Alternating current Most the elect os. wea tc) Doug SS el Ha PA SP aliewsdng Cument (a.C.): This is because- oS GC) Alternecting voltege can easil; eae a conegatecl pom ome voalur 8 trans wi? The Alin nating Current ond dutibutes! Yover lon: A without much Aoss of ete rit uke fs alter Cha Continuously with as col periodi€ally - So Tt 4s ae by - aS Wh Roo “0 H . aoa de peak? vetlice S Sah co. Le a.c. vo as Canlect angule ‘ Sey of ac > Where : EE F (fequney) Where ST ©” ‘ _ Rime period be ac. T+ Gs equal to +H n "4, the go through ont: e e!. ob au aiona ee ae < Qi » = Ono revolutionAdso Ff Ga the of ac. Tt is equod to the number o Com ces 2h, vatiah ons ge Herougn by ae. secon ik pn the sti e-m-f. may be ie 7 v Im @C¢. Circuits , two oe SI cwe elements Are wane Thee are indue citer Cc) Curtant anal xe are Civeust OL Contealed by three LS R, Lo omd C- AD ¥ The voltege across & padi (op et Laden ty Uwe AT/lt ws ret The above. equatirg yee us yoate of Change. ob potential. Jory Shows thot a Caobocitor abpects the comes only When Vv Chemges unth dimeMean or Averoge value of Alternating Current — Tt ws ineol 2% that value of Steady change Thrsagh a Send “the same amount o| 107 a a Circuit in Re dime ob hat t.e. T aA Ab Sent ac. . sime ele, in the same “ime, termegis Fee MAN OF fuckege Arc. over One Cycle 4s Zero: erage, wake of re Ne Bee aversge value of ac. over omy halk Se Qos oAsumid to remain ot, tun small amount of tes a dime At Js- hai "Oe Sipe Change sent by ae: in the best oe ef or G = Srasinest att Se BESET prem] a” = Ee [cesok = cone’ ] =-Ze [Cosst - cos] wq = 2te —oO (7) | Ty veprasents the mom oy avernge valut o ad. gren hee dst ~b ugde then - 5 [eee] — O8 uoci oO dad @) - e Ie xD = 2 Ze 2 210. AY 2 ~ a) sy Te = 220 = oea7te KY ,O\ wa SNS valid’ 5 a.e8 via) v5 half cycle ap nest ines mie ay eo can soy CB7% os Y ft yolue . Note - The ovdin Cs Grnot | creas a sete Cogn voltage. in ac. Civant, . " sy jieling oe aboed | veroge: : re Vedat ok Alternating Current il a8 thet volue ob Steady ae a the same amomt™o| C2 ITY G Treo time , wi ec} theogh the same me time. R I= LeSinwtYom-s volue is Oso Calle! e ective vas. yee rge virtual valu of c- Tt ws x by ym, OY Iv- Let on abternating Currant Js representeol "4° Let tig Current flows thoi Ina smal time at, the amoumt of heat in resistence R dd - : du = I*Radt one age ’ oro prod eeeoH + > x ov He [G2 sre RK we n H = aie fe $s 2 we OG AN 4" ue RR wat] ©) SEE EE comes x So w Tet —- @ CASS der Th 1G 8: value oF virtual volue of ac. is re preseritect by Ime g then, the amourtt of heat roducest in ny ioe resistance R im the same mez T wor H= IncRT -—@i st " 1 3 . |" a p Hencon the rms. Volue of -C- 4a 0-707 times the Peak valk? o rs 70-7 te —ee = =O a eS Ore zreV AG Supply gt of aera SOE Ok the bulb Tov" muagh the bulb. ow JW, VE 220Vv (>) the ™MSoA.C. Cincuit Contaming Resistance only Let Q source of alternating emf. la Cemnectec! to QA pure resistance R$ Suppose the abternoding emg. Supplied is repracited by e Re =e hut I be the Current instant £- The potent Se R wAll be TR- Thin must be |e tnstomt - we SR im ae. ond ac. Circuits is mm vectuce AC. as Well OA OC. B arin: uodim QM. end G) we Can sea Tiree Comtominng R the voltage oxic Currant ane In the same Phasox Diagram - A woteding vector thet represends a quantty vaaying sinusodalfl, with time is Called a phasor. 