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12-1 Mental Math: Percent

Here are some percents that are equivalent to common fractions.
0 1 2 3 4











4 4 4 4 4

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Study the pattern for these percents and common fractions.

1 2 1
10% 

020% 

or


10 10 5
3 4 2
30% 

040% 

or


10 10 5
5 1 6 3
50% 

or

060% 

or


10 2 10 5
7 8 4
70% 

080% 

or


10 10 5
9 10 5
90% 

100% 

or

or 1
10 10 5

To find a percent of a number mentally, Remember: “of”

use common fractions. means “times.”
Find the value of n.
25% of 36  n. 40% of 35  n.
1 2



4
of 36  n Think


5
of 35  n Think
1 2
1 9 25% 

2 7 40% 
5




4
 36  9 4


5
 35  14
1 1

So n  9. So n  14.

Find the value of the variable. Compute mentally.

1 1
1.
5
of 30  6, so 20% of 30  n. 2. 20 of 40  2, so 5% of 40  c.

2 3
3.
5
of 30  12, so 40% of 30  a. 4. 20 of 40  6, so 15% of 40  r.

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Find the value of the variable. Compute mentally.

3 3
5.
5
of 30  18, so 60% of 30  y. 6.
1

0
of 30  9, so 30% of 30  h.

1 1
7.
4
of 44  c, so 25% of 44  e. 8.
2
of 44  t, so 50% of 44  m.

3 1
9.
4
of 44  x, so 75% of 44  y. 10.
1

0
of 30  p, so 10% of 30  z.

More Percents and Common Fractions

Study these percents and common fractions.
1 1 2 1
12
2
% 
8
1 16
3
% 
6
2
16 3 %
12 2 %
1 3 1 2 1
37
2
% 
8
33
3
% 
6

3

1 5 2 4 2
62
2
% 
8
66
3
% 
6

3

1 7 1 5
87
2
% 
8
83
3
% 
6

Find the percent of the number. Compute mentally.

1 1
11. 12
2
% of 16 12. 33
3
% of 60 13. 20% of 100
1 1 1
Think:
8
of 16  b Think:
3
of 60  f Think:
5
of 100  j

1
14. 37
2
% of 56 15. 80% of 20 16. 60% of 45
3 4 3
Think:
8
of 56  m Think:
5
of 20  n Think:
5
of 45  v

2 1
17. 30% of 60  x 18. 66
3
% of 60  i 19. 62
2
% of 16  o

1
20. 87
2
% of 88  c 21. 75% of 48  d 22. 70% of 70  e

1
23. 83
3
% of 24  w 24. 90% of 90  l 25. 100% of 90  q

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12-2 Percent Sense

Which is greater:
3% of 100 or 30% of 100?
The pictures show that
30% of 100  3% of 100.
0.3  100  0.03  100 3%  0.03 30%  0.3
30  3

Which is less:
30% of 60 or 30% of 80?
The pictures show that
30% of 60
30% of 80.
0.3  60
0.3  80
18
24

You can use mental math to estimate what percent

one number is of another.
10 minutes
Math class is 55 minutes long.
Ten minutes are used to check homework. 11 12 1
10 2 1
of 55
True or False: 10 minutes is more than 50% 2
9 3
of the class time.
8 4
10 7 6 5
Is 5
5
 50%?

Think
50% is 12 . 12 of 55 is more than 12 of 50, which is 25.
10 minutes is less than 50% of the class time.

The statement is false.

Compare. Use
or .
1. 50% of 20 ? 50% of 40 2. 20% of 30 ? 20% of 10

3. 2% of 40 ? 2% of 80 4. 3% of 10 ? 3% of 4
1 1 2 2
5. 33 3% of 30 ? 33 3% of 3 6. 16 3% of 12 ? 16 3% of 60

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Compare. Use
or .
7. 3% of 60 ? 30% of 60 8. 62% of 40 ? 52% of 40

9. 19% of 300 ? 29% of 300 10. 86% of 50 ? 66% of 50

2 2 1 1
11. 16 3% of 12 ? 66 3% of 12 12. 83 3% of 24 ? 33 3% of 24

1 1 7 1
13. 37 2% of 16 ? 8 of 16 14. 8 of 40 ? 62 2% of 40

Write True or False for each situation. Explain your answer.

Draw a picture to help you.
Tina has one half hour for lunch.
She finishes in 20 minutes.
15. Tina uses exactly 50%
of her lunchtime to eat.
Alberto allots one hour to deliver
newspapers. He finishes in 45 minutes.
18. Alberto uses more than 50%
of his newspaper time.

16. Tina uses less than 50% 19. Alberto uses more than 25%
of her lunchtime to eat. of his newspaper time.

17. Tina uses more than 50% 20. Alberto uses less than 100%
of her lunchtime to eat. of his newspaper time.

Forty students are in the class. Ninety animals are in the shelter.
Fourteen receive A’s. Thirty are adopted.
21. 50% of the students receive A’s. 24. 50% of the animals are adopted.

