y°- CLOUD COMPUTING SEMESTER 5 UNIT -1SYLLABUS UNIT UNIT-1 No. of Hours: 11 Chapter/Book Reference: TBI [Chapters - 1, 10], TR2 [Chapters - 1,2] Cloud Computing Overview ~Services of Internet, Origins of Cloud computing — Cloud components ~ Essential characteristics - On-demand self-service, The vision of cloud computing ~ Characteristics, benefits, and Challenges ahead cloud computing syllabus ~~CLOUD COMPUTING OVERVIEW SERVICES OF INTERNET Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services, including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence over the internet. Essentially, cloud computing offers convenient, on-demand access toa shared pool of computing resources that can be provisioned and released with minimal effort. The three primary services of cloud computing are Infrastructure as a Service (laaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). * laaS provides basic computing resources like virtual machines, storage, and networking to users. Essentially, it is a cloud-based alternative to the traditional on-premises data centers. Examples of laaS providers include ‘Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform. PaaS is a cloud-based service that provides a platform where developers can build and deploy custom applications. PaaS environments typically provide tools and libraries for building applications and managing the deployment process. Examples of PaaS providers include Heroku, Google App Engine, and Salesforce.com's Force.com. SaaS is a cloud-based service that hosts a complete software application and makes it available to end-users over the internet. Essentially, users access the full functionality of a software application without the need to install or manage the software locally. Examples of SaaS applications include Salesforce.com, Office 365, and Dropbox. WHATIEITOLD YOU ee eT UL MATEO ¥)/SOMEONE,ELSE'S COMPUTER? aOrigins of Cloud computing The origins of cloud computing date back to the 1960s when J.CR. Licklider, a computer scientist at MIT, first proposed the concept of an “Intergalactic Computer Network." This idea was further developed in the 1970s when researchers at Xerox PARC created the first client-server computing architecture. In the late 1990s, the term “cloud computing" was introduced by Prof. Ramnath Chellappa in his paper titled "Intermediaries in Cloud Computing: A New Computing Paradigm". However, it wasn't until the early 2000s that cloud computing began to take shape as a viable business model. In 1999, Salesforce.com became one of the first companies to offer a Software as a Service (SaaS) platform, which allowed businesses to access customer relationship management (CRM) software over the internet. In 2002, Amazon Web Services (AWS) launched as one of the first Infrastructure as a Service (laas) providers. In 2006, Amazon launched its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) service, which enabled developers to launch virtual machines on the Amazon cloud. This was a significant development as it allowed businesses to access computing resources on an as-needed basis, without having to invest in expensive on- premises infrastructure. Today, cloud computing has become an integral part of the IT landscape, with many businesses relying on cloud-based services for their computing needs. ‘Cloud computing has enabled businesses to become more agile and flexible, while also reducing costs and increasing efficiency. CLOUD COMPONENTS Cloud computing typically consists of several components that work together to deliver computing services to users. These components include: 1. Front-end platform: This is the user interface or access point that users interact with to access the cloud services and applications. It could be a web browser, mobile app, or other interface that allows users to send requests and receive responses from the cloud provider.2. Backend infrastructure: This is the underlying computing infrastructure that supports the cloud services and applications. It includes data storage, servers, and networking hardware that provide the computing power and resources necessary for delivering cloud services. 3. Cloud-based services: These are the services that cloud providers offer to customers, such as storage, server processing, databases, and applications. Cloud-based services can be delivered as Infrastructure as a Service (laaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), or Software as a Service (SaaS) models. 4. Cloud storage: Cloud storage allows users to store and access files and data over the internet. Cloud storage providers offer various storage options, including object, block, and file storage. 5, Cloud security: Cloud security is the set of measures taken to protect cloud- based services, applications, and data from unauthorized access, theft, or damage. Cloud security includes physical and virtual security measures, such as encryption and access controls, to keep data safe. 6. Cloud scaling: Cloud scaling is the ability of cloud computing resources to expand or contract as the workload demands vary. Cloud computing providers allow users to scale their computing resources automatically or manually as their business needs change. Overall, cloud components work together to deliver reliable, scalable, and cost- effective computing services to businesses and organizations of all sizes. