AGGLOMERATIVE TlON OF AN INDUST RY.
LABOUR COST
DEGLOMERATIVE DEGGLOMERATIVE
RISE IN THE COST OF
TO DECENTRALIZATION
PRODUCTION
OF
AND LFAD
INDUSTRIES
PLANNING THE ORY AND NAME - EKANT MISHRA
DEMOGRAPHY SC.NO.- 232Oq0l|03, - M.PLAN
 VON T
THUNEN's MODEL OF AGRICULTURE
LAND USE
INTRODUCTION - RANCHING LIVESTOD
THE AGRICUL TURE LAND USE GRAINS E
FIELD CROPS
|MODEL DEVELOPED BY JOHANN FORST

HEINRICH VON THUNEN (1783 -1850) FARM.

UREAN MARET
IN EARLY 1800's (19TH CENTURY) MARET

BUT IT WASN' I TRANSLATED INTO

ENGLISH UNT|L 1966o.
THE VON THUNEN WAS A GERMAN
SKILLED FARMER HAVING KNOWLEDGE MODEL
ABOUT ECONOMICS. HIS MODEL |S ALS0 ZONE 1-
KNOWN AS CONCENTRIC RINGS INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
THIS 1S THE |NNERMOST ZONE,
THEORY OF AGRICULTURE LAND
USE CLOSEST TO THE CENTRAL CITY
THE MODEL HAVE 4 RIN GS ZONE 2- FOREST AND
WHICH BEYOND ZONE 1, TIMBER
DEVELOPED AROUND THÂ CENTRAL COSTS TRANSPORTATION
CITY. INCREASES.
ZONE 3 - EXTENSIVE
" EACH RING
TYPE OF
SHOWS A DIFFERENT IN THIS
ZONE, EVEN
ÁGRICULTURE
" VON AGRICULTURE LAND USE.
THUNEN'3 MODEL WAS CREAED CROPS
LESS
LIKE GRAINS AND PERISHHABLE
CEREALS
BEFORE ARE PRODUCED.
INDUSTRJAL|EATION,
RAILROADS, FACTORIES, ETC. HIGHWAT, ZONE
THIS 15
4- RANCHIN G AND LIVESTOCK
"
AcCORDING TO
HI5 MODEL THE
RELA TIVE COST OF
0UTERMOST
ZÔNE, WHERE
LIVESTOCK RANCHING OCCURS.
TRANSPORT DIF.
AGRICULTURE COMMODITIES
BID
RENT CURVE (ECONOMIC RENT)
TO THE DISTA NCE FROM CITY
CENTER MARKET DETERMINED THE
AGRICUL TURE LAND USE AROUND
A CITY.
THE MOST PROD UCTIVE
ACTIVITIES
|WILL CLOSET TO THE CENT ER " AS DIS TANCE
MARKET AND THE ACTIVLTIES NOT FROM CITY CEN.
DAI Ry

PRODUCTIVE ENOUGH WIL LOCATED WHEAT GRAZING INCREASES,COST

AWAY FROM CENTER CITY. OF LAND GOES
WASTE
R-RESIDENTIA L
CITY CENTRE
DOWN.
PLANNING THEORY AND NAME-EKANT MISHRA
DEMOGRAPHY SC. N0. -232O90 H03 - M.PLAN
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY VILAGE CITY
BoUNDARY TOWN
Centras Plate Thedsys an whan Such towns ane good Cenbully MARKET
gMaphicat heoy That 8eeka. ocaked and maiy he tale d. lenbal ToWN
to explain the number ize Plates
and ange mauke Senvicea
in a Commexia! kyetem Ov hu- Cenbeal places.Higk ondlex t: Places
man settemena in a steutdentfas Lewendvalen C: Paca.
Ayskem. 94 wa intoduesl in
1933 to explain the paial HIERARCHY OF SITTLEMEN T
disbibuton ahes ao he
Landecape. The heosy was fut HaniletFewest Roods & sevr

analysed by jenman Jecgaaphen. Vice available

walten chustalle. who akexted Village t Ineludes he Hegion
that sellementk Atmply funcHoned the hamlet and Some
asCenbral places -providing etonomie addl'tiona! goods and Seuvices PRINCIPLES
Lexvices to swOunding aMeas. Town.- Includes the egion Thee pinejples in the awange
t h e villaye and amlet ment e Genbral place theosuy
Cenbunl place theasy atenpes and provides 8ome additorad
to goods ard lexvicet. 1. Maxketiny Ptnople (k-3 system)
illubeate how Aettlemens loea
-ted n 9Helation to One ano Ciky Jnclucles the eglon 2. Tanspexfalon pou'ndple.
fhen, the eamount market the villayes amlet Ck-4 Syskem )
aea a Cenbal place Can lont- ard town & pxovioles dome 3. The admnitbratfive pnuple

