Coordinate Systems 2.4 INTRODUCTION system represents a point P(x, ina coordinate space. Three orthogonal coordina, below, A point or a veotor can be represented in an orthogonal or a no, orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system, In orthogonal coordinate systems, coordinates are mutual, perpendicular, Coondinate 2.2. CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM In this, three coondinate axes are mutually per= pendicular to cach other, The axes are ‘A position vector Pat the origin of s coordinate system is shown in Figure vector P may be resolved into three component vee~ tors viz. P,, Band P. Vector P can be written as + Pdy + Pea where dd, and, are unit vectors, &, along the x-axis, d, along the y-axis and @, along the z-axis, with ranges as meGiy =-4sing +2cosp In addition, cos @=0.7428 and sin 0= 0.6695 cos 9=0.5547 and sin @=~0,8321 Tin compre as are P,= 0.3715, Pp=—6.386 and P, = 2.219. for, P =037154, -6.386dy +2.2194,Coordinate Systems I 23 2.5 In Cartesian coordinates, vector P is zai, +(x+ 2)i., and point 4 is (~2, 6, 3). Find this vector in Spherical coordinates. Solution: Point 4 is.x =~-2, » = 6, z=3 (as given). Parameters in Spherical coordinates are obtained as V443649=7 or 9=108.43° and 0=64.62° Components of vectors are obtained as P| [sin@cosp sindsing cosd fz Py|=|cos@cosd cosdsing -sina|} 0 Bz sing cosd 0 jlxtz (standard relationships, as derived earlier) In addition, Thus,24 | Electromagnetic Field Theory Thus, } P,=-428 Pye and Py= 9.8 ‘Therefiro, vector B in a Spherical coordinate is B=-0A2B8G, -1.3 1g - 0.9480, 2,6 Transform the vector as given in Question number 2.5 into Cylindrical coordinates, y=6 and =3 (as given). In Cylindrical coordinates, its parameters are obtained as r= x+y? =4436 = 40 o=tan!2 = tan” x a =108.43° and z=3 For its transformation, we use the relationship matrix as follows; P.| [cos sing OP, P,|=|-sing cos 0] P, P, 0 0 iP. Inaddtion, we get Thus, nia Pp 40 36 PB =] —— ee ae) YoCoordinate Systems | 25 Component values of vector P are = 1.89 P,=-5.69 and P= Therefore, vector P in Cylindrical coordinates is P=-1.89G, -5.694, -a,- 2.7 A vector P in a Cartesian coordinate is given as Transform it into Cylindrical coordinates. Solution: Parameters x, y and z (in Cartesian coordinates) into Cylindrical coordinates are given by the following relationships: reyr+y? yersing and z=z r rsing “Pee Pee" (given) Further, r PB] [cos sing OP] [cosp sing O]] F242? P,|=|-sing cosp 0] P,.|=|-sing cosp off 0 P){o 0 afte} [0 0 aff rsinge Vr+Z? Thus,26. | Electromagnetic Field Theory Therefivre, vector P in Cylindrical coordinates is P- [cosdi, ~sindd, ~ zsingd,] 2.8 Ina Cartesian coondinate system, P= (1? cosi,4) and O =(e' 1,sin/). Obtain BG Solution: Vestas P and (are P=Pa,+costa,+4a, and O=e'd, +14, +sinta, a ARV ida ee kes = (PG, +costa, +4,)-(c'a, +14, +sinta,) =>P.G=re'+tcost+4sint and li, a a, Px@=|" cost 4 et sing =» Px = (sintcost —41)8, —(P sint—4e'Va, +(P ~€ cosy 2.9 (a) Write an expression of the vector going from point P,(1, 2, 4) to P,(3, -2, 4), ing coordinates, (b) What is the length of this line? oan Solution: (2) RP, =OP,-OF =(4,3-G,2+4,4)-(G, +24, + 4,4) =4,2-4,4+0=4,2-a,4 (b) The length of the line is BP, [RP|= Jay +9 = 20 2.40 In the Cartesian co-ordinate system, P = (t,cos¢,5) and @ = (e', t2sint). Obtain P-Ganté Solution: Vectors PxQ are P=ta,tcostay+5a, and O=e'd, +A, +sint a, P.O =(1a, +eosr a, +54,)-(e'd, +a, +sint a)Coordinate Systems | 27 tee' + cost+Ssin¢ and a, a, a, PxG=|t cost 5 , op let’ sing] = PxO=4,(cost sint-5¢). i,(tsint —Se') ° —e' cost) 2.11 The Cartesian co-ordinates of a point “B” are (4, 6, 2). Transform it in Cylindrical co-ordinates. Solution: Coordinates of “B” are given as x=4, y=6 and z Ina Cylindrical system, co-ordinates of “B” are obtained as rave ay = (4? +@? =V52=7.21 and Cylindrical co-ordinates of point “B” are (7.21, 56.30°, 2). 2.12 Cartesian co-ordinates of point “B” are (1, 4, 3). Transform it in Spherical co-ordinates. Solution: Co-ordinates of “B" are x=1, y=4 and Ina Spherical co-ordinate system, we know that roy ty +2 = J) +4) +0) = V26 =5.09 cos@ = ——= = 0.588 3 Yeeyez 5.09 and = 0 = cos"!(0.588) = 53.96° tang= > =tan! 4 =75.96° Spherical co-ordinates are (5.09, 53.96°, 75.96°).a # | etectomagnetic Field Theory a9 Te geotor @ piven as a om 4a.) into Sphetical co-ordinates ay . i yatsxgenas ve hye PANS: ‘ solution: tee = (88,484, 444) Point Bis given as Dand 225. JnaSphercal co-ordinate system peter = C3 HOF +6)" = 58 = 616 4 rey and arent this pont es in the thie quadrant. Inaction, = 180°+33.69° = 146.30" ‘Components of vector ina Spherical co-ordinate system are obtained as 6-4, = (Sa, +34, +44.)