22. Less than 50% receive A’s. 25. More than 25% are adopted.

23. Less than 25% receive A’s. 26. More than 50% are not adopted.

27. There are 6 ducks in the pond at the park. This is 10% of the
ducks in the park. True or False: 100 ducks are in the park.
a. Shade a ten-by-ten grid to show 6 ducks
and a different ten-by-ten grid to show
10% of 100 ducks. Compare the two shadings.

b. Does 10% of 100  6? Is the statement above

true or false? How many ducks are in 10% of 100 ducks
the park? (Hint: 10% of ?  6.)

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12-3 Percentage of a Number

Find: 45% of 360
p.

First estimate the percentage (or part) of a number, using benchmark
percents. Benchmark percents are commonly known and frequently used
percents such as 10%, 25%, and 50% and their common fractions.

45% of 360 50% of 360 Think

1 180 45%
50%
  360
180 1
2
1 50%
2
45% of 360
180

Then use a formula to find the percentage, p, of a number.

rate (r)  base (b)
percentage (p) r
bp

Rename the percent (rate) as a decimal or as a fraction. Then solve.

As a Decimal As a Fraction
r  b
p r  b
p
45% of 360
p 45% of 360
p 45%
or percentage
45
0.45  360
p 
100
 360
p 162
18
9 360 198
0.45
162
p 
20
 
1

p
1
0.45
162
p
Think
So 45% of 360
162. 162 is close to the estimate of 180.

Study this example.

Find: 78% of $24.

Then solve.

First estimate. Think Think
78% of $24
p
78%
75% $18.72 is close
75% of $24 and 4 and 24 0.78  $24
p to the estimate
$6 are compatible of $18.
3

4
 $24
$18 numbers. $18.72
p
1
78% of $24
$18 So 78% of $24
$18.72.

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Use the formula and decimals to solve for the variable.

1. 30% of 60
a 2. 50% of 32
d 3. 75% of 80
g

4. 25% of 44
b 5. 10% of $ 18
e 6. 20% of $ 70
h

7. 5% of 800
c 8. 6% of 700
f 9. 35% of 120
i

Use the formula and fractions to solve for the variable.

10. 40% of 20
j 11. 60% of 60
m 12. 75% of 120
p

13. 15% of 40
k 14. 2% of $ 8.00
n 15. 3% of $ 5.00
q

16. 56% of 400
l 17. 88% of 250
o 18. 95% of 240
r

Percentage Using Proportions

In the basketball game between the sixth and seventh grades, 62.5%
of 24 free throws were made. How many free throws were made?

To find how many free throws, write a proportion and solve.

Let n
the number of free throws made.
part n 62.5 part n 62.5

 

whole 24 100 whole 24 100
100n
24  62.5
100n  100
1500  100
So 15 free throws were made. n
15

Use a proportion to find the percentage of the number.

19. 40% of 25 20. 25% of 96 21. 80% of 90

22. 55% of 200 23. 76% of 475 24. 12% of 625

25. 37.5% of 56 26. 62.5% of 320 27. 87.5% of 480

Find the percentage of the number.

1
28. 150% of 4 100% of 4
4; 50% of 4
2 of 4
2; 4  2
6

29. 150% of 80 30. 110% of 200 31. 250% of 600

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12-4 Find the Rate

Of 125 baseball players named most valuable batting champs players
players, 24 were also batting champions. What
percent (or rate) of the 125 baseball players 0 24 125
were also batting champions?
0% 100%
To find the percent (or rate), find 24 out of 125.
25 1
First estimate: 25 out of 125

 or 20%.
125 5
Then use one of these two methods to find the percent, or rate,
r, that one number is of another.
Method 1

Use the formula r  b
p
p
and solve for r. rb
p 
r
b
24

r
125
0.192

Rename the fraction as a decimal. 4
125
2.0
00


Rename the decimal as a percent. 19.2%
r

Method 2
part 24 n part

Write a proportion. 

whole 125 100 whole

Solve the proportion. 24  100
125n

2400  125
125n  125
19.2
n
n 19.2


19.2%
100 100
So 19.2% were batting champions. Think
19.2% is close to the estimate of 20%.
Study this example.
What percent of 8 is 20?
Think
20

r r
2.5
250% 20 is greater than 8.
8
The percent is greater than 100%.
Check: 250%  8
2.50  8
20

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Find the percent or rate. Estimate first.

1. What percent of 5 is 3? 2. What percent of 80 is 400?

3. What percent of 100 is 11? 4. What percent of 900 is 243?

5. 90 is what percent of 120? 6. 60 is what percent of 240?

7. What percent of 180 is 63? 8. What percent of 140 is 91?

9. What percent of 20 is 25? 10. What percent of 10 is 80?

11. 4.4 is what percent of 80? 12. 4.6 is what percent of 50?

13. 475 is what percent of 950? 14. 30 is what percent of 8?

15. 2 is what percent of 16? 16. 5 is what percent of 40?