Jol and why some tevlbral additional goods and dex vices Ck eyshem)
Sh heoy, Jou 0sden
placesuncten as hamlet,villa
kowns ax itu. Poconding City geocs va ve Jow horeshold.

to lenbeal place theany the Low Stange and tweshold

Thoeshald.
roviston geods Aervices. Rllage goools a e Sold tn
maet a Hanalet mall kowns. vllage. Rangei
fon he wwwoundliny
SASKRITi PAIGWA R Sch No-232090O5
 CONSTELLATON
ConsHlaHon Theosy was Coined THEORY
Nasik
by St Pabuik Cieddes, "4.eu
mane eihes, which axe not eco Puxaryab Najpun
hane
nomicolly poliHcally docially Ahmeclnaga Jalna
egpual eome
togathen fn devel
Mambai
-epng a whole
eg fon. Fune
his theomy s mosly useol fax.
adminisbentve purpose tn all touu
-nbetes wosddwide..

Quch theaxies aHe mest 2xominent-

-

lyused{ becasse planning elte

in a paricutast shope paten is EXHMPLE: MHHAKASHTRA ABOUTSIR PATRICK GEDDES
not po ctible fn today'e time.
1. Mumbal Economte&Caplhal ciy So abick Credele wa
In alout. i f takes a whole region 2. Nasik - eligiou cily. scotich 6iolegis, octologtet,
to make he cily
"
Ccikes In evelut 3. Awrangebad Adminisbatve city geogsaphex philanthropist
Plilical cily town plannex. te
-fon , 1e/s). Crxoup lmpostrnt ilies 4. Nagpu.
Naqpun. pioneexing
Come tegatue Ta
ar developty an 5. Pune Etucationaly cily also known as
fathex . He
enlue Megion. Imponbance. modexn town planning.
was the fost to rk soc-
Eg t- Ptoninenk Cles n mahaxad -fologteal -Concept into toon
- ate ehown fo oe Conneckrl planning
bonshllation. He fnbeo ducesd he Concep
foxming
"repion" Fisele plannin9
Sansksak aigua 2 820901to5 (M-Plan)
 NTuNTON
TRAFEIC
NEIGHBORHOOD UNL BY:CLARENCE A. PERRY, PEonE
PERRY DESCRIBED THE NEIGHBORH00D UNIT AS THAT POPULATE AREA
lsAREA (N OPEN OEVELDPMENT PREFERABLE
l60 Acaes IN ANY CASE IT sHOULD HouSE, ENNaN
REQUIRE oNE ELEMENTAAY SgpL
KMNH NIVN
N32SN01 STREET
WHICH WO0LD REQUIRE AND SUPPORT AN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL WITH AN ARTERAL
ENROLMENT OF BETWEEN 4000 AND 1200 PUPILS. THIS WOULD MEAN
RESIPENTIN

|A POPVLA TlON OF BETWEEN 5000 AND 6000 PEOPLE. THE UNIT wOULD CENÍER
OCCUPY ABOUT 160 ACRES. AB0UT 10 PERCENT OF THE AREA :ASHORPING DUTRCK wTY