1Gi) In phasor ram 5 peak values of alternat: f en aiding em s- (Eo) Gre rep amnws caltsd phasors. Gi) Trey are imclined 40 horzental axis at gee ond Mote im the omticlockwise livechon. 6? of the arros vepseserts themaximum uandity. be. Le ond Ee 25 Oo nd rene a Gv) The. phowoy en arte, aay DALA.C. Civeust Contoaning Inductance. only Let a source 2b emg. 14 Comnectecl to QO creat Covtteining a pure mMeluctanee. L only: Sexbpos< the siete e-m.j. Supplied 2 ne s Se TH AT/ot us the wate c Lat any imatemt, then mductoy at te Same instar hE CHrrent ‘in ths creat apple Lies war se be “eguol andl chposite Indlugect | ' $ ey cnet oe oe ee Simwt dt so “Es ing both sides we get - g . or = Ee fSsinwt ott - = = TEs Ss Ie Eo ( coset = Ee C0osest o z= ~ Ee Sin(Z-wt) or I= £2 Sin (wt-B)The Current (ZL) will be maximum (To) , ohen Sin (Wt-™) = maximum = L s = Eo ° Te ot > Mena s S ind +het j CO. OY ape nr Long, Stiebading Comet "Les Gate feanes ebterneting Voltage Eby a phoke ange of 90-7 Or we Car! say One powith ° A ie = \ Phasor Di » > AX ERASE Biogen = SDNY . Tn 4+he phousor_ cdg cA Ce Veiveut Contains L Current = bedi’) HE emf) by Se, So tre. dhoser repeaateiey OOD aT Bhat through 30° from the tis! ne eB ee give in prections instantaneous velen~ Here Be represents the C nn pbeetive vesigtance oktensnt by Inductance L. is 4k Calleol inductance réactamee. amd = 4s olenoleo! bg Xeu- ss tepegut¥* In ole Cwewts $f =O Se xXL=06 So teat a pure imoluctance chy Tero resistomte do d.c. It means 2 Pure incu we Cannot reduce ole. ~ \ 7 7 o S1 unit op inoluctive venetomcee vy ohe-(2) o Av = &L = henry __ Volt = wee . = - meri OP se. = > @ A 44MH inductr ws cence eh Op wy SD Hz ac. Supply. Dotermme OG Fy ob Cnrent in the Circuit. WO XS “> Q Sol Given that Le aay 5 Ra xs 4 Erni? eo SoH2 So = = : NN on hatte eh a g m (7) ; ees ey ee ms me ERS Cae OFF i » ev SSEA.C. Civewt Containing Capacitance Only Let A Source Oar emf. as Connectec! 40 4 sapacs om capacitance. C+ Suppese the. attemeah mg, eon. f Supp: E = Eo simwt & The Cirrent flowin Im the Cireuit drspers A pobential ay Lence Bbaceen Pr Tan ee ee sa re a Bijemnee veo muat ee Oe /z Eo Smut 4 © 4% = CE Sint es oO Iw Sinstentencous value of Current in the cdtuut at rate t, then- Ors = Ft (Cesinat) oS Ie Be. Genk bw = Eo - I= These Sin (ot +2)The Curxent will be maximum I= Le ,whon Si (wt +B) = maximum = 1 = Fo *e te* fest oma I= Ze Sm (wte+ a2) ie fined ted in IM an ac. civewt Conta} © only odin Curent I leads the cena ems: wo O phote omgle ob Bor 2 g Y SS. oS Phasor Diagram - f AD) x The phosor Ie ic tuweol tices” Hough ae pon the rection Dheby Nee - Thee Projecto on Y- ans oS Iimtatenmuom oud valuss o E emd iI. NO Mie. ~\p Y apiasiees