17. 15 is what percent of 6? 18. 20 is what percent of 25?

19. 28 is what percent of 35? 20. 125 is what percent of 50?

21. At the school picnic, 30 of the 50 22. In the basketball game, 12 baskets
teachers came by car. What percent were made in 25 attempts. What
of the teachers came by car? percent of the baskets were made?

23. Janet earned $420 at the golf 24. This year the price of a baseball
course last summer. She put 70% glove is 105% of last year’s
of her earnings in the bank. How price of $40. What is the price
much money did she spend? this year?

25. Of 125 players in the marching band, 44 are also in the school
orchestra. What percent of the marching band members are not
in the school orchestra?

Student Population
26. Explain how to find the value of each
variable, the percent of student 72
population for each grade. The total 60 Gr. 8
student population is 240. Gr. 5
48 60
Grade 5
f % Grade 6
s %
Gr. 6 Gr. 7
Grade 7
v % Grade 8
e%

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12-5 Find the Original Number

Of the people at the bowling alley,
0 9 b
45% play for the bowling league. There are
a total of 9 bowling league players. How 0% 45% 100%
many people are at the bowling alley?

To find how many people, the original percentage
rate  base p
rb
number or base, write and solve an original number (total number)
equation or a proportion.

45% of what number is 9?

Let b equal the total number of people.

Write and solve an equation.
Write and solve a proportion.

45% of b
9 part 45 9 part

whole
whole
100 b
0.45b
9
0.45b  0.45
9  0.45 Divide both 45b
900
sides by 0.45. 45b  45
900  45
b
20
b
20
45% of 20 is 9.
So there are 20 people at the bowling alley.

Study these examples.

25% of Marlo’s savings is in a shoebox If Mike’s savings of $268.80 is 42% of
under her bed. The shoebox has $45 in his savings goal, what amount of money
it. How much has Marlo saved in all? does Mike want to save?
Let s
total savings. Think
42% of s
$268.80 42%
0.42
25% of s
$45 0.42s
$268.80
1
s
$45 0.42s $268.80
4

1 4 4 0.42 0.42
s  1
$45  1
4 s
$640
s
$180
Mike wants to save $640.
Marlo has saved $180 in all.

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Find the original number. Explain the method you used.

1. 65% of x is 650 2. 90% of a is 765 3. 50% of d is 155

4. 45% of u is $54 5. 30% of h is $18.60 6. 72% of y is $1872

7. 88% of l is 6600 8. 19% of j is 152 9. 7.1% of b is 142

10. 83% of z is $2075 11. 65% of p is 451.75 12. 21% of g is $10.50

13. 22% of t is 550 14. 46% of e is 296.7 15. 90% of k is 225.36

16. 12
12
% of f is 95 17. 16
23
% of c is 776 18. 83
13
% of u is 4610

Compare. Use ,, 5, or ..
19. 25% of y is 110.5 20. 4.2% of c is 15.12 21. 62
12
% of j is 375
20% of r is 81.6 22.8% of m is 84.36 33
13
% of n is 200
y ? r c ? m j ? n

22. Of the people in the theater, 5%
have seen the movie before. If there
are 8 people who have seen the
movie before, how many people
have not seen the movie before?
23. Of the animals at the preserve, 4% are
babies. If there are 6 baby animals at
the preserve, how many animals are
not babies?

24. 30% of Howard’s rock collection is
in a box. The rest of it is on shelves.
If Howard has 27 rocks in the box,
how many rocks does he have in
his collection?
25. 18% of the people at the park brought
picnic lunches with them. If 9 people
brought picnic lunches, how many
people were at the park?

26. Tracey has saved $56.25. That is 27. Riley loaned his brother $273. That is
4.5% of what she wants to save. How 5.25% of Riley’s savings account. How
much does Tracey want to save? much did Riley have in his account?

Find the original number. Choose the best answer.

28. 38% of q is 458.66. 29. 19% of v is 106.4.
A 12.07 B 174.2908 F 5.6 G 20.216
C 1207 D 17,429.08 H 560 J 2021.6

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12-6 Percent Problems

The population of Manchester is 25,100.
Twenty-three percent of the population attends school.
How many people in Manchester attend school?
To find how many, find 23% of 25,100.

To find a percentage of a number, use r
b  p.

First estimate: 23% of 25,100 25% of 24,000

6000
1

4

24,000  6000
1

Then solve: 23% of 25,100  p

0.23
25,100  p
Think
5773  p 5773 is close to
the estimate of 6000.
So 5773 people in Manchester attend school.

Manchester Middle School has 960 students enrolled.

Six hundred seventy-two of these students ride the
bus to school. What percent of the students ride
the bus to school?
To find the percent, find 672 out of 960.
p
To find the percent one number is of another, use   r.
b

672 700 70

First estimate:      70%
960 1000 100

0.70
672

Then solve:   r 7
960
62
.0
0
960
Think
70%  r 70% is the same as the estimate.

So 70% of the students ride the bus to school.