MIaHT BE SURSUT
WOULD BE ALLOCATED TO RECREATION AND PARK SPACE. DWELLING foR CHURCH SITE BUStNESS
UNIT WITH APOPULATION OF 10 FAMILIES PER ACRE.
SIX BASIC PRINCIPLES OF G00D NEIGHBORHOOD; 1O
ONLY NEIGHGORHOOD
|1.MAJOR ARTERIALS AND THROUGH TRAFFIC ROUTES SHOULD NOT PASS (NSTITUTION AT CoMMONITY HIMHWAY
THROUGH RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS.THEY ALSO PROVIDE BOUNDARIES OF THE CENTER S
NE IGHBORHOOD;
2INTERIOR STREET PATTERN SHOULD BE DES \GNED AND CONSTRUC TED THROUG THE USE SHOPpING DISTRICT I tEN PERCENT Of AREA
OF CUL-DE-SACS, cURVED LAYOUT AND LIGHT DUTY SURFACING TD ENCOURAGE PERIRHERY AT TRAFFIC TUNETION To RECREATION AND PARKISPACE
LAND PREFERABLY BUNCHEb IN
AQUIET, SAFE AND LOW VOLUME TRAFFIC MOVEMENT AND MAINTAHNING RESIDENTIAL! FoRM
|ATMOSPHERE.
3. PoPULATION SHOULD BE THAT WHICH IS REQUIRED TO SUPPORT ITS ELEMENTARY,
SCHOOL.
|4. THE NEIGHBORHOD FOCAL POUNIT SHOVLD BE THE ELEMENTRy sCHOOL
|CENTRALLY LOGATED ONA COMMON OR GREEN, HAVING SERVICE AREAS COINCIDENT WITH
THE NEIGHBORHO00D BOUNDARIES. SMAN Hiat
5.THE RADIUS OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD SHOULD BE AMAXIMUM OF ONE -QUARTER MILE THUS PRECLUD
AWAK OF MORE THAN THAT DisTANCE OF ANY ELEMENTA RY sCHOOL CHILD, AND
|6. SHOPPING DISTRICTS SHOULD BE SITED AT THE EDGE OF NEIaHBORHOORS PREFERABLy AT MAJOR
STREET INTERSECTI ONS. STNTEROR STREET NOT
WDER THAN REQuIRED FOR
SPECIFIG USE AND aIVINA EASY
AccEsS to SHOrs ANp cOMNVNIIY ENTER
CANGAM KUMAR PATRO, 23201Dl09,PLANNING THEORIES,PRACTICE AND PEMOGRAPHY ITHEORY-1]
THE RANK SIZE RULE CONCEPTBX cKZIPF EACH ONE WILL HAVE A PoPOLAT1ON
LF ALL CITIES IN A COUNTRY ARE PLACED IN ORDER FROM THE LARGEST To THE SMALLES T,
HALF THE SIZE OF THE PRECEDING CITY.
LARGEST CIT.
CES IN ACOUNTRY ARE RANKEp ACCORDING TO THEIR SIZE IN RELATION To THE COUNTRIES
RANK 1 - LARaEST CITY 4! RANK SIZE RULE CORRELATION IN GERMANY
RANK 2 - 1/2 THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE AS RANK 4 CITY
RANK 3 1/3 tHE NUMBER OF PEOPLE AS RANK 2 CITY POPULAIION
3 RANK SI2E RULE
RANK 4 - 1/4 THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE AS RANK 1 CITY
RANK SIZE RULE
RANK 5- 1/5 THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE AS RANK 1 CITY Z2.5!
PROBIEMS WITH RANK- SIZE RULE
|IN SOME COUNTRIES THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AFIRST ó2
RANKED AND A SECOND RANKED CITY WAS MUCH LESS THAN 15!
EXPECTED. EXAMPLE - NEW YORK CITY Is ONLY 1.3 TIMES
LARGER THAN L0s ANGELES. IN SOME COUNTRIES IT IS DOMINATED 1
3Y PRIMATE CITIES SO THE CHANGES ARE LARGER THAN EXPEC TEP. 0.5
EXAMPLE - KINSHASA IS 3 TIMES LARGER THAN THE NEXT
LARAEST CITY LUBUMBASHI.
BERLIN HAMBURG MUNICH COLOGNE FRANKFURT
USES FOR RANK-SIZE RULE AND ITS APPLICAT1ON CITIES
SETS A GENERAL CLAS3IFICATION FOR RANKING CITIES BY PoPULATION IN A COUNTRY.
MEACURE S DEAREE OF PRIMARY FOR A PARTICULAR CITY IN ACOUNTRY. HELPS DISTINGUISH COUNTRIEs WITH SPECIAL CHARACTERISTI CL,
EAMPLE - AREA, WEALTH, ETL. ZIPF STUDIED URBAN PATTERN IN MANY COUNTRIES LIKE THE Vs AND JNRUSSIA/SOVIET UNBONTEARUEE|.
COUNTRIES WITH LONG URRAN
IT WORKS BETTER IN LARAER COUNTRIES LIKE THEM BEFORE PROPoUNDING THIS LAW. IT ALJO WORKS WEL
HIRTORY AND IN AREAS THAT HAVE A MORE COMPLEX SOcIAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEM.
RANK- SZE RELATION SHIP IN INDUA
FuE RANV -t1ZE RELATIDNSHIP IN INDIA LS ARSENT AT THE NAT IONAL LEVEL AS THE POPULATION sIZE OF MUMBAI, KOLKATA AND DELHI IS
roy 'ine To EALH OTHER. MOREOvER,, AGREAT MA JORITY OF STATES IN INDIA ASO DO NOT CONFORM To THE RANK- SIZE RULE.
ANGAM KUMAR PATRO, 23204o[07, PLANNIN, IHEORIES,PRACTICES AND DEMOGRAPHY HEORY-27
Political economy model:
Political economy models are analytical frameworks used to study the
relationship between politics and economics in various contexts. These models
seek to understand how political institutions, processes, and decisions influence
economic outcomes and vice versa. They help explain how political and
economic factors interact and shape public policies, institutions, and the
distribution of resources. There are several political economy models and
approaches out of which some key ones are:
Classical Political Economy: This is an early form of political economy associated
with thinkers like Adam Smith and David Ricardo. It emphasizes the role of
markets and private property in promoting economic growth and prosperity.
Classical political economy lays the groundwork for the study of capitalism.
Marxist Political Economy: Karl Marx's political economy model focuses on the
relationship between social classes, particularly the conflict between the
bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (workers). It analyzes how capitalist
systems generate inequalities and explores the potential for class struggle and
revolutionary change.
Neoclassical Political Economy: Neoclassical economics, associated with
thinkers like Alfred Marshall and Leon Walras, is a framework that merges
economic analysis with the study of political decision-making. It emphasizes the
importance of individual rationality, market efficiency, and the role of
government in correcting market failures.
Public Choice Theory: Public choice theory, associated with scholars like James
Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, applies economic principles to the analysis of
political decision-making. It explores how politicians and bureaucrats make
choices in their self-interest, potentially leading to suboptimal policy outcomes.
UP1104: Political economy model
Institutional Political Economy: This approach, led by scholars like Douglass
North, focuses on the role of institutions in shaping economic behavior and
outcomes. It examines how formal and informal institutions, such as property
rights and norms, affect economic development and governance.
Developmental Political Economy: This model explores the relationship
between politics and economic development. It seeks to understand how
political factors, like governance structures, political stability, and policy choices,
influence a country's economic growth and prosperity.
Global Political Economy: This model studies the international dimensions of
political and economic interactions. It looks at how international institutions,
trade agreements, and global financial systems impact national economies and
political decisions.
Behavioral Political Economy: This approach incorporates insights from
behavioral economics into the study of political and economic behavior. It
acknowledges that individuals often make decisions that deviate from strict
rationality, considering psychological and cognitive biases.
In the context of urban planning, the political economy model is used to analyze
the relationship between political processes, economic factors, and urban
development. This approach helps to understand how political decisions and
economic interests influence the planning and development of cities and
metropolitan areas. Here are some key considerations when applying the
political economy model to urban planning i.e. Land Use and Zoning Policies,
Gentrification, public infrastructure, real estate development, housing policy,
urban governance, public private partnerships and community participation.
Priyanshu Gadhwal
2320901110
M.Plan: 1st Semester
Collaborative planning model:
Collaborative planning is a process in which individuals or teams work together
to develop plans, strategies, or projects. It is a cooperative approach that
involves sharing ideas, expertise, and resources to create more effective and
inclusive plans. Collaborative planning is commonly used in various contexts,
including business, government, nonprofit organizations, and community
development. Here are some key aspects of collaborative planning:
Inclusivity: Collaborative planning typically involves multiple stakeholders,
including employees, team members, community members, or partners.
Inclusion ensures that different perspectives, knowledge, and expertise are
considered.
Shared Decision-Making: Participants in collaborative planning work together to
make decisions about the plan or project. This shared decision-making process
often leads to better buy-in and support from all involved parties.
Communication: Effective communication is essential in collaborative planning.
Open and transparent communication helps to ensure that all participants are
on the same page and understand the goals, roles, and responsibilities.
Conflict Resolution: Since multiple perspectives are involved, conflicts and
disagreements may arise. Collaborative planning involves mechanisms for
resolving conflicts in a constructive and respectful manner.
Goal Setting: Collaborative planning typically starts with defining clear and
common goals. These goals serve as the foundation for the planning process.
Resource Allocation: In collaborative planning, participants may collectively
allocate resources, including budget, manpower, and time, to achieve the goals
of the plan.
Flexibility: Plans developed through collaborative planning are often more
adaptable to changing circumstances because they benefit from the collective
intelligence and diverse input of participants.
Long-Term Perspective: Collaborative planning often takes a longer-term
perspective, considering not just immediate needs but also the sustainability
and long-term impact of the plan.
Examples of collaborative planning include:
Strategic Planning: Businesses often engage in collaborative strategic planning
involving various departments and teams to develop a roadmap for the
organization's future.
Urban Planning: Local governments involve citizens, urban planners, and other
stakeholders in collaborative urban planning to shape the development of cities
and communities.
Community Development: Nonprofits and community organizations use
collaborative planning to address community issues, such as affordable housing,
education, or health services.
Project Management: Collaborative planning is essential in project
management, where cross-functional teams work together to plan and execute
projects efficiently.
Collaborative planning is particularly relevant and beneficial in the field of urban
planning. It involves engaging various stakeholders, including local residents,
businesses, government agencies, and community organizations, in the decision-
making and design processes to create more inclusive, sustainable, and effective
urban development.