hates Us olenot eo! by c. Capacitive x —_ “See KB Invac civeut f= So A Capacity evil lous a.c. *¥ SI unit ob Xe 4s ohm. (2)Note- did R Com reduce aC. as well ay alc. L cannot reduwe dc. It can reduce only ac. C blocks oC. but allows ac. pars thigh Gi) Though R, alternating Cusment is in phase. with Yattenatin Voltonge . S,. Bren cathe ot eee ee 1, Obtteansdting Current Lencl atternatng Maret by a phowe Sangle ob OES A 1S MF Capacitor,’ 2 eohangeted to arev, S56 S02 Sountes Fine, REE citvent. So. Here c= wypr reer E ~ > Pre SdH2. LS 2KB1U x SOX 15x10 &ACG Civewt Containing Resistance , Incluctance ond Capactance in’ Series (RLC Circuit) Let R,L,C ane Connected in series toa Source of attemodn: ems So the cwountoat omy instomt eee the three \ WY (1) TRe maseimum vo e crexpad KS A x SOR Current Photor SB _Gepreiented edong OR As Va via in Proue? with, Geant, Se vette, A) along Ox. vt Ga vepresentec| by tre WSO i oy XX > ip ID c -O'IN F us 90° IOS o CIO WV a US BY wdsre > voltag L Ve = Io x A uy VO ee ACross sa ue Tex. OAs voltage acs th? inductor leads the ment by do’ $6 At Jo representec| by O& along oy, 96° ahead of To. (iii) Te’"maximum volue across C us Ve = Toxe - AsOthe Vottage across the Capacitor Logs behind the attermeting Current by go, so vt ds represmtes| a Oe xroteted 9 chockesise 30° from the clirecton Tee GE ss along oy’.As the voltag € across Lomo C have a Phouwe clifterrnce “of 180°, So net reactive volioge 4a Cu-ves 9 ounsuming thot Vi? Ve. In Fyre aA ss “representeal by on. The resuttant of BA omd Oa id the cliewenr La b ogee Hence, the oeiet Sum _o Js phasor represent: > ooh Corre gn So ok = fotaedF S&S re 7 oT eg ON (Ter)* + ae COS Ee = Te re Ra The stotal sheets Cottec! Ian by Zz) edhAAd y, eet of Lc Civeuit ws ree. It ia represented < \/ imo Ceomtoinin: tne * ae ar reeiring Re TN SOD AA ® Q Ve- Ve = Tox. Uke Va IR ov Seo +he “eutteanating emf. in an RLC Civeult Is reoriented by - b Ve > Vidernel Y% heer Eee MNES olThue may be three Covet -_ Gd cohen XL = Xe, then tom = So - =o Gi) When Xi > Ke, then tome ~~ positive) so Pp as ositive . Hence s" e leads +he Current by Osphowe Gi) dohen XLS Xe, than tomd do . Fen c ccnewal Lepr” behind the curves @ phase sb amie +: + or ‘28\ el Three elechica) circuits hain pie yaeiotle- we ancy Are shoot er Sereiv mon a Pong ig im pro oy ‘ome Th how “wil pester pa ee Pal spetest 2 Give reason anther fT ay 5k i oe Gay rey sel Gi) Thre, aot NS epyed ini ee in Sees ° fren ) City Qoy cecuar ° eg induch so sw Wont Aecreases with the feicremte, ob prequency Ci) The capacitive reactance . decreoses sith increase in prequmncy se the Cwwunt will increase . Noms Mons = To = angeja A resistor of 400, an induchr oa 4 soe anel a capacitor of SP Me ane raion a Series across a no ob senate, 140 Sin toont Vv. ne welt Cos) the reslstor, ty Fin efor aie Is the ebyaic sum oF ret es voli ie. than the Wee. velias & Ih yes. We Hee ponnolo x. : sol Applied veiteye v = 140 Sin lope Se, C+ SP ary c= 4. R= 4s Com paring with ve Ve Sina a0) Ve = l4ov > = test J sv S\” es © SS Inoluctive veactance @ Wi XL = Loos < 20 Tt olbbtines Sharprar ey 8 Haig Oe resmnante The @ “fee QexHeR resonant Civat 4s nec] OA Hea the voltege developeol across the indict OX atanc at Tresmance etic eon ws Hee & wohich us the voltage 2 aS e\“across L or & a ae Voltage ( =Voltage across R) } oy Qs a - Gfore)t . 