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Solve. Explain the method you used.
1. The population of Newton is
1460. Twenty percent of the
people in Newton read the local
newspaper. How many people
read the local newspaper?
3. Jeff used 10 oranges to make
juice this morning. There were
25 oranges in the bag. What
percent of the oranges in the
bag did he use?
5. A report states that 72% of
1250 middle school students
enjoy playing team sports.
How many of the middle school
students enjoy playing team sports?
7. The Girl Scouts want to collect
500 pounds of old newspapers.
They have already collected 150
pounds. What percent of their
goal have they not reached?
9. Thirty percent of the people in the
park rent rowboats. If 270 people
rent rowboats, how many people
are in the park?
10. Margaret spent $15 dollars on
souvenirs on her vacation. If that
was 5% of the cost of her trip,
how much did her vacation cost?
11. Out of each 2500 pairs of athletic
shoes imported from Asia, about
how many pairs come from
each country?
2. There are 360 animals in the
New City Zoo. Fifteen percent
of the animals are monkeys.
How many animals in the New
City Zoo are not monkeys?
4. There are 16 teenagers in
Sarah’s neighborhood. Four of
them are available to baby-sit.
What percent of the teenagers
are not available to baby-sit?
6. There are 860 students in sixth
grade. Two hundred fifteen
of them play basketball. What
percent of the students in sixth
grade do not play basketball?
8. On a typical day at Emerson
Middle School, 6% of the
650 students are absent.
How many students are
present on a typical day?
China
40%
Indonesia
Taiwan 20%
10%
S. Korea
30%
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12-7 Discount and Sale Price

A discount is a reduction of the list, or regular,
price of an item. The rate of discount is given
as a percent.

The sale price is the difference between

the list price and the discount.

• Discount
Rate of Discount  List Price

D
R  LP
• Sale Price
List Price  Discount
SP
LP  D

Some CDs at Posio’s Music World

regularly sell for $15 each. This week they
are being sold at a 15% discount. What
is the discount? What is the sale price?

To find the discount, D, write an equation

and solve for the discount.

D
15% of $15.00 discount

D
0.15  $15.00 $0 d sale price $15
D
$2.25 0% 15% 100%

The discount on each CD is $2.25.

To find the sale price, SP, write an equation

and solve for the sale price.

SP
$15.00  $2.25
SP
$12.75
The sale price of each CD is $12.75.

Find the discount and sale price.

1. 15% discount of a $13 CD at 2. 20% discount of a $500
Posio’s Music World entertainment system at LP
Electronics

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Find the discount and sale price.

Item List Price Rate of Discount Discount Sale Price
3. Radio $130 20% ? ?
4. Big Screen TV $3200 10% ? ?
5. Headset $33 15% ? ?
6. CD Player $180 12% ? ?

Use a Proportion to Find Discount

DVD Player
A DVD player with a regular price of $495 is marked sale discount
to sell at 30% off. What is the discount? price 30%
?
“30% off” means a discount rate of 30%.
Regularly $495

To find the discount, write part D 30 part



and solve a proportion. whole $495 100 whole
Let D
the discount.
100D
$495  30
100D  100
$14,850  100
The discount is $148.50. D
$148.50

7. The rate of discount on a $47 clock 8. The rate of discount on a $12 CD

radio is 20%. Find the discount and is 15%. Find the discount and
sale price. sale price.

9. How much is saved on a $625 10. What is the sale price of a $150
television set at a 25%-off sale? CD player marked 15% off?

11. Carlos has $25 to spend at the music store. He wants a

CD that regularly lists for $24. The rate of discount
1
on the CD is 33 3%. After buying the CD, how much
money does Carlos have left to spend?
1
12. Find the answer to problem 11 using a rate of discount of 12 2%.

13. An item for $60 is discounted 20%. At a special sale,

Joan receives an additional 20% discount. Will that be
the same as a 40% discount of the item? Explain.

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12-8 Sales Tax and Total Cost

A sales tax is the amount of tax added to the
price of an item by a state or local government.
The rate of sales tax is given as a percent.

The total cost is the sum of the marked, or list,

price and the tax.

• Sales Tax
Rate of Sales Tax  Marked Price

T
R  MP
• Total Cost
Marked Price  Sales Tax
TC
MP  T

A remote control toy costs $224.50, plus 5% sales

tax. Find the sales tax and total cost of the toy.

To find the sales tax, T, write and solve an

equation or a proportion.
1

First estimate: 5% of $220
  $220
$11
20

Then use one of these methods to find the sales tax.

Method 1 Method 2
Write and solve an equation. Write and solve a proportion.
T
5% of $224.50. part T

5
part
whole $224.50 100 whole
T
5%  $224.50
100T
$224.50  5
T
$11.225
$11.23 100T  100
$1122.50  100
T
$11.225
$11.23
Think
The sales tax is $11.23. $11.23 is close to the estimate of $11.

To find the total cost, TC, write and solve

the equation: TC
$224.50  $11.23.