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS The essential characteristics of cloud computing are defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and include: 1. On-demand self-service: Users can provision computing resources, such as servers, storage, and networking, automatically without requiring any interaction with the cloud provider.2. Broad network access: Cloud services are accessible over the internet using standard protocols and devices, such as laptops, tablets, and smartphones. 3. Resource pooling: Cloud providers allocate computing resources dynamically to multiple users, which can be adjusted according to demand. 4. Rapid elasticity: Cloud providers can rapidly scale computing resources up or down to meet fluctuating demand. 5, Measured service: Cloud providers monitor resource usage and provide users with detailed reports on their usage, allowing them to optimize their resource allocation and usage. These characteristics enable cloud computing to be highly flexible, scalable, and cost-effective, offering businesses and organizations a range of benefits, including increased efficiency, reduced costs, and improved accessibility to computing resources and services. ON-DEMAND SELF-SERVICE On-demand self-service is one of the essential characteristics of cloud computing. It refers to the ability of users to provision computing resources, such as servers, storage, and networking, automatically without requiring any interaction with the cloud provider. With on-demand self-service, users can access cloud services and resources as needed, without having to go through a manual request process or waiting for human interaction or approval. This means that users can quickly and easily provision the resources they need, and only pay for the resources they use, rather than having to commit to long-term investments in infrastructure. On-demand self-service is made possible by the automation and orchestration technologies that cloud providers employ to manage and deliver cloud services. These technologies enable cloud providers to offer a fully automated, self- service platform that users can access through a user-friendly interface or API, enabling quick and easy resource provisioning and allocation.THE VISION OF CLOUD COMPUTING The vision of cloud computing is to provide scalable and on-demand computing resources and services over the internet. This vision is made possible by the characteristics of cloud computing, which include: 1. On-demand self-service 2. Broad network access 3. Resource pooling 4, Rapid elasticity 5. Measured service The benefits of cloud computing include: 1. Increased efficiency and agility 2. Reduced capital and operational costs 3. Improved accessibility and availability of computing resources and services 4. Enhanced scalability and flexibility However, there are also challenges ahead for cloud computing, such as: 1. Security and privacy concerns 2. Compatibility and interoperability issues 3. Performance and latency problems 4. Vendor lock-in and dependency To overcome these challenges, cloud providers must continue to develop and implement new technologies and best practices to ensure the reliability, security, and privacy of their services. Additionally, cloud customers must ensure that they have proper controls and policies in place to manage and protect their data and assets in the cloud. Overall, the vision of cloud computing holds great promise for businesses and organizations of all sizes, but it requires careful consideration and management to fully realize the benefits while minimizing risks and challenges.P°- CLOUD COMPUTING SEMESTER 5 UNIT -2SYLLABUS UNIT - 2 UNIT=11 1 Chapter/Book Reference: TBI [Chapter - 4], TH2 [Chapters - , 6, 17, 18], No. of Hou Cloud Computing Architecture-Introduction — Internet as a Platform, ‘The cloud reference model - ‘Types of clouds - Economics of the cloud, Computing platforms and technologies, Cloud computing economics, Cloud infrastructure - Economics of private clouds - Software productivity in the cloud ~ Economies of scale: public vs. private cloudsCLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE- INTRODUCTION INTERNET AS A PLATFORM Cloud computing architecture refers to the design and implementation of the infrastructure and services that are offered by cloud providers. It includes the hardware, software, networks, and management systems that support cloud computing services. One of the key aspects of cloud computing architecture is the use of the internet as a platform. Cloud services are typically delivered over the internet, and customers can access these services from anywhere in the world, as long as they have an internet connection. The use of the internet as a platform for cloud computing offers many benefits, such as: 1. Accessibility: Cloud services can be accessed from anywhere in the world, making them ideal for businesses with distributed teams or customers. 2. Scalability: The internet provides an almost infinite scale for cloud resources, allowing cloud providers to quickly and easily add or remove computing resources as demand for their services fluctuates. 3. Cost-effectiveness: Cloud providers can share computing resources across many customers, reducing the cost of infrastructure and making it more affordable for businesses of all sizes. However, there are also challenges associated with using the internet as a platform for cloud computing. These challenges include: 1. Network latency: The time it takes for data to travel over the internet can cause delays in accessing cloud services, which can impact performance. 