1 Qe Llesre)e ~ Retr basing wr te > Q@: LTE Rc*# As R Wb increased , & factor of the circuit decreases. * The vals of Q usually vooug from Lo to Loo. ® The, elechonic jcheuits toith high @ valudS). Wo Rs ve namw va o s es Bra “lem” Ie gehen! anal sharper is the \ Thaseries L-c-R civeunit, the vol eB inductor, aq capacitor and a . et e Sov and cov respectively: What & hoe. citgercnce behwenn the ap} ph ees ores aed the Cuvunt -In the Circuit aw Ww ~ Sol. Given that - wre sae a ZboV Here we Con See tHhedd ui asin nthe epee ecg be She me Phase oliffererne between 22The figure shows 2 series L-C-Q circuit with pew Le 1oH ,C = 40 MF, R= bon , Connected toa ae veruable prequency 24eV source, Calculate - e . 4 c & n _T Se @) The angular arc! the Some en anives Uine at ar yealinanee: ~ 9) Qo 3 (©) The Cunrort at the oting< : ? Co> the ™s potential vop acral LOY | at resonance - wy > \ W | Sel: Giver thet — Sede, Rreon Ves = 240V Oy Ay (2) Resenatin o, = a Wr = 21 Tree Se Ss QQ © Oh ctive vebetance =X, = COL on BP Brot Xe = Web SOPs LK = sox = Std su x Pred dp across inductor > Veme = Teme XX a = 4x00 oY Vims = (2000 V.When a given col js Connected to a 200V he DC Sownce > 2A Currerct flows anc when He same Coil i8 connected ae 200 V2 SoHe AC Source, only LA Curent Hows in the cred (a) Exphin hy the current clecreates in ater @) Calcul thre sdk inductance of the sf uaseal. sel (a) In be Civeuit - X= 2mflL = 0 ox ‘ ol + The immpeclance of the ceil es Vv In BC, ZR ae XL 2 Oy aS But in AC |, z = = [RFR became xv hove ay As Tab hence in ES ie than ac. () I joo fs 2X344 XSD@ The are Shon has, clepiet the variation poy Irms emglan pen bee aliffeund seues ~ L-c- a OB tet Civeudts. w ¢ me = WV Observe He graphs corefullg> nae QO) ev li) State the velodion betta S Nella sof the Awo civeuits , When>; a the Civeuits Js maximum. Re Gi} Indicate the Crewt > ©) Powr tagter aid & Oe) Sualihy” jac facdiv ( anger . Give reasons for each, “cau OS Sid Since Qiokasd, Wyo ; bremeney Or 4s Re Se ree > 2 -S es SoEee Curent Im, Sa greater Se UE) Cuvunt Ima. & Im, > Ima > R, < Ro 27 & “oes fabior of creuit represented by apes CD) habhipher power factrrr as Cort aR. Cee &= PE fer Heo graphs oY Qn & “! R,< Ra ‘ Q, 7 Ar wali x i ho aot of oerh CZ we highn nGl An induct 200mu, Capacitor sto UF and o por Vesistoy 10-2 ore Cormected in serizd with a > Joov, Variable frequency AC Source. (1) the the je oF which He power facter of ery Circuit ‘Jus umity: (6) Current amplitude of thu ©) @- Sel @) Ww an. res ss factor . oo he power. factor Cosh = 1 keh =o the L-C-R Civcurt ws ixg>x hance. Y Resonating frequency Oe HEC Oe = SEED | Sees (b> Ivy = Yoms wo} oe Tre = Abe é Ye wih we O “& amance ze) . ‘ 