TC
$224.50  $11.23
TC
$235.73

The total cost of the toy is $235.73.

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Find the sales tax and total cost of each item.

1. $23.40 sneakers, 5% sales tax 2. $59.75 camera, 4% sales tax

Use the tables below for exercises 3–10. The rate of sales tax is 6%.

Item Price Item Price

Calculator $88.25 Color Film 1 roll for $6.50
Video Game $12.95 CD Player $62.75
Blank CDs 2 for $7.50 Skateboard $49

3. Find the sales tax on 2 blank CDs. 4. Find the sales tax on a skateboard.

5. Find the total cost of a CD player. 6. Find the total cost of a calculator.

7. Find the sales tax on 2 rolls of 8. Find the sales tax on 4 blank CDs.
color film.

9. Janell buys 3 video games. Find her 10. Find the total cost in exercise 8 if the
change from a $50 bill. 1
rate of sales tax is 6 2%.

11. Kurt buys a calculator and a CD 12. Greg buys a pair of gloves that are
player. How much does he spend priced at $19.50. If he pays 6% sales
altogether? tax, how much does Greg pay for the
gloves?

13. A $220 bicycle is on sale at 20% off. 14. Jean paid $11.25 for her new shirt on
The rate of sales tax is 5%. What is sale. The discount was 10%. What
the total cost of the bicycle? was the original price of the shirt?

Find the marked price.

15. a DVD player 16. an amplifier
total cost: $206 total cost: $318
rate of sales tax: 3% rate of sales tax: 6%

17. a CD 18. a stereo

total cost: $13 total cost: $844
rate of sales tax: 4% rate of sales tax: 5.5%

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12-9 Better Buy

A regular-size box of 12-oz dog food sells for $1.50.
A 15-oz jumbo-size box sells for $1.71. Which is the
better buy?

To decide which is the better buy, find the unit price or

unit cost for 1 oz of each type of dog food. Then compare them.

Regular Size Jumbo Size

Let c  the cost of 1 oz. Let n  the cost of 1 oz.

12 1 15 1
       
$1.50 c $1.71 n
12  c  $1.50  1 15  n  $1.71  1
12c
12  $1.50
12 15n
15  $1.71
15

1 c  $.125
$.13 12  n  $.114
$.11

Unit cost (cost per oz)

Compare: $.114  $.125 Think

11¢ is less than 13¢.
The jumbo size is the better buy.
Its unit cost is less than the unit cost
of the regular-size dog food.

Which is the better buy? Explain.

1. Drinking Glasses: 2. Corn:
4 for $1.80 6 ears for 96¢
6 for $2.40 8 ears for $1.12

3. Detergent: 4. Cereal:
2 lb box for $1.26 12 oz box for $1.74
5 lb box for $3.05 15 oz box for $2.04

5. Napkins: 6. Party Favors

100 count for $.99 10 for $1.50
145 count for $1.10 30 for $4.45

1.3
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Estimation and Better Buy

Estimate to decide which is the better buy,
a bag of apples or 6 individual apples.
Estimate the unit cost of 1 apple in the bag
of apples.
$0.20 Use compatible
1
6
$.2
9 1
6
$.2
0 numbers to
estimate.
Each apple in the bag costs
about 20¢. The bag of apples is
the better buy.

Estimate to decide which is the better buy.

7. 5 cakes of soap for $1.49 8. Bag of a dozen lemons for $2.50
1 cake of soap for 25¢ Lemons: 15¢ each

9. Picture frames: 2 for $5.67 10. 3 boxes of crackers for $4.19

Picture frames: $2.45 each Crackers: $1.50 per box

11. At Rosada’s Market, a 10-oz can 12. A package of 6 coasters is marked

of mushrooms sells for 40¢ and a $1.44 and a package of 8 of the same
6-oz can sells for 30¢. Which is the coasters is marked $1.76. Which is the
better buy? better buy?

13. An 8-oz can of peaches costs $ .68. 14. A 12-oz box of Crispy Cereal costs
A 14-oz can costs $1.05. Which is $2.10 and the 15-oz box of the same
the better buy? cereal costs $2.94. Which is the better
buy?

Which is the better buy? Explain.

Show all your work.
15. Sweaters in Store A marked $18.50 16. Skirts in Store C marked $32.00 at a
at a 30%-off sale; the same 15% discount; the same skirts in Store
sweaters in Store B marked $19.00 1
D marked $44.00 at a
4
-off sale
1
at a
3
-off sale

Chapter 12 431
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12-10 Commission
Commission is the amount of money that a salesperson
is paid for selling a product or service. The rate of
commission is given as a percent.

A salesperson works on straight commission if

the commission is the only pay he or she receives.

• Commission  Rate of Commission  Total Sales

C  R  TS
• Total Earnings  Salary  Commission
TE  S  C

Marvella receives a weekly salary of $200 and makes

1
a 3
2
% commission on all of her clothing sales. What
is her commission on sales of $6500? What are her total
earnings for the week?