2. Security: The internet is prone to cyber threats, which makes it important for cloud providers to implement strong security measures to protect customers’ data. a3. Dependence on internet connectivity: Access to cloud services relies on reliable and high-speed internet connectivity, which can be a challenge in some regions or for some customers. ‘Overall, the use of the internet as a platform is a fundamental aspect of cloud computing and enables the delivery of scalable, cost-effective, and accessible computing services to businesses and individuals around the world. THE CLOUD REFERENCE MODEL The cloud reference model is a conceptual framework that describes the layers and components of a cloud computing architecture. It provides a standardized way of describing the various layers and components of a cloud computing architecture, helping to ensure that different cloud providers are using a consistent set of terminology when describing their services. The cloud reference model consists of five distinct layers, each providing a different set of services or functionalities. These layers are: 1. Cloud service user: This layer represents the end-users or clients who consume cloud services and applications. 2. Cloud service provider: This layer represents the cloud provider who offers computing resources and services to the cloud service user. 3. Cloud service integration: This layer represents the middleware services and management tools that integrate and manage various cloud services. 4, Cloud service platform: This layer represents the infrastructure and platform services that provide computing resources and tools to the cloud service integration layer. 5, Cloud service infrastructure: This layer represents the physical infrastructure (such as servers, storage, and networking resources) used to support the cloud service platform layer.Each layer in the cloud reference model interacts with the layers above and below it, creating a multilayered architecture. This architecture enables the creation and delivery of cloud services that are scalable, reliable, and cost- effective. Overall, the cloud reference model provides a standard way of understanding and describing the different layers and components of a cloud computing architecture. This standardization helps to ensure interoperability and compatibility between different cloud providers and services, making it easier for organizations to adopt and integrate cloud technologies into their operations. TYPES OF CLOUDS 1. Public cloud: A public cloud is a cloud computing environment in which a third-party cloud provider delivers computing resources and services over the internet to multiple customers. The services provided by a public cloud are available to any individual or organization that wants to use them, and the resources provided are typically shared across multiple customers. Public clouds are typically used by small to medium-sized businesses or for non- sensitive applications where security requirements are not as stringent. 2. Private cloud: A private cloud is a cloud computing environment in which computing resources and services are operated exclusively by a single organization. Private clouds can be hosted either on-premises or ina third-party data center and are typically used for highly sensitive, mission-critical applications that require greater control and security than a public cloud can provide. 3. Hybrid cloud: A hybrid cloud is a cloud computing environment that combines public and private cloud resources to create a unified computing environment. A hybrid cloud allows organizations to leverage the scalability and cost-effectiveness of the public cloud while maintaining control over sensitive data and applications in a private cloud environment. Hybrid clouds are ideal for organizations that have fluctuating demand for computing resources or need to meet specific regulatory or security requirements.1.ECONOMICS OF THE CLOUD The economics of the cloud refer to the cost-saving benefits and efficiencies that cloud computing can provide compared to traditional on-premises IT infrastructure. There are several key economic advantages of the cloud, including: 1. Reduced capital expenses: Moving to the cloud can reduce an organization's capital expenditures (CapEx) by eliminating the need to purchase and maintain expensive IT infrastructure and hardware. Instead, cloud providers offer pay-as- you-go pricing models, allowing organizations to pay only for the resources they use. 2. Lower operational expenses: The cloud can also help reduce an organization's operational expenses (OpEx) by allowing them to scale resources up or down as needed, without incurring additional costs for equipment or maintenance. 3. Greater flexibility: Cloud computing provides greater flexibility than traditional on-premises infrastructure. Organizations can quickly and easily spin up new computing resources as needed to meet changing business demands, without having to invest in additional hardware or infrastructure, 4, Access to new technologies: Cloud providers typically offer access to a wide range of cutting-edge technologies, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain. This enables organizations to innovate and stay competitive without incurring the high costs associated with building and maintaining these technologies on their own.2. COMPUTING PLATFORMS AND TECHNOLOGIES Computing platforms and technologies refer to the hardware, software, and tools used to create, manage, and deploy computing applications. Some of the most common computing platforms and technologies include: 1. Operating systems: An operating system is a software component that manages hardware resources and provides services for computer programs. Popular operating systems include Windows, macOS, and Linux. 