Priyanshu Gadhwal
UP1104: Collaborative planning model 2320901110
M.Plan: 1st Semester
Richard Florida's 2002 book "The Rise of the Creative Class"
argues that economic growth is driven by creativity, talent, tolerance,
and technology, rather than traditional factors like raw materials or
competition for companies. He coined the term "creative class" to
describe the people who spur high-tech growth. His ideas have
influenced policies in various cities, emphasizing the importance of
cultural and recreational development. The University of British
Columbia's President, Dr. Martha Piper, stressed that a welcoming and
diverse environment, along with investments in quality-of-life
amenities, are vital for attracting creative individuals and fostering
economic growth.
1.Creative Class: Florida coined the term "creative class" to
describe the individuals who fuel high-tech growth and innovation in
the modern economy.
2.Three T's: Florida's analysis emphasizes the importance of the
"three T's" of economic growth: talent (educated workforce),
tolerance (diversity and openness), and technology (high-tech
industries).
3.Impact: His ideas have influenced cultural and economic
development policies in cities like Montreal and Calgary.
4.People Climate: Dr. Martha Piper of the University of British
Columbia highlighted the role of universities in creating a welcoming
and diverse environment. She stressed that investing in amenities like
urban parks and cultural programs is essential for attracting creative
individuals and promoting economic growth.