Use one of the following two methods to

find her commission, C.

Method 1 Method 2

Write and solve an equation.
Write and solve a proportion.
1
1 part C 3
2
part
C 3
2
% of $6500



whole $6500 100 whole

C  0.035  $6500
100C  $6500  3.5
C  $227.50
100C  100  $22,750  100
C  $227.50

Marvella’s commission is $227.50.

To find the total earnings, TE, write an equation

and solve for the total earnings.
TE  $200  $227.50
TE  $427.50
Marvella’s total earnings for the week are $427.50.

432 Chapter 12 1.4

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Find the commission and the total earnings.

1. Salary  $100 2. Salary  $120
Amount sold  $550 Amount sold  $480
Rate of commission  4% Rate of commission  2%

3. Salary  $350 4. Salary  $400

Amount sold  $5000 Amount sold  $6500
1
Rate of commission  1.5% Rate of commission  4
2
%

Use the advertisement for ex. 9–11.

5. Find the commission Ms. Levine 6. Ms. Velarde sold $825 worth of
receives for selling electronic cosmetics last year. Her rate of
equipment worth $13,000 if her commission was 6%. What was
rate of commission is 4%. her commission?

7. Mr. Jenkins sells major appliances at 8. Ms. Farber had carpet sales of $15,215
1 last month. Her rate of commission is
an 8
2
% commission rate. Last month
his total sales were $9675. How much 3%. What is her commission?
commission did he make?

9. Vicente plans to take a job at Hoody’s Auto at a

salary of $550 per month. If his total sales for the WANTED-
first month are $20,000, find his earnings for the month. Auto Salesperson,
Hoody's Auto,
Experienced Only
10. Stella anticipates total monthly auto sales at Hoody’s of Salary Plus
$37,500. With a regular salary of $550 per month, 4% Commission
how much would she make in salary plus commission? on Sales

11. Jamal is offered a choice of jobs at Hoody’s:

(a) regular monthly salary of $550 plus 4% commission; or
1
(b) straight commission of 7
2
% on all sales.
If Jamal expects monthly sales of $20,000, which is
the better offer? Explain in your Math Journal.

1
12. Aboul’s boss offers him a 5
2
% commission on all sales.
What must Aboul’s total monthly sales be in order to
receive a $2200 commission?

Chapter 12 433
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12-11 Simple Interest

Principal (p) is the amount of money borrowed,
or deposited.
Simple Interest (I ) is the amount of money to be
paid by the borrower on the principal, or the
amount of money paid to the depositor on the
principal, for a stated period of time, in years. The
rate of interest (r ) is the percent of interest paid.
Mr. McPherson borrowed $1000 to be paid back in
3 years. The bank charges a simple interest rate
of 5%. How much interest will Mr. McPherson pay
at the end of 3 years? What will be the total amount
due on the loan?

To find the simple interest due, use the formula I
amount of simple interest
I
prt. p
principal
r
rate of interest
I
prt
t
time in years
I
$1000  0.05  3
I
$150
Mr. McPherson will pay $150 in simple interest.

To find the total amount due, Amount due
Principal  Simple Interest
add the principal plus simple
$1000  $150
interest.
$1150
The total amount due on Mr. McPherson’s loan will be $1150.

Study these examples.

Polly deposits $7000 at a simple interest Dillon puts $1200 at a simple interest
rate of 6.5% for 5 years in her savings 1 1
rate of 7 2 % for 3 2 years into his
account. Find the interest she will earn.
savings. How much interest will he
I
prt earn?
I
$7000  0.065  5
I
prt
I
$2275
I
$1200  0.075  3.5
Polly will earn $2275 interest at the end of I
$315
5 years.
Dillon will earn $315 interest at the end
1
of 3 2 years.

434 Chapter 12 1.4

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Find the simple interest, I, for each loan.

1. $5000 at 5% for 2. $2500 at 7% for 3. $9000 at 6.5% for
5 years 7 years 1
8 2 years

4. $7000 at 5.2% for 5. $6210 at 4.8% for 6. $4280 at 2.5% for

9 years 3 years 3.5 years

Find the simple interest earned for each number of years.

Round to the nearest cent when necessary.
1
Principal Rate 3 years 5 years 7 2 years 10 years
7. $495 7.6%
8. $5230 1.9%
9. $9500 8.4%
10. $4065 2.1%

11. Elizabeth borrows $1500 at a simple 12. Gerard borrows $12,000 at a simple
interest rate of 3% for 3 years. At the interest rate of 5.9% for 4 years. At the
end of the loan, how much principal end of the loan, how much principal
and interest will she have paid back? and interest will he have paid back?

13. Abby deposits $750 in a new savings
account and earns a simple interest
rate of 6%. At the end of 5 years, how
much money is in the account if she
never makes any more deposits or
withdrawals?
14. Aidan deposits $925 in a new savings
account and earns a simple interest
1
rate of 5.5%. At the end of 3 2 years,
how much money is in the account if
he never makes any more deposits or
withdrawals?