-4, = Sid, +34,0, +440, 2.46 Finda uit vector, which is perpendicular to the surface given by y=(r'243ay-2) ata point (2, ~I, 4). Solution: We ine that the gradient of a function gives a vector, which is normal to a surface, y obi a 9 gle Dit Peay 2M, +5 (0'24397~2) Vy=(2ee+3))4, +300, +374, Atpoint (2,-1.4), Vy =[16+(-3)}i, +60, +43, Vy =138, +64, +4a, ‘ts unit vector will be Py Jareoree? Wu] 14.86Coordinate Systems | 29 UNSOLVED QUESTIONS 2.1 Let point A be (3, -1, -2) and point B be (2, 2, 1). Find the vector extending from A to B for the following coordinate systems: (a) Cartesian coordinates _(b) Cylindrical coordinates and —_(¢) Spherical coordinates 2.2 What are Cylindrical coordinates of fiel given as (r= 1, ®= 45 and z=2). 2uyzG,—3xy2 G,? In addition, calculate é [ata point A 2.3 Find the Cartesian and Cylindrical coordinates of vector A=(5/r), +rcos@ a +d, In addition, obtain A(-4,3,0) and A(3, 2/2,-1). 2.4 Transform the Cartesian coordinates vector A= i, +3, +(x°/ ry? )a into. Cylindrical co-ordinates, SUMMARY 1. A point P in Cartesian coordinates is represented as P(x, 2) 2. A point Pin Cylindrical coordinates is represented as P(r, 4,2). 3. Cartesian and Cylindrical coordinate systems are related to each other by the following expressions: raftey, octan'(2) an rez x 4, The Cartesian of Cylindrical transformation can be done as PB] [cosd sing ofp, P,|=|-sing cos 0|| P, P 0 0 IP 5, Cylindrical to Cartesian transformation can be done as P.) [cos@ -sing o}'[P P,|=|sing coso 0] | Py pPJ}Lo o aie 6. A point P in Spherical coordinates is represented as P(r, 8, 4). 7. Cartesian and Spherical coordinate systems are related to each other by the following expressions: I9 ra\Pay sz, o=tan 222 and g=tan 2 or z x x=rsin@cosd, y=rsinOsing and z=rcosO0 | Cistomagotc i eon 6, otestn to Sphrialtranaformation ean be done as ls slnOsingd —cosd || 2, fy fefoosteos cosAsing sind | P, A] | vsing —cosp0P 4, Spherical to Cartesian transformation can be done as 2, [sindcosp cosdeosp ~sing lf P, P, [=] sindsing cosOsing cos |] 2 Pp} | coso = sind OLR MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 4, Ina Cartesian coorinate system, axes x,y" and z are at ___ {0 each other, as () 90° (c) 120° (a) 180° 2, Catan coordinates are represented in terms of ____- (62) (0) (89) (©) 2) (d) all of they 3, Cylindrical coordinates are represented in terms of ___. (@) (1.42) ) (49) () (x, (A) all of thesy 4, Spherical ccrdnats ate represented in terms of : (@ 42) (b) (9) © @&y2) (8) all ofthe 5, In Cylindrical coordinate systems, unit vector @, is (a) directed outwards radially (b) normal to cylindrical surface ata pity (¢) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these 6, Unit vector a is at. to ¢=constant plane, @ wr (b) 180° (c) 270° (d) 360° 1. Cylindcal coordinate ‘ris related to the Cartesian coordinate as___- (0) ) ) @+y) © Gh") (@ @rsy 8, Cylindrical coordinate ‘is related to the Cartesian coordinate as (2) ta'(yi) (bz (c) ayiz (d) cot: 9, Dot multiplication @,-@, is equal to , (a) sing (b) cos 6 (c) -sin @ (d) -cos ¢ 10, Ina Spherical coordinate system, @ is , (4) angle of elevation (b) azimuthal angle (©) distant from the origin to the point (d) all of theseCoordinate Systems | 34 11. Spherical coordinate system is a , (a) right-handed system (b) left-handed system (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these 12. Cross product d, xd, is equal to ‘ (a) Gy (b) ~tig (c) 1 (d) 0 13, Ina Spherical coordinate system, @ is given as (a) yl (b) xy (6) tan""(y/x) (4) tan"(x/y) 14, Ina Spherical coordinate system, ris given as (a) (x+y +z) (b) (P+)? +2) (©) (4? +2)? Wd) Yer ty le 15, Dot product 4, dy is equal to (a) dy (b) -d, {e) I (d) 0 16, For transformation from the Cartesian coordinate system to Spherical coordinate system, d,.4, should be equal to _ (a) cos 0 (b) -cos@ —(c) sind (d) sin @ 17, In terms of Spherical coordinate system variables, y of Cartesian coordinate system is given as (a) rsin @cos@ (b) rsin Asin @ (c) reos sine (d) rcos Acos @ 18, Ina Spherical coordinate system, unit vector dj is perpendicular to the shifted plane. (a) x-y (b) yz (c) x-2 (d) none of these 19, In the Cylindrical coordinate system, z ranges between ‘ (a) Oand 1 (b) -coand0 = (c) Oand -- (d) - and e 20. In the Cylindrical coordinate system, @ ranges from____ (a) 0 to less than x (b) Oto less than 2x (c) 0 to less than 3x (d) Oto less than 47 ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Mb’ Oe OMe Bk Oa Ox Me (8b (9b; (10) b; (11) a (12) a (13) ¢ (14) (15) d; (16) @ (17) b; (18) (19) d;_ (20) B