Ankit Sinha | 2320901111 | M.Plan

The Theory of Drive in Culture, developed by
sociologist Gerard Saucier, proposes that human
behavior is motivated by two basic drives: the
drive for autonomy and the drive for relatedness.
These drives are thought to be universal and to
influence all aspects of human life, including
cultural and social behaviors.

According to the Theory of Drive in Culture,

different cultures may prioritize these drives
differently, leading to variations in cultural
behaviors and norms. For example, a culture that
values autonomy may place a greater emphasis
on individualism and self-reliance, while a culture
that values relatedness may place a greater
emphasis on community and interdependence.

The Theory of Drive in Culture has been

influential in understanding how cultural values
and behaviors are shaped by basic human needs.
It offers a useful perspective on how different
cultures may prioritize and express these drives in
different ways, and how these drives may
influence cultural practices and norms.

Ankit Sinha | 2320901111 | M.Plan

 TeNs1
TioN. UNKED
ARE THEUPoN
RELAcol
CONCEPT
rATeICK
GEDDAN ÈNv(R
BotH
0R4ANUM ONMENT
THE
WORK
PLAcE
PUeE T0GE
TRIO oRaA (ts DDES
PLACE ENVIR0NEAT. Ats
BOMBAY
FoLK
AND ENVeONMENT,
NUM
etSTHROH expANED
REPRESENTAT(ON
TUROUH THEORY
PLACE
FOLK
CONVERSLY
FUN(ON, AN
LOeAeD
weRE PLACE)
RESIDENCES wWERE (N
MASTERoMBAY
(ie ASMoST (NADO B THE
RUNCTa ORHANISM+
oF place PLACE
Pot kplaceWoRk(Sense)
THE
PtED PRSMOTING TRADD LIFE
PRINCIPLES
THEPRESERVANtOa
Erpeniencel
FolkWORK ConteL
FUTUE
oVERHAprRAe
OFFILES Folk wotkPlace

TS AND
PTH. NO
FOLK ND
THE
CoMME EN
WERE NOTON |(Feetin g)FOL K Fo(kPlace
PUALE) Wonk F
RGY
RCE HOM

MINER GoLD
CItlES
PesitIVELY
weREGETs HAVE
THE coME REGIONL
PATRICK
CONCLUS EDDES
StR ON
I EnVIeOmENT.
REATeNSPSPemoNSTeOeS
0cCASONAL
NOODMAN DE
PO
TS
o4EtER
THE

HONTERSHEPHERD SKIAS PLAN

NOT
eoMLEK
BETWEGN
occUPAONS
Hew
THE
+PPELTE P. LOPpORAE
ED
NLY wHERt eoL PRINCIPAL NLAND MARKET VLLEY (
wANTeo
RPRiwEQBDLETHE ABOR NIERRELATeD
AND
TUE
PESANT HuMANS
sECtID)
TowN CATTLECoRN
LO 232O90
M.|2
JEREMAt
THONG
FARNER SeM.
AST ANO Plan
MD
AND
(ND(VDUAL
PLALEs(A
ELOERLy MARKE
ENTRALT ORIGINAL HUNTING, As (UeBAN
cons UMARTME HYEIcAL P
P eENTRE
oGEtHER E
FsHER F|SH I PLANING)
 NTRODUCTION PRIMATE CITY THEORY
ADVANTAGES F PRIMATE CITIES
PRIMAE UTYy MAIOR ECDN MES s CALE CAN BE ACHIEVED BE CAvsE
WeRKS AS HE THEY ovERSEAS (NVEStMENT 8ENIFITS THAT
EVSNTUALY
poLITtca
A
PopvLAt lo cENTRE ATrRiVE
BEN(FIT
PLEs
t 4e wHoLE coUNTRY
oUN TRY AND 1 RIVA-LED ANY
M IGRAT(ON

THESE As PETS RESOURLES SERVLeES AND (NPRMTRUCTtueE

AvANUABLE
> A PeiMAE MUST AtLE AST AS popULo Us 8 LALE
As THHE SEONO LARb EST

PRiMAtE (TlES ARE ALW 4YS

FATORS AFPeeING PRIMACY

SIZE CoUNTRY
CoLONIAL HsTORy
’ExpoR lENTATL0 THE toomy
’SimPLE ¬oNo MIe PoLTICAL RHONISATON
EcoNoMY

PRIM4Y
PLAN
ConeLUSLO
PARLS (N
1459

’sPREAD O8sERYED THAT LAGGE SCALE

oLoALISM ECoNOMIES CAN BE AHevED CAN BENFI7
’STRONG CENTRA US ED GoVERAMENT
VARI00S
EcON0MIe FAcToRs
’LADJSTRIAt TRAFPte ConGEST(O N CRIME
A44LO MERATIDN lEQU LITIES, (MBLAN CE
EPPIcIENCy MODERN TRNSPoRT DEVELoP MENT CLOURs
k B1D REN‘ THEORY Bid Rent Curve -
The bid Tent theory is a qeoqTaphial
economic thegT s that TeferS to how. Retail
1eal estate
the price and demand forfrom the m
Per
Rent
chonge ay the distance
distict CCBDD intease.
centra business
land useS
It states that different
anothey foT land Manufactuing
will compete with one
close to the ity centre . Residenth)
This is baed upon the idea Distance from (BD
that Tetail egta blishments wish to
maximmize their profi to bility, 6o they
aTe much moTe willinq to pay more
for Jand close to the C8D and less
for land further, away frorm this area
Con S equene on land we
Coe of the theory - Bid Rent CrVe FuncHhon.
Rent Ret Gradíent
The combina hon of land
A surplus proft) resulting A representa hon of the
prices and distances
dist
from 6ome advantages decline in 1ent with
Such as capitalization and once from a point ot among whích individual is
ysually the cenbd| dierent. pestibes the
accessi bility. Based on apa bi Tefeence, distict. Related td Tange hat householJ
lity to pay & functhion of business
murqinal cost of distane. Jluould be willin to pay.
Conomic activty.
Model RuTa UTban
Sent = Is