15. Pete saves $1275 at a simple interest
rate of 5% for 5 years. Sharon saves
$1175 at a simple interest rate of 7%
for 5 years. At the end of 5 years, who
has earned more interest? how much
more?
16. Greg borrows $1975 at a simple
interest rate of 5% for 3 years. Linda
borrows $1975 at a simple interest rate
of 4.5% for 4 years. Who pays more
interest at the end of their loan? how
much more?

Write as a percent.
17 37 23 9 7 3
17. 25 18. 100 19. 50 20. 25 21. 20 22. 4

Chapter 12 435
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12-12
Make Circle Graphs
Hakan surveyed the students in his class to find the
number of television sets in each home. You can help
Hakan make a circle graph to display his results.

Number of Number Percent Angle

TVs Per Home of Homes of Total Measure
1 6 20% 72
2 12 ? ?
3 9 ? ?
4 or more 3 ? ?
Totals 30 100% 360

In a circle graph, the whole

represents 100% or 360°.

Materials: straightedge, paper, pencil, protractor, compass

Step 1 Copy the table above onto your own paper.

Step 2
Complete the Percent of Total column in Hakan’s table
by solving proportions.
Find what percent of the total number of homes, 30, is
represented by 6 homes.
part 6 n part (%)





whole 30 100 whole (%)

6  100  30n
600  30  30n  30
20  n
6 n
So



 20%
30 100
Does the Percent of Total column add up to 100%?
If not, check your work with a calculator.

1.3
436 Chapter 12
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Step 3
Complete the Angle Measure column in Hakan’s table.
Since there are 360° in a circle, multiply each of the
percents by 360° to find the degrees in each section of
the circle graph. Find the number of degrees that 20%
(homes with 1 TV) represents.
Let d
number of degrees.
20% of 360
d
Think
1
  360
d One angle of the circle
5
graph should be 72°.
72
d

Does the Angle Measure column add up to 360?

If not, check your work.

Step 4 Use your compass to draw a large B

A
circle. Draw radius P
of the circle. 70
80 90 100 110
90 80 7 120
60 110 100 0 6 1
0 0 30
50 0 12 50
13

14 0 3
50 40
0

0 0
4
14
Place the center mark of your

150 20 1
180 170 1 0 30
Step 5
60 1

160 0 0
protractor on P and draw a 0 10 2

170 180
central angle of 72, as shown. A P

Step 6
Draw the other central angles.
Use the degrees in Step 3. Start

B
your next angle using radius P
.

Step 7
Label each section of the graph with 1 TV,
2 TVs, and so on. Give your graph a title.

1. Change the number of homes in your table, in order,

from 6, 12, 9, 3 to 9, 30, 6, 15. Discuss with your class
and then draw a circle graph for the new data.

2. Carl had 3 hours of homework last weekend. He spent the following

amount of time on each subject: math, 30 min; science, 60 min;
spelling, 15 min; social studies, 45 min; English, 30 min.
Construct a circle graph and discuss the results with your class.

Chapter 12 437
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12-13 Problem-Solving Strategy:

Write an Equation
A disposable digital camera costs $29.95
plus 5% sales tax. Find the sales tax and
total cost of the camera.

Visualize yourself in the problem above as you

reread it. List the facts and the question.

Facts: camera cost—$29.95

rate of sales tax— 5%
Question: What is the sales tax and the
total cost of the camera?

To find the sales tax, multiply the marked price

by the rate of sales tax.

Write a percent equation: Let T represent the sales tax.

T
rate of sales tax  marked price
T
5%  $29.95

To find the total cost, add the Let TC represent the total cost.
sales tax to the marked price. TC
marked price  sales tax
TC
$29.95  T

T
5%  $29.95
4 4 2
0.$ 2 9.9 5
. 0 0.0 5
$ 1.4 9.7 5
$1.50 Round to the nearest cent.
The sales tax is $1.50.

TC
$29.95  $1.50
$31.45

The total cost is $31.45.

Since Total Cost
Marked Price  Sales Tax, check

if the total cost is greater than the marked price.

438 Chapter 12
8206-2_438-439 3/20/06 9:55 AM Page 439

Solve each problem. Write an equation to help you.

01. There are 90 animals on Henley’s farm. Of these animals,
60% are cows. How many of the animals are cows?

Visualize yourself in the problem

above as you reread it. List the
facts and the question.

Facts: 90 animals
60% cows
Question: How many of the animals are cows?

Draw and label a diagram.

Look at the diagram. 0 n 90
Write a percent equation.
Let n represent the number of cows. 0% 60% 100%

Number Percent All


of cows of cows animals
n
60%  90

02. The school principal received 240 complimentary tickets to

a concert. She gave 5% of the tickets to Ms. DeSilva’s class.
How many tickets did Ms. DeSilva’s class receive?

03. The school received a delivery of 700 textbooks. Of these,

140 are math books. What percent of the delivery are math books?

