Const

ruct
ionMat
eri
alandMachi
nar
y(CMM)Lab

Submi
tt
edby
Name
Zai
nul
abi
dien
Reg#
2017-
TE-
04
Submi
tt
edt
o
Dr
I
zzaAnwer

Depar
tmentofTr
anspor
tat
ionEngi
neer
ing&Management
Uni
ver
sit
yofE.ngi
neer
ing&t
echnol
ogyLahor
e
 Compl
exengi
neer
ingpr
obl
em
Br
ick,
Alumi
num,
wood,
asphal
t,concr
eteandcement
’sengi
neer
ingpr
oper
ti
es.

Al
umi
nium Br
ick

Engi
neeri
ng Appl
i
cat
ions Engi
neeri
ng Appl
i
cat
ions
proper
ty proper
ty

Dur
abi
l
ity Al
uminium al
loysareweat
her
-pr
oof, Si
ze st
andardimper
ialsi
zeof222mm longx
cor
rosi
on-r
esistantandi
mmunetothe 106mm widex73mm high
harmfuleffect
sofUVray
s,

Design i
nfi
niterangeofformsandsections, Col
or col
orofbri
ckindi
cat
esit
shardness,More
f
lexi
bil
i
ty al
lowingdesignerstoint
egr
ate t
hedarkcol
orgreat
erwil
lbeit
sstrengt
h
numer ousfunct
ionsint
ooneprofil
e

Hundr edsof Alumini

um canbeanodizedorpai
nted Shape Per
fectr
ect
angul
arshapewi
thoutr
ound
surface i
nanycolour
,toanyopti
calef
fect
,using edges
fi
nishes anynumberofsurf
acetouches,

High Alumini
um solarcol
lect
orscanbe Toughness Howmuchl
oadai
tcancar
rywi
thoutf
ail
ure
r
efl
ecti
vit
y i
nstal
l
edt ol
owerenergyconsumption
forart
if
ici
all
i
ght i
ngandheatingi
n
winter
,

Fi
resaf
ety Alumini
um doesnotburnandi
s Durabi
l
ity Degr
eeofexposur
etoweat
hercondi
ti
ons,
t
her
efor
eclassedasanon-combust
ibl
e and cl
osenesst
otheseas
const
ruct
ionmateri
al. soundness

Wood Asphal
t

Engi
neeri
ng Appl
i
cat
ions Engi
neeri
ng Appl
i
cat
ions
proper
ty proper
ty

Odourand Col
orandodourindi
cat
esthety
peof St
abi
l
ity Stabi
l
ityofanasphaltpav
ementisit
s
col
or woodusede.gbrowncolori
sofwal
nut abi
l
ityt
or esi
stshovi
ngandr ut
ti
ngunder
l
oads

Speci
fi
c Har
dnessandstrengthofwooddepend Dur
abi
l
ity Dur
abili
tyisit
sabil
i
tytoresi
stfact
ors
gr
avi
ty oni
tsdensi
ty.Corkistheli
ghtestwood suchaschangesi nt
hebinder
havi
ngaspecifi
cgr av
ityof0.3 disi
ntegrat
ionoftheaggr
egate,

Moistur
e Gr
eat
ert
hemoisturecont
ent
,lessert
he Fl
exabi
l
ity I
tistheabi
li
tyofanasphaltpav
ementto
content r
elai
bil
it
yofwood adj
ustt
ogradualsett
lement
sand
mov ementsi
nthesub-gradewit
hout
cr
acking.

Shr
inkage Shri
nkageandswel l
ingareproper
ti
esof Fati
gue I
tist
hepavement’
sresi
stancetorepeat
ed
andswelli
ng woodr el
atedtothelossorgainof r
esist
ance bendi
ngunderwheell
oadsitisrel
atedto
moist
urebytimber.Whentreesarecut voidspr
esenti
nsamol e
andlaidtoexposedcondit
ionsofthe
atmosphere

St
rengt
h Woodofgr
eaterstr
engthisuset
o I
mper
meabi
l I
tist
heresi
stanceofanasphal
tpavement
carr
eyhav
eyloadsinroofandseal
i
ng. i
ty. tothepassageofai
randwateri
ntoor
 Lesseri
tsst
rengt
hsof
teri
tis thr
oughit
.Thi
scharact
eri
sti
cisrel
atedto
t
hev oi
dcont
entoft
hecompact edmixtur
e

Gr
ain Grai
nsignif
iesarrangementand Wor
kabi
l
ity
. Workabi
li
tydescri
best heeasewithwhi
ch
dir
ectionoffi
bersandv esselsinthe apav i
ngmi xt
urecanbepl acedand
wood: par
all
eltothetrunk,obli
queto compacted.Mixtureswit
hgood
t
hetrunkorturnedandt wistedwith wor
kabil
it
yareeasyt oplaceandcompact;
r
especttothelongit
udinaldir
ecti
onof
growt h

Cement Concr
ete

Engi
neeri
ng Appl
i
cat
ions Engi
neeri
ng Appl
i
cat
ions
proper
ty proper
ty

Fi
nenest Thesizeoftheparti
clesofthecement St
rengt
h Strengt
hmeanshowmuchl oada
i
sit
sfineness.Therequir
edfinenessof concret
ecanbearwi
thoutanyf
ail
ure
goodcementi sachievedthr
ough
gri
ndingt
hecl i
nker

Soundness Soundnessrefer
stotheabi
lit
yof Dur
abi
l
ity Dur
abi
l
ityofconcreteisi
tsabi
li
tyt
oresi
st
cementtonotshr i
nkuponhardeni
ng. i
tsdisi
ntegrat
ionanddecay
Goodqual i
tycementretai
nsi
tsv ol
ume
aft
ersetti
ngwithoutdel
ayedexpansion