!skm lokm
Matket garden C8D
S=3-)44 ing &dairying Commerte
Firewood & s indu shy
5=7S.4o Umber High densi
Ex tenslve residentia
Farming
Chara ceri 6hics
>Most of
Gtrength
the aou ntries Follow the 6ame People are lesS willing to pay for land
which fr away ram the ceD and
pattern. (onversely willing o pay more for land
to undersand the proces near CBD 2) £ach form land se
in the qowth ot the city.
invol ved
to understo nd. Guch cs agricu lural, retail , servi(es or
3> Simple & easy housing generaBe different 8id Rent
CuNes
VRUSHALI SUBH A6H CHAVAN
MPLAN. - FIR6T YEAR
BID RENT THEORY SC. ND 2%209o|14.
-

[PLANNING THEORY]
 Sectot Model
The sector model, also known
as the hoyt model, is a model of CBD

u1ban land we propo6ed in 1939 by

land economist Homer Hoyt. Factories/
Tnduees
I is a modittaton of the Low class
dev.
Concentic zone model of city applica
Te sldenial

The benefts of thethe fa c it |Middle class

Yesidenha)
e
of this mo del |nelude igh clss
allows for an outw ard progressi'on residenhal.

growth. As will all simple models A basc veT6ion of

the 8Cttor model
of
of such complex .phen om en a, ts
volidity is limited. Advantaqes :
I# looks qt the effect of transpott
* Applicahon and Communicath'on linhs. Num erDuy
This model applies to followed
iHes do seem to have
numeTous Brihsh Ghes. Also, if it
this model. If turned 9o anti
is tutned go degrees counBer hoyt model its he
clockwis e it fls the cty of Monche- elockwise, the yne
nglabbach reasona bls acur ely. This ty ot New castHe Upon
may be because ßf the age of Teasonably acuraty.
the ches when branspottahon was Transport linkages profundly
Înflu en ce achvites &their JolaHons.
a key a a general Tule older uHe.
follow the Hoyt model.
in India
* Few exishing' exan ples of pplication * Example of 6ector mocdel
of the 6echor model ! shivajinaqa
CHICAGO Industney
3r° most cOD
popu louw city in c las
Middle
populous city iy class
the Ameri can low clasS
Mid west. UPPeT fuctorie
The secto model c lass Mid
class
of a aty was rarmg ShivaiünagdY is an afea i the heart ¡f
Pune city This is the most impottant
bayed on
Chicaqo , the
higher inone FUPPer area of the ity ay the Pune Muniapal
(lajs. Gus
1esidential was Corporuhon Pune (Dis (). coEP,
buitt alonq the sBand in terinky the ity to places
desnable lake michiqan north in the SBae ot MahaTashha .
cf the (8D. Shivajinaqar railwWay Staion is imp st.
for the Subutban Tailw ay tralic.
YRUSHALI SUBHA6H CHAVAN
M.PLAN, - F1R6I YEAR
SECTOR MODEL - Homer Hoyt S.. No. 29 209l|)4

[PLANNING THEORY
GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
The concept of garden cities, as developed by Ebenezer Howard in the late nineteenth century, remains influential in
the field of urban planning and sustainable development. Howard's innovative ideas on urban planning addressed
the challenges arising from rapid urbanization and industrialization, and many of the principles he advocated are still
relevant today.
• Balancing Urban and Rural Life: The core idea of garden cities, which seeks to strike a balance
between the benefits of urban living and the qualities of rural life, is still pertinent. Urbanization
and migration from rural areas continue to be global trends, and finding ways to provide a high
quality of life in urban settings while maintaining a connection to nature is an ongoing challenge.