26 : S < & ww : ee tol. SORT” = zeAverage Power in RLC Civeut bet the atten ating €-m-$. appried to an RLC circuit w- E= EeSinwt & Ih attermading curont clevelopecl Logs hind the applied e-m.f- by @ Phowe omale toe L= Te Sin (wt-¢) KS A 9, Power at insimt t, dw = wed Q ot x S\ \ So an = €o Simwt « nent “AS ry = Eole Sim tot (sina tashe A oho) = Eole Sinteot Car races = Eole Sin? cote ees" s ‘aust Sing the be $ oie Ty Hs jnatentonesicn & colbert fora we na Smo amount Of work lone es Ss IS - aw =c Sere - Eole sim 200k sing ott Toto ae “Complete cycle Sa- og we fee Sigs Eele sin 200 Sind lt 3 & Qe sy [Stee as - Et2e cing { Sin at ott ia cbt = 4 omd f "sinuse ct =o t J a WF Esl, Cospx T ’ Power im the RLC Civculit ova a oN ‘Av Complete eqgde Sa - Row >So R= Eols Cosh xi > = fe = &- Fo Cos Exms Ive Coa Ss Hence ae Power, Oven pas Com hepe 2 in an inductive Sciveuit 42 of ob ond ¥.m-s. Currant and ‘eons between the voltoge and %* The above retot One cy Civeuits. ° > Q : ond Z will have diljoat Civcuits. Oy Q ay Only & ot - DVT’ \ Gi) Only L civeuit ag oe e & NO Ze w & Orne Bee) © Gi) Only c Eee Ss > 24 z We cane = 0 Gv) In & “ye ae Se eS SR 4 xe ond coad= & a rR RE chrenit - 2 RI aE ond Cosp = ON), En Le ciwewt- = [Gc xy = Xr- Xe, Cos =O, and > =30°Fower Factor of an A.C. Cireuit- We Know that the average pewer in RLC Civeust Js Bren by - fren Py ® Here P Gs Collecl true power, CEnns Inns) af >Cabled apparent power or virtuel power and Casd, is Callest power factor of the Circuit. PRY Power Factor (Cosp)= True pone 4 Mss From diagram — y ee / “ ey Cos = ~ ; ey 7 G) Ina mon mduetige x “7 Power suse Ss a =f a. of =e & NY This da” remy murs volute of, power factor. (i) Taw Pyeindlictoy or an ideal capacitor ONO AE S280 « a oo Dress fectoy = Cosd = Cosas = © So avenge power Consumad in a Pure induchy ov loleal\ capacrtoy 31 2 Ems Trms Corp = 0 _ QTn actual practice we oo not have tcleal inductor or ideal capacitor - Thrrejre , Here cloes Occur Some clissipation of entrgy.@ Pn inductor and a bulb are Connected in series = to an AC Sewwe of Jav, SDHe, 2h Current Hows 200? Wy the Chreult and the phere angle. between valinge Cw sunt ia Yq vod. Coleulate Hw impedance ancl omd inductance of the Circuit. > S92 Given thet- Vins = 12V 5 fr sone Ss $= qe 4, Iw = 2A OS Impedance 2 = Yer > te XS Ives Alse, power factor Cosd = & . x R = Ztosd ~. Nw Sone R= 6 xCose = aN In t-r cirenit z= OSS So “6 8 Se But x, = ah ws 0 OS See oR Pt SS 2K ZASIUASD Fe OPe=) ¥ @\A c Cites. aictel esiAter one Connected @ a ARH a oe Source. I}, the potential CRE im S DgSed® ates é€,R ane a ary are Ou vena rins Current of the circuit is SA, ~ Cad Impe lance, »o Ee Spock of He Civeust,. Sel Gives (Piob- Ve = 120V , Vat 30V, Try 3A (adn CR seies AC Cirewt Nd Vens = [VE ave © ** 30 Vena =_[(20>* +(90)* = Lseov Teme = Yee Se ze= Ives zs ib = sen 3 (e) Va = R > Ros ye R= 32 = 30 Ss oO Power fachy (Cog) = B 3 Power factor = a = O68 & RZ Sv SX — CHOKE CorL- sS AN ADS Choke Coil cs simply aS Ones J Bige inductance but a small resistance XN