Consi
stancy Theabi
l
ityofcementpastet
ofl
owi
s Cr
eep Cr
eepisdefi
nedastheplast
ic
consi
stency
. def
ormati
onundersust
ainedl
oad.Creep
str
aindepends

St
rengt
h Threetypesofstrengthofcementar e Shr
inkage Thepropert
yofdiminishi
nginvolume
measured–compr essiv
e,tensi
leand duri
ngtheprocessofdr y
ingand
fl
exural.Vari
ousf actorsaff
ectthe hardeni
ngistermedShrinkage.I
tdepends
str
ength,suchaswat er-
cementr ati
o, mainlyonthedurat
ionofexposure
cement -
fineaggregaterati
o,curing
condit
ions,si
zeandshapeofa
specimen

Set
ti
ngt
ime Cementsetsandhar denswhenwat eris Uni
twei
ght Itdependsonper centageof
added.Thi
ssett
ingt imecanv ary reinf
orcement,typeofaggr egate,amount
dependingonmul t
iplefactors,suchas ofvoi
dsandv ari
esf r
om 23t o26kN/ m2.
fi
nenessofcement, cement -
wat errat
io, Theunitweightofplai
nandr einfor
ced
chemicalcont
ent, andadmi xtures. concreteasspecifi
edbyI S:
456ar e24and
25KN/ m3r espectivel
y.

Heatof Whenwat erisaddedtocement,the Poi

sionr
ati
o Poisson’
srat
iov ari
esbetween0. 1forhigh
hydr
ati
on react
iont hattakespl
aceiscal
led str
engthconcreteand0. 2forweakmi xes.
hydrat
ion.Hy drati
ongener
atesheat
, Itisnor
mall
yt akenas0. 15forstr
ength
whichcanaf f
ectthequal
it
yofthe designand0.2f orser
viceabi
li
tycri
teri
a.
cement
Obser
vet
heper
for
manceofmachi
ner
y(onaconst
ruct
ionsi
tei
nLahor
e)andpr
oducear
epor
toutofi
t

Aconcr
etemi
xer
 Iti
sadev i
cethathomogeneousl
ycombi
nes
cement,aggr
egatesuchassandorgrav
el,
and
watert
of or
m concret
e.

 Acommonconcr
etemi
xeri
sknownasadr
um
mi
xer

 Usesofadr
um mi
xer

 Theyar
eusedwher
elar
gev
olumeofconcr
etei
s
bei
ngproduces

 Suchmachinedomi
natethereadymi
xedmarket
asiti
sknowntobecapableofhi
ghpr
oduct
ion
speed

 Suchmachineisidealf
orslumpconcr
eteand
whereov
erallcostofproduct
ioni
simpor
tant

Useofdr
um mi
xeratconst
ruct
ionsi
te

Atconst
ruct
ionsi
te,
drum mi
xerwasusedtomi
x
di
ffer
entmater
ial
ssuchaswater
,cement
,aggr
egat
es,
andsand,

Ty
pesofdr
um cementmi
xer
s

 Til
ti
ngdrum mixer
s(Themachi
neswhosedr
um canbemakel
owerf
rom i
tsposi
ti
onatany
speci
fi
clevel
)

 Nont
il
ti
ngdr
um mi
xer
s(Themachi
neswhosedr
um cannotbemakel
owerf
rom i
ts
posi
ti
on)

Ty
peofcementmi
xeratconst
ruct
ionsi
te

Anont
il
ti
ngdr
um cementmi
xerwasusedatconst
ruct
ionsi
tef
orwor
king

Wor
kingpr
ocedur
eofmachi
neatconst
ruct
ionsi
te

 Thi
smachi
necanbemov
eany
wher
eeasi
l
ybyusi
ngapul
l
ermachi
ne

 Afi
xedpropor
tionofmat
eri
als(
wat
er,
sand,
cement
,aggr
egat
es.
etc)wer
eput
ti
ngi
ntot
he
dr
um ofmachine.

 Thevol
umeofmi xt
ureaddedint
odrum dependsonthevol
umeofdrum.Ther
earevar
ious
si
zeofdrumsthatcanatt
achedtoasi
nglemachine.Howevert
hev
olumeofdrum v
ari
es
fr
om 40Kgto100Kg

 Somewat
erwasaddedi
nsi
debucketofmachi
neaf
tersomet
imei
nter
val
(bet
ween5t
o10
 mi
nui
ts)
.

 I
tisduetor
educethet
emper
atur
eofmachi
newhi
chwasr
aisedduet
ocont
inueous
worki
ngofmachi
ne.

 Themachi
newasoper
ati
ngmanual
ybyal
abourorsomeot
herper
son.

 Themachinewasworki
ngbyusi
ngel
ect
ri
cal
ener
gydev
elopedt
hroughagener
ator
at
tachedonthesi
deofmachi
ne.

 Thent
hemachi
newasal
l
owt
orot
atef
reel
yataspeedof20r
psf
or3t
o5mi
nut
es.

 Thenthepast
eofmixt
urewasal
l
owt
orel
easedi
ntoabucketbyr
otat
ingal
i
verat
tachedt
o
thedr
um ofmachi
ne.

Useofconcr
etemi
xeronot
herconst
ruct
ionsi
tes

 Tomi
xtheaggr
egat
ewi
thot
hermat
eri
als

 Tocr
usht
heaggr
egat
esot
hati
tisconv
ert
edi
ntof
ineone,
from coar
se

 Togr
indamat
eri
al