• Sustainable Development: The emphasis on green spaces, self-containment, and mixed land use
in garden cities aligns with contemporary goals of sustainability and environmental conservation.
Urban planners today recognize the importance of incorporating green infrastructure and
minimizing the ecological footprint of cities.

• Community-Centered Design: The focus on creating communities where people can live, work,
and access amenities within close proximity remains a key goal in urban planning. The idea of
reducing the need for long commutes and fostering community cohesion is still highly relevant.

• Affordable Housing: The idea of providing affordable housing for various income levels is an
ongoing concern in many cities worldwide. The garden city concept's commitment to affordable
housing is an enduring ideal.

• Regional Planning: Howard's advocacy for regional planning is consistent with contemporary
efforts to create well-connected metropolitan regions and balance development between urban
and suburban areas.

• Quality of Life: The garden city model's emphasis on health, well-being, and beautification aligns
with modern concepts of designing cities to enhance residents' quality of life. The idea that the
physical environment can impact mental and physical health is increasingly recognized.
• Integration of Nature: The importance of incorporating nature into urban environments is
increasingly understood, and garden cities' commitment to green spaces and parks continues to
be a guiding principle in modern urban design.
"At the beginning of the twentieth century, two great new inventions took
form before our eyes: The aeroplane and The Garden City, both
harbingers of a new age: the first gave man wings and the second
promised him a better dwelling-place when he came down to earth." -
Lewis Mumford (1946)

RITIK CHOUDHARI
1ST SEM M.PLAN (HOUSING) | 2320902101
The Irregular Pattern Model of Urban Structure
In today's rapidly evolving world, urban planning has become a crucial 3.4 Cultural Preservation: Irregular pattern model enables the preservation of
aspect of managing and designing cities. A well-planned urban heritage sites and cultural landmarks, as it avoids unnecessary demolitions
structure is vital for enhancing quality of life, promoting economic
development, and fostering sustainable living. Among the various and relocations associated with grid- based planning. By respecting the
models of urban structure, the irregular patten model presents a historical legacy of the city, it maintains its unique identity and strengthens
distinct approach that challenges the traditional grid-based planning the sense of community.
methods. This report explores the concept of irregular pattern model
and its relevance and advantages in contemporary urban planning. 3.5 Sustainability and Environmental Considerations: The irregular pattern
(GASPAROVIK-2020) model supports ecological sustainability by utilizing the natural features of
the landscape. Integrated green spaces, preservation of natural habitats, and
increased biodiversity contribute to a healthier, more sustainable urban
• Understanding the Irregular Pattern Model
environment.
The irregular pattern model is a departure from the conventional grid-based layout
of cities. It incorporates a design that embraces irregular shapes, winding roads,
and organic flow within the urban framework. Unlike the rigid grids, this model
acknowledges the natural landscape, topographical variations, and existing
landmarks, attempting to harmoniously blend with the surrounding environment. The irregular pattern model of urban structure offers a
3.Advantages of the Irregular Pattern Model refreshing approach to city planning. breaking away from
3.1 Natural Aesthetics: The irregular pattern model emphasizes the integration of
the traditional grid-based methods. Its emphasis on
the built environment with the natural surroundings, resulting in aesthetically aesthetics, natural integration, efficient traffic flow,
pleasing landscapes. The organic flow of streets and buildings enhances the visual
appeal of the city while preserving and showcasing existing natural features. walkability, cultural preservation, and sustainability makes it
3.2 Efficiency in Traffic Flow: The irregular pattern model often features curved a valuable alternative for contemporary urban
roads, which promote a natural traffic flow. These roads accommodate the development. By embracing irregularity, cities can create
movement of vehicles in a more efficient manner, reducing congestion and
enhancing overall mobility within the city. unique, vibrant, and inclusive spaces that enhance
3.3 Enhanced Walkability and Accessibility. This model fosters pedestrian-friendly
environments by incorporating a mix of narrow and broad streets, public plazas,
residents' quality of life and celebrate the distinctive
and focal points. The irregular layout encourages walking, promoting a healthier charateristics of each location.
and more sustainable lifestyle. Additionally, the irregular pattern model enhances
accessibility for individuals with disabilities and promotes inclusive urban spaces.

RITIK CHOUDHARI
1ST SEM M.PLAN (HOUSING) | 2320902101