A? VV Constuction- Choke coil id Aw, by a thick Copper wire 40S Yeduce> S ats resistance. It 4s a SY < a plated seit iron aye dey — @ wis Self inductanees + oO xN 3 ' °° Se Principle = > ¢ ALG, ple athe houehold electric power Js supphieel at GF Hel Th such a source id olivectly Mevewty tube, the tube will be damaged. dace Hie cumunt, 0 Choke Coil as Connecteol thé Hudbe . MPRA Power Gonsapie in an AL. Circuit 48 P = ExmsTrmio 29 for Purr incluctor = Sethat p=o Hen tha advantage of using choke Coil 40 secluce He voltage) 4s thot an inductor ofces not consume power, Henee we ole not Jose electric enargy in the form of heat. \Wattless Current or Idle Current The Current cohich Conmmes no power fr its marntenan@ in the circuit Js Callol wastless current. Wwe Know that ay. le power Over A Complete cgue im om inouchve civewA Ja- OS Ss Ima eee Civaut, S se aie a a by prowl. omgie > “Pro Bg WAS v 7A shown im x» 3) eo SS OXS Se NK ear sum of tuo perpendiadar Ims Sing: pe Exms Oma Inns Cosh i's Zevo. Seale per cycle: In He Cire? Ponzrit Tims Cosd ae s & B= Eras (Inns Cos) Coad ~ at” Pay = Ems Tema Cosh afaghe’ ah phase je behween Evme Ord Ims Sing So axenoge eA Consumed Per cycle 1 the Civeuit ‘clue to Porent IrmsSind is - Re = Evnd Ivme Sind ) Conn =oThus, tig av <,, Posen Consumen! / cycle im the Qc. Cireuit aa luc to Camnfporlard! Lees Co: ~ virtual Cuvvent i “ah Com poreet Teme Si makes no Cont station oe fee comsumption of Sot in the ae Civees. Thot 2s wi thes Component Lym ing of e the Colle com; wodHess componart oh. Ore then Component Inns Cong 2s Called wodktsull Compo; OK o se VA FOES J A radlo can te over He. ronge 2} @ Portion of MW brvacleast (ste 1200 KHe)- nb vis a Cittus five. inductance of 200 > Wor wae B the romge ob its vantable’? Copa, OD » © “Sol Given that - Loe f, = Boo Kuz oO XQ SLO BY Bs Y : 1 S ok S ee d* © Ux@uF x 2154 (Bx0F scp Sier7 xo"? Fo 197-7 PF sunt -_4 Serf Sco = GRTTRF 1 Ux@my x 2164 (42 x108)™ © C2 = 88x & = 87.8 PFLC Oscillations A Capaciter C Us connected to an inductor L roy a. K2 Gnd a Cell is Connectec! sto © Hhgh DISCHARGING CURRENT + Ka CHARGING) 4 CURRENT - }-——"*«} Key Ky we m,< Kapesstor = a potentiod Ve F/ Change on Capacitor plates Sot. the vol Hoge cross Ea, cliclechic ore iene BO Ph Q the form of dechostoris - Now off Hh iSmel when Key Ra vs on then the sh eeitey 4s Comected to Lomd Starts hic PEGA L. Ane eomnf. clevelopes in the Civewit which res Reon res of Cwwrent in L omd hen debys sped game Cif ui Completely obischarged athe energy ito im the si Send L erean a. °b megnatc x Ug = $v ar « . . comple Carers ieee cll Goagbetie Gian inked aw L atarts Collapsing: Thireture an Induce emf. developes which Starts rechargin the Capacitor tn the oppasite. olivec Hen. 4The rechugi Yt also spbosec| omd hence debyed - Whar Topacitor ds recharged Completely , the mogretc felcl args around L reappeana ih the tori of lectic fi ong between the pi . The “entive” prowsA in repeated. > This taken once from the celhand gen fe the coldeitor Reeps ov oscillating