Titre: synthesis of ultrasmooth and stable perovskite film using an aqueous

solvent under ambient condition.

Abstract: generally, the poor stability under humid condition and the quality of the
perovskite films, including roughness and surface coverage are the main that hindered
the success of perovskite solar cells in real application. in this work, we demonstrate
the synthesis of CH3NH3PBI3 perovskite film by dissolving PBI2 in an aqueous
solvent instead of anhydrous solvent followed by a treatment surface with tuolène
before drpping MAI. based on this method, we improve the quality of the film with
high surface coverage and ultrasmooth surface resulting in an increase in stability of
the film and a photoluminescent (PL) emiision. accordingly the CH3NH3PBI3
heterojunction solar cell exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 8% with low
current density- voltage hysteresis.

Introduction :

Due to their direct band gap, large absorption coefficient and high carrier mobility,
organolead halide perovskites have attracted a tremendous interest as light harvesters
in mesoscopic and planar heterojunctions solar cells. In addition, these perovskites are
notably easy to prepare and to deposit by simple solution processing via spin-coating
on the surface of mesoscopic oxides (TiO2, Al2O3…) substrates. The power
conversion efficiency of perovskite-based solar cells has progressed to reach 20%
over the past few years.
To date, these perovskite thin film solar cells are suffering from poor stability under
humid condition, which hamper their application. In a quest to explore new method
to enhance the stability for perovskite based thin film solar cell, we use an aqueous
dimethylformamide instead of anhydrous dimethylformamide.

Here in we demonstrate the fabrication of stable MAPbI3-x Brx perovskite solar cells
by dissolving PbI2 in aqueous dimethylformamide followed by a treatment surface by
tuolene. Solar cells based on this method show a power conversion efficiency of 8%
and low current density-voltage hysteresis.
Experimental Section :

The compact layers was deposited by spin coating a precursor sol of TiO2 at
4000 rpm for 10 s and annealed at 450°C for 20 min. the films were further
treated with TiCL4 solution at 70°C for 30 min, then cleaned with deonized
water and ethanol and annealed at 450°C for 20 min. To prepare Mesoporous
TiO2 layers a solution of TiO2 paste diluted in ethanol was deposited by spin
coating at 5000 rpm for 60 s and subsequently sintered at 500°C for 30 min.

For the perovskite layer, PbI2 was dissolved in DMF, dropped onto the TiO2 film
and spin coated followed by annealing at 70 C for 15 min. In the second step, a
solution of CH3NH3I in 2-propanol was spin coated on the resulting lead halide
films for 30 s then dried at 70°C for 30 min. all the process (synthesis and
deposition of perovskite was done under ambient condition_[_3_]_ _. The HTM
layers was formed by dissolving 72,3 mg of Spiro-OMETAD in 1 ml of
chlorobenzene in which we added 21,8 ul of (Lithium
bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) in acetonitrile and 17,6 ul of 4-tert-

butylpyridine and it was deposited by spin coating at 2000 rpm for 20 s. Finally a
100 nm thick Au layer was thermally evaporated on the top of the device under
vaccum of 10-5 Torr.