2. Programming languages: A programming language is a set of instructions used to create software applications. Popular programming languages include Python, Java, C++, and JavaScript. 3. Application development frameworks: Application development frameworks provide a structure for developers to build, test, and deploy applications. Common application development frameworks include Ruby on Rails, Django, Nodejs, and .NET. 4, Cloud computing platforms: Cloud computing platforms provide computing resources, such as servers, storage, and networking, over the internet. Popular cloud computing platforms include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform. 5. Virtualization: Virtualization technology allows multiple operating systems and applications to run on a single physical machine, making more efficient use of hardware resources. Popular virtualization platforms include VMware and Hyper-V. 6. Containerization: Containerization technology allows developers to package an application and its dependencies into a lightweight container that can be deployed across different environments. Popular containerization platforms include Docker and Kubernetes. 7. Artificial intelligence and machine learning: Artificial intelligence (Al) and machine learning (ML) are computing technologies that enable systems to learn, reason, and solve problems without human intervention. Popular Al and ML platforms and tools include TensorFlow, PyTorch, and IBM Watson.Overall, computing platforms and technologies continue to evolve and expand, with new tools and technologies emerging regularly to help developers build and deploy more efficient and powerful applications. 3.CLOUD COMPUTING ECONOMICS Cloud computing economics refer to the cost and financial benefits of using cloud computing services as compared to traditional on-premises IT infrastructure. The economic benefits of cloud computing are numerous, including: 1. Reduced capital expenditure: With the cloud, organizations can reduce their capital expenditure (CapEx) by eliminating the need to purchase and maintain expensive IT infrastructure and hardware. Instead, they pay for only what they need on a consumption-based pricing model. 2. Lower operational expenditure: Cloud computing also reduces operational expenditure (OpEx) by offloading the maintenance and management of IT infrastructure to cloud providers, reducing the need for on-site IT staff. 3. Increase in operational efficiency: The cloud provides elasticity and scalability. enabling organizations to quickly and easily scale computing resources up or down as per their requirements, which helps in faster deployments, improved end-user experiences, and reducing waste. 4. Access to advanced technologies: Cloud providers often offer access to advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence (Al), machine learning (ML), and the internet of things (IoT), which helps organizations in innovation and digital transformation wave. 5. Reduce the time to market: Companies can leverage cloud’s global footprint to rapidly enter new markets worldwide without the need for extensive investments in on-premises technology, reducing the time to market and IT complexity. However, it's important to note that there are some costs associated with cloud computing that organizations need to consider, such as data egress fees, additional security needs, and compliance requirements. Also, a clear understanding of the existing IT infrastructure and the applications’ suitability for deployment in the cloud is crucial to ensure maximum returns.CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE Cloud infrastructure refers to the physical and virtual components that make up cloud computing environments. It includes the hardware, software, networking, storage, and other components required to provide cloud services. Cloud infrastructure typically encompasses the following components: 1, Servers: In cloud computing environments, servers are used to run software applications and to store data. Cloud providers typically use virtual servers that can be quickly provisioned and decommissioned as per the customers’ need. 2. Storage: Cloud infrastructure often includes large-scale storage systems that can store data in various forms, including databases, files, and object storage. Cloud providers offer scalable storage solutions, including block storage, file storage, and object storage. 3. Networking: Cloud infrastructure includes networking components that connect various servers and storage systems to form a virtualized environment. Cloud providers offer various networking services such as virtual private cloud (VPC), content delivery network (CDN), and load balancing services to provide a highly available and scalable network. 4, Data Centers: Cloud providers operate large data centers around the world to ensure high availability and low latency. They are designed with redundant power, cooling, and networking infrastructure to provide a resilient environment for their customers. 5. Virtualization platform: Cloud infrastructure relies heavily on virtualization technologies, such as hypervisors and containers, to manage and allocate computing resources to multiple virtual machines. These platforms offer improved resource utilization and flexibility, making it easier to manage cloud infrastructure. 