between Cc omd L- Orgy, The ef stages ma “ine cyte: of Oscillations - No Tn actual Practice , ture occur some los 33 en * So the amplitude of oscillations goes. . Reverand. These ae atteat ob oped oscilletion4,.AC. Genevodoy or A.C. Dynamo A -C- generotor / ot hi bri pelle esther SOA eg gr michael It Ss most important ap Pipe te Pheriomenon Of, clectomegn nstic induction: joome iginadlg y A Yugoslav selon TS neta en Principle - DoneiPee a.e. gra, fc nemo scat peat ok “agra clectiun yrenis, @ mt o} Eee A) eheen amo ~ ge an sag tv ee iat "ta the ° The clivection ob ¢ FI ght “hamel oes a *¢ lems 's ri Or "9 ‘oe ps Constuesi SO onshuetin- Sx os The esrentiog, SL sare. qowotr On- (i) Armature -o- S*, Bian on : Mature on . It Comiat of ath purabor of fuams ip insulated Copper. «e Yu veya Laminated so Cc mptodenl about (rm Core. the central ans. Gi) Fiel So ¢ Ni ome S are the pole pieces 32 of; Jeechowiag ney in Which +e amature coil wu Yo is” 7) votation dicular ato the ro ‘es fee eos da perpondic sty Rings - R, omd Ry are two hollow metallic ingAG Which two enols of Armature Coil art Condrentccl The rings rotate with the rotedio of the coil-BN se . Thsbafpre magnetic oe, Lnkeol Git iL scRanges. Avil em eFm.f. ia inaluce Coil. ok To “Start with, Suppose the Coil Jo perpenclicurn to the “plane the paper in which m netic. pelo} ah applied with AB at and CD ot “tthe back. . Tre amount of Hux Ainkeo) with coil in this position ws NA ximum.As the wil is rincheal arvticlickwise , AB Moves inwards and CD moved outwards. The amount ok mognastic flux Uinksd with the Coil Changes: . Accoreling ao Fleming 2s right hand rule, Curr indlucecl in ne is gm Ua de Oe amd in ed, abu Ct D. Tr the extemal circuit, Current ‘plows B, te B1- & Aker hols the rotation o ~ i ine OR aha? cbs at te bt 3 , on vototing purtho., AB moves Pet x cp meas inwards. o\ The Current inducad im Aw 2? » LOS In ea, Ut as Dato Cc. TK 7 Green Curent plows rom B, +o Be. OQ 2 ction “apt ered in 4D ad, SY chai ok qurecion mit Praucetd ms ew, "nada ~ Magnitude of indice oR of. + Saeed Current Let N= number. ob Set an magnetic Pux Linked with the ceil in sank “Potties us ? p= N(BA) = NeAcosoow > = NBA Codstot -o tohtke oO ab angular velocity of the cal. As the Col Gs rotated ,o changes pga rt flux > Linked with the coil Fhanga N emf. as induced in the coil aca imstant ¢ , 4 © da the ems. “ee er - ae = a Cn conat SS ro Ww es _nen gh CCoswt ) = seeGreS or © = NBAW Sint ww SSCP eS The imctuceot e-m.$. will Sr Sa Sint = maximum, = iv Db RS em + ORCL -@ by equation @ c XL) ied by the G.c. generator is also Sinusoidad. “T+ a ven by - CFs + He rt Whire Ips a = maximum Value of Cusent.Transformer anstormer Us an electrical oleviee Neh J4 sect re changing the ac. Voltages. A transformer which mereases Hr a.c. Volto Js Catlett Step up hansfprme and a tanaformer eich Aecreoser tha ac. voltoges da Called a step negturre Prinuple - Principle towme s Kile. fide mutual induction “é-e. shliewst the poor maprtecsY Linkeol with 4 coil 5 ehanges 9 an ems