04. There are 1250 students in the middle school. Of this number,
30% are in sixth grade. How many students are in sixth grade?

05. A swimming pool that costs $850 is on sale for $637.50.

What is the rate of discount on the pool?

06. Mr. Schultz sold 3 cars for the following amounts: $11,995,
$30,985, and $22,175. If his rate of commission on these
3 sales was 4%, what was his commission for all 3 cars?

07. Of the 750 children who went to the fair, 600 had yogurt.
What percent of the children did not have yogurt?

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12-14 Problem-Solving Applications: Mixed Review

Solve each problem and explain the method you used.
01. Of the 25 food booths at the Elm Street Fair, 20% serve
vegetarian meals. How many booths serve
vegetarian meals?

02. The Golden Dragon restaurant serves 375 meals at

the fair. Of those, 40% are lo mein. How many lo mein
meals are served?

03. The Mexican Hat serves tacos at the fair. The usual
price for one taco is $2.60. For the fair, the store
discounts the price by 35%. How much is one taco
at the fair?

04. Marissa works for 5 hours at the Mexican Hat.

She spends 40% of her time cooking and the rest
serving. How much time does she spend serving?

05. It costs $350 to rent a booth at the fair. This year,

15% of the rental fee is donated to city charities.
How much money is donated to city charities for
each booth rented?

06. Of 150 booths at the fair, 45 feature games.

What percent of the booths feature games?

07. The Children’s Hospital sells T-shirts at the fair. Each T-shirt
costs $8.00 plus 6.5% sales tax. What is the total cost
of one T-shirt?

08. For each $8.00 T-shirt, the hospital earns $4.80. What percent
of the selling price is profit?

09. The Potter’s Place sells mugs at the fair. A mug that usually costs
$15 sells at the fair for $11.25. By what percent is the usual
price reduced?

10. The Potter’s Place sells these percentages of goods

at the fair: 30% mugs 20% bowls 15% vases
15% plates 10% wind chimes 10% miniature animals
Make a circle graph to show this data.

440 Chapter 12
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Choose a strategy from the list or use another strategy

you know to solve each problem.
11. At one game booth, 10 players use air pumps
to fill balloons. The first two players to pop
Use These Strategies
their balloons win prizes. What percent of the
Write an Equation
players win prizes? Use More Than One Step
Work Backward
12. The ring-toss booth gives giant stuffed Use a Graph
animals as prizes. At the beginning of the day,
the booth had 220 animals. So far, 75% of the
animals have been won. Of the remaining
stuffed animals, 15 are pandas. How many
are not pandas?

13. Of 48 spaces on a game wheel, 10 show

a fish. A player who spins a fish wins a
goldfish. Are the chances of winning
a goldfish better than 25%?

14. Glittering Prizes sells earrings. It sells 25% of its

earrings by the end of the day. If it has 51 pairs
left, how many pairs did it have to start with?

15. A pair of earrings sells for $6.75. The local sales tax
is 6.5%. Necklaces have a marked price of $8.50.
What is the total price for a necklace?

16. Wanda’s Wickerware sells 50% of its baskets

before noon. It sells 80% of the remaining baskets
before 5:00. At 5:00, it has 10 baskets left. How many
baskets did the store have at the beginning of the day?

Use the bar graph for problems 17–20. Fair Booths

17. What percent of this year’s booths sell clothing?
Number of Booths

50

18. Which type of booth increased by 100% 40

between last year’s fair and this year’s fair? 30
20
19. By how many did the number of booths
increase this year? 10

0
20. Last year, 60% of the game booths gave away Food Clothing Games Other
stuffed animals. How many booths gave away Types of Booths
stuffed animals last year? Key : Last Year
This Year

Chapter 12 441
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Lessons 1–14

Find the percentage of the number. (See pp. 414–419.)

1. 25% of 20 2. 3% of $7.20 3. 52% of 60

1
4. 33
3
% of 48 5. 62.5% of 800 6. 150% of 40

Find the percent or rate. (See pp. 420–421.)

7. What percent of 8 is 2? 8. What percent of 100 is 12?

9. 48 is what percent of 192? 10. 2.2 is what percent of 40?

Find the sales tax and total cost of each item. (See pp. 428–429.)
1
11. $35.20 radio, 5% sales tax 12. $500 refrigerator, 6
2
% sales tax

Estimate to decide which is the better buy. (See pp. 430–431.)

13. 3 pairs of socks for $2.08 14. Dozen oranges for $3.15
1 pair of socks for 60¢ Oranges: 25¢ each

Draw a circle graph of the favorite pets of a Grade 6 class. (See pp. 436–437.)

15. Dog: 40 students Bird: 05 students Fish: 15 students

Cat: 30 students Other: 10 students

(See pp. 420–427, 432–435, 438–441.)

16. Seventeen percent of the 500 pages 17. This year the price of a calculator
of a magazine contain photos. is 110% of last year’s price of $50.
How many pages contain photos? What is the price this year?

18. The rate of