6. Management and monitoring tools: Cloud providers offer management and monitoring tools that help users monitor the performance of their applications and infrastructure, manage security, and control spending.1.ECONOMICS OF PRIVATE CLOUDS Private clouds are cloud computing environments dedicated to a single organization. They provide many of the same benefits as public clouds, including scalability, flexibility, and self-service capabilities, while providing additional control over data and security. When it comes to the economics of private clouds, there are several factors to consider: 1. Capital Expenditure: Building a private cloud requires significant capital expenditure (CapEx) in terms of hardware, software, and infrastructure. This includes purchasing servers, storage systems, network devices, and virtualization software licenses. The organization will also need to invest in building or leasing a data center facility or co-location facility specifically for the private cloud. 2. Operating Expenditure: Once the private cloud is set up, there are ongoing operating expenditures (OpEx) to manage the cloud infrastructure, including ‘ongoing hardware maintenance and upgrades, energy bills, and personnel expenses. 3. Scalability: Private clouds offer scalability and the ability to add or remove resources on-demand, which can help organizations reduce overall infrastructure costs in the long run. However, due to the limited shared resources, private clouds may not be as cost-effective as public clouds in terms of scaling rapidly. 4. Customization and Control: Private clouds allow organizations to customize and control the infrastructure and platform to meet the needs of specific workloads, making it easy to ensure compliance with policies and regulations while keeping tight security controls. 5. Return on Investment: Private clouds can provide a high return on investment, especially for organizations that have high levels of in-house IT infrastructure, complex workloads, and security-sensitive data. In such scenarios, a private cloud can provide better control and visibility while providing the same benefits and flexibility offered by a public cloud.2.SOFTWARE PRODUCTIVITY IN THE CLOUD Software productivity in the cloud refers to the ability of software development teams to develop, deploy, and iterate their software applications rapidly and efficiently within a cloud computing environment. Cloud computing provides software development teams with many tools and services that can enhance their productivity, including: 1. Collaboration and Communication: Cloud-based tools make it easier for teams to collaborate and communicate with each other in real-time. Collaborative tools such as project management software and chat applications facilitate better teamwork, task allocation, and project tracking. 2. Access to Resources and Tools: Cloud computing enables easy access to development tools and resources across multiple devices, operating systems, and locations. It eliminates the need for software installations, upgrades, and maintenance, allowing teams to focus on application development. 3. Scalability: Cloud computing makes it easy for teams to scale their software applications by adding more computational resources and testing them without affecting application performance. Scaling can be achieved quickly and cost-effectively by using cloud-based infrastructure, services, and platform- as-a-service (PaaS) offerings. 4, Automation: Cloud-based services for testing, integration, and deployment can automate many of the processes that are traditionally performed manually. This automation increases efficiency, reduces the risk of errors, and allows software developers to focus on creating code. 5. Flexibility: Cloud computing services allow development teams to experiment with and iterate on software applications rapidly and efficiently, without being constrained by the limitations of an on-premises infrastructure. Cloud-based development tools and services enable teams to innovate and respond quickly to changing business needs. 6. Security: Cloud service providers typically offer comprehensive security controls, monitoring, and compliance features that protect against cyber threats and facilitate compliance with industry regulations.ECONOMIES OF SCALE: PUBLIC VS. PRIVATE CLOUDS Economies of scale is a concept that refers to the savings in production costs that result from producing larger quantities of a product or service. When it comes to cloud computing, economies of scale can be achieved at various levels, including hardware, software, and services. Public clouds typically offer economies of scale due to the large scale, centralized infrastructure, and shared hardware resources. Public cloud providers can spread their costs across multiple customers, reducing the cost per customer. In contrast, private clouds typically require greater upfront investment in infrastructure, making it challenging to achieve economies of scale unless the organization has a large IT environment with extensive infrastructure. Here are some ways in which public and private clouds offer economies of scale: 1. Hardware: Public clouds typically have massive data centers, allowing them to buy hardware in bulk. For example, public cloud providers can procure servers, storage, and network equipment at a lower cost than a single organization can. In contrast, private clouds require organizations to purchase their own hardware infrastructure, making it challenging to achieve economies of scale. 