ie the neighbouring. Coil AY rele: Constructio © =x Ky sonst nen transporemet Ceriak Ay So Sopt ivon core mack of ani ‘sheets Gael! 8 uit gr each oth. Or SD, Te i nt Sa Smear coil) ane ord: GO acs Bo Ci ors bee Ofee imsulateal from €adh OAD. Note thal beth the oe ann aso ingtlated prom Hee cave. The Sourte Rano? Wms. ( de be famdipemest ) ey wrtehecie, he primary Coil APs Joad resistance-RAG cerinected +o Secondary ma iS. oe » < i ee O S LAMINATED CORE Theory -& Working - Let the alternadti Li by the Qc. Sourte Connect ect Be prt nay et by Eps €. SinwtThe atterned'n Cuarint induces an attending elie. Hux de, if foe | Cove. Basen the Core ex’ turn >So the ch se auc lux® also osteoid thre the secon According. do the Fanacay's Law of ele: ic. inductirn , the Ginduetl em. per. bbe CE mds is fr both " pAlmany # secm x Qs E =< a < = Com = toe = + fee sh Here p3>Ns repruents the total ~nu Bex t in the Priwrahy ond Secondony CL OSC rv S 2 al aes wea Ip Ns & Ne then Es < Ep: then the Honsipmur 3s Collek®a step down -rantiprner.Efficiency of transformer Tt 3s oltined a4 the ratio of output power to the input power. = atput Power ion % - Este xi00 ZS n Taput Power a Eplp x Note - OX The tramspormer Cannot work on 4-4 Ha mer chomges ac. velteyes/cunants- It does yor apptct the any oO ac. When A.C. voltage was vads notimess/ ponding alienating Curent vetoes +5 din Barnen, nergy Lessesa in a ——e \ Oa “ Ci) Co Less- re AO oe It us an Nos iy eet iy the fpr heat in the Copper % éfprener. Oe to og ‘reaching eh Sa ee oui These a minimiseod uaing Ack Sr ved Gi) Tron boss 9 OU“ eat fm 4 TEE SS TY, dass in the tm ae Im the igen? core the ‘tromateemer: This is Bodog tend bold s in ton Cove. TH wa mimimise: FER Lanes Cores. Gil) Leakage. ok magnetic — Ree Shas the rok change of b mmovgmatic. flax dime citi each +uan b, sat as ot Tre Cratos ychamge of magnetic flux Linked cotth ch~ tin 8h RPa- Tt com be reduud by windin the Prt moray ‘amd Secomclang, Coils one over. dhe otha, dv) Hysteresis Loss - This the enorgy YR repested pesgritiaatins oma Sirnbych St, Fe fer) core. hin art. A The loss” ob + to a penis using & mmmanalie mater) whi hox a ovo v& LoWw) Magnetstriction = It ws huraming reise % a tromApoemey - Thane ture » oudput power im the bast hramspoimer meuy be roughly 20% of the input poser. Caleutote the Currant drawn by the Primary cose, Of A tramformer which step-down addov +0 zor" abv so epermte a clwice of resistance” 20-7. Assuming the. efficiency of tHe tmeehO to be sox. Sel Effuency of transformer = SRS Bo = Nels. AS Ow oe Lys “ele SS + VeTe = even te 4+ Ve Te » ase a oe 4 x200 vc = Xs Ip A Step-clun sreathte Shu en a asKy cose Live. Te Supplier é Tie BH 20A- a vert ae ot the. creates fe ris Bee pee os Colewlate— — Ca power output Capra (©) the volt rn the secandarys Sol. 7° ve: as xo y ad = 20A : Sa = v" = Output Power xi00 > SS rea Peds — ver x Q ee ele nice (ay - ut Power = 2 x (2-5 x0% x 20) S = 48 xptw aM N 2 & % & a > Va = Re xu Vs = ts x 2-5 x10" = 2s50Vv (ec) Msg = 5 K10tW 4:5 x10 = 180 4