2. Software: Public clouds typically have standard software and platforms that can be used across multiple customers, allowing providers to spread the cost of software licenses across many customers. This reduces the cost per customer, making it more affordable for organizations to access the latest software features and capabilities. In contrast, private clouds require organizations to purchase their own software licenses, making it challenging to achieve economies of scale. Private cloud Public cloud shared by multiole comoanies a al OS foot.3. Services: Public clouds offer a wide range of services, including compute, storage, and analytics, which they can provide at a lower cost than individual organizations due to economies of scale. Public clouds can also offer services that are not financially viable for individual organizations, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning. In contrast, private clouds typically require organizations to manage their own services, which can result in higher costs and lower productivity due to the need for redundant and unused resources. Overall, public clouds offer greater economies of scale than private clouds due to their ability to spread the cost of infrastructure, software, and services across multiple customers. However, private clouds offer greater control and customization, making them more viable for organizations with specialized needs or regulatory requirements. TP ACOA AN OT nr Ge OMICSa CLOUD COMPUTING SEMESTER 5 UNIT -3SYLLABUS UNIT -3 UNIT= IL No. of Hours: 11 Chapter/Book Reference: TBI [Chapter - 2}, TB2 [Chapter - 11] Principles of Parallel and Distributed Computing: Parallel vs. distributed computing - Elements of parallel computing - Hardware architectures for parallel processing, Approaches to parallel programming - Laws of caution.PARALLEL VS. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING Parallel computing refers to the use of multiple processors or computers to perform a task simultaneously. It involves breaking down a complex task into smaller subtasks that can be executed simultaneously, thus reducing the time required to complete the task. Think of it as having multiple people working together on different parts of a project at the same time, making the overall process faster. Distributed computing, on the other hand, involves processing a task distributed" across multiple computers or processors in a network. Each computer or processor works independently on its designated portion of the task, exchanging information as needed. It's like a team that is spread across different locations, with each team member working on their assigned task and collaborating with others through communication. ELEMENTS OF PARALLEL COMPUTING 1. Task decomposition: This involves breaking down a complex task into smaller, independent units of work called tasks. Each task represents a portion of the overall computation that can be executed concurrently. 2. Data decomposition: Parallel computing often requires dividing the data associated with a task into smaller subsets. These subsets can be processed simultaneously by different processors or computers. This is especially useful when dealing with large datasets. 3. Synchronization: In parallel computing, different tasks or processes may need to coordinate and synchronize their actions. Synchronization ensures that tasks are properly coordinated, data is shared as needed, and conflicts are resolved. 4, Communication: Parallel computing Involves sharing data and information between different processors or computers. Efficient communication mechanisms are essential for tasks to exchanae necessarv data and coordinate5. Load balancing: Load balancing is the distribution of tasks across multiple processors or computers in a parallel computing system. It aims to evenly distribute the workload to ensure that all resources are utilized effectively, minimizing idle time and maximizing overall performance. 6, Fault tolerance: Parallel computing systems can encounter failures or errors. Fault tolerance involves designing systems that can detect and recover from failures, ensuring that the computation continues smoothly without significant interruptions. HARDWARE ARCHITECTURES FOR PARALLEL PROCESSING 1. Shared Memory Architecture: In this architecture, multiple processors or cores share a common physical memory. All processors can access and modify data stored in this shared memory, allowing them to work on different tasks concurrently. This architecture requires synchronization mechanisms to ensure data integrity and prevent conflicts. 2. Distributed Memory Architecture: In this architecture, each processor or core has its own dedicated memory. Processors communicate and share data through message passing, where messages are exchanged between different processors. This architecture is commonly used in cluster computing or massively parallel systems. 3. SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data): SIMD architecture employs a single control unit that can execute the same instruction on multiple data elements simultaneously. It is suitable for tasks that involve repetitive or data-parallel operations, such as image processing or simulations. 4, MIMD (Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data): MIMD architecture allows multiple processors or cores to execute different instructions on different sets of data simultaneously. Each processor operates independently, working on its assigned task. MIMD architecture can be further classified into shared memory MIMD and distributed memory MIMD based on the shared or distributed memory design.5. GPU (Graphics Processing Unit): GPUs are specialized hardware architectures designed for efficient parallel processing of graphical and computational tasks. They consist of a large number of cores that work in parallel, making them especially suitable for parallel processing in fields like data science, machine learning, and scientific computing. 6. FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array): FPGAs are flexible hardware architectures that can be configured and programmed to perform specific parallel processing tasks efficiently. They offer high parallelism and can be reconfigured, allowing for customization based on the specific application requirements. APPROACHES TO PARALLEL PROGRAMMING 1. Shared Memory Programming: This approach involves writing code that accesses and modifies shared data structures in the shared memory of multiple processors or cores. It typically uses constructs like threads, locks, and barriers to synchronize concurrent access to shared data. 2. Message Passing Programming: In this approach, different tasks or processes communicate by exchanging messages explicitly. Each task operates independently with its own data, and data communication occurs through explicit send and receive operations. Popular message passing libraries/frameworks include MPI (Message Passing Interface) and PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine). 3. Data Parallel Programming: Data parallel! programming involves dividing a large data set into smaller chunks and applying the same operation concurrently to each chunk. This approach is suitable for tasks that can be divided into parallelizable subtasks, such as image processing or matrix computations. Languages like CUDA and OpenCL provide frameworks for data parallel programming on GPUs. 4. Task Parallel Programming: Task parallel programming is based on dividing a complex task into smaller, independent tasks that can be executed concurrently. Each task represents a portion of the overall computation, and tasks can be dynamically assigned to available processors or cores. Task-based frameworks like OpenMP and Intel TBB (Threading Building Blocks) simplify task parallel programming.5. Functional Programming: Functional programming emphasizes immutability and the absence of side effects, which facilitates parallel execution. Languages like Haskell and Scala provide constructs for functional programming and support parallelism through higher-order functions and immutable data structures. 6. Hybrid Approaches: Many parallel programming approaches can be combined to take advantage of different levels of parallelism. For example. a program may use shared memory programming for intra-node parallelism and message passing programming for inter-node communication in a distributed computing system.y*: CLOUD COMPUTING SEMESTER 5 UNIT - 4SYLLABUS UNIT - 4 UNIT-1V) No.of Hours: 11 Chapter/Book Reference: TBI [Chapter - 3], TB2 [Chapter -8] Virtwalization’ Introduction - Characteristics of virtualized environments - Taxonomy of virtualization techniques - Virtualization and cloud computing - Pros and cons of virtualization Technology example: VMware: full virualization, Types of hardware virtualization’ Full virtualization - partial virtualization - para virtualizationVIRTUALIZATION @ INTRODUCTION Virtualization is the process of creating a virtual (rather than actual) version of something, including virtual computer systems, storage devices, and networks. Virtualization allows multiple virtual environments to run on a single physical machine, known as a host, as if they were running on separate physical machines. The concept of virtualization has been around for several decades, but it has gained significant popularity in recent years due to the increasing demand for more efficient use of computing resources. CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRTUALIZED ENVIRONMENTS Virtualized environments, also known as virtual environments, have several unique characteristics that differentiate them from traditional physical environments. Here are some of the key characteristics: 1. Virtualization layer: Virtualized environments are built on a virtualization layer that sits between the physical hardware and the operating system. This layer enables multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical machine, and provides a level of abstraction between the hardware and the software. 2. Resource pooling: Virtualization allows resources such as CPU, memory, storage, and networking to be pooled and shared among multiple virtual machines. This helps to optimize resource utilization and reduces waste. 3. Isolation: Each virtual machine is isolated from other virtual machines and the physical hardware, which provides a level of security and prevents resource contention. 4, Mobility: Virtual machines can be easily moved between physical machines, which allows for greater flexibility in managing resources and enables organizations to quickly adapt to changing business needs. 5, Scalability: Virtualized environments can be easily scaled up or down to meet changing resource requirements, which helps to optimize resource utilization and reduce costs.aS iv 6. Simplified management: Virtualization provides a centralized management console that enables administrators to manage multiple virtual machines from a single location, which simplifies management tasks and reduces the need for manual intervention. 7. Improved disaster recovery: Virtualized environments make it easy to create backup copies of virtual machines, which can be quickly restored in the event of a disaster or outage. This helps to minimize downtime and reduce the risk of data loss. 8. Enhanced performance: Virtualization technologies provide advanced features such as live migration, storage thin provisioning, and network optimization that help to improve performance and reduce resource waste. TAXONOMY OF VIRTUALIZATION TECHNIQUES Virtualization is a broad concept that encompasses various techniques and technologies for creating virtual environments. Here is a taxonomy of some of the most common virtualization techniques: 1. Server Virtualization: This technique involves creating multiple virtual servers on a single physical server, which allows for more efficient use of computing resources and reduces the need for expensive hardware. 2. Desktop Virtualization: This technique involves creating multiple virtual desktops on a single physical machine, which allows users to access their desktop environments from anywhere with an internet connection. 3. Storage Virtualization: This technique involves combining physical storage devices into a single logical storage device, which provides greater flexibility in managing storage resources and enables organizations to optimize storage utilization. 4. Network Virtualization: This technique involves creating multiple virtual networks on a single physical network, which allows for greater flexibility in managing network resources and enables organizations to optimize network utilization.5. Application Virtualization: This technique involves creating a virtual environment for an application, which enables it to run on any operating system without the need for installation or configuration changes. 6. Database Virtualization: This technique involves creating a_ virtual environment for a database, which enables it to be easily moved between physical machines and provides greater flexibility in managing database resources. 7. Hypervisor-based Virtualization: This technique involves using a hypervisor, which is a layer of software that sits between the operating system and the hardware, to create multiple virtual environments on a single physical machine. 8. Container-based Virtualization: This technique involves using containers, which are lightweight virtual environments that share the underlying operating system kernel, to create multiple isolated environments on a single physical machine. 9. Cloud Virtualization: This technique involves using cloud computing technologies to create virtual environments that can be easily scaled up or down to meet changing resource requirements, and provides greater flexibility in managing computing resources. VIRTUALIZATION AND CLOUD COMPUTING Virtualization and cloud computing work together in a number of ways. For example, a cloud provider might use virtualization to create virtual machines on its physical servers. These virtual machines can then be rented to customers as part of a cloud service. Here are some of the ways that virtualization and cloud computing are used together: + laaS: laaS provides customers with virtual machines, storage, and networking resources that they can use to run their own applications. PaaS: PaaS provides customers with a platform on which to develop, deploy, and run their applications, The platform includes the operating system, middleware, and development tools. SaaS: SaaS provides customers with access to software applications over the internet. The applications are hosted by the cloud provider and are accessed by customers through a web browser. aPROS AND CONS OF VIRTUALIZATION PROS: pros * Reduced IT costs: Virtualization can help you save money on hardware, software, and power costs. By running multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine, you can reduce the number of physical servers you need. This can save you money on hardware costs, as well as software licensing costs. Additionally, virtualization can help you reduce your power consumption, as you'll be using fewer physical servers. Improved agility: Virtual machines can be easily provisioned and destroyed, which makes it easier to deploy and scale applications. This can be a major advantage for businesses that need to be able to quickly respond to changes in demand. Enhanced disaster recovery: Virtual machines can be backed up and restored quickly, which can help you recover from disasters more quickly. This is because you can simply restore the virtual machine to a previous state, rather than having to rebuild the entire physical server. Increased server utilization: Virtualization can help you increase the utilization of your physical servers. This is because you can run multiple virtual machines on a single physical server, which means that the server is not sitting idle. cons * Complexity: Virtualization can add complexity to your IT environment. This is because you need to manage the hypervisor software, as well as the virtual machines themselves. This can be a challenge for small businesses that do not have a lot of IT staff. Performance overhead: There can be a performance overhead associated with virtualization. This is because the hypervisor software adds an additional layer of abstraction between the physical hardware and the virtual machines. This can lead to a slight decrease in performance. Security risks: Virtualization can introduce new security risks. This is because you are essentially creating multiple independent systems on a single physical server. This can make it more difficult to secure your environment. Vendor lock-in: Some virtualization software is proprietary, which can lock you into a particular vendor. This can make it difficult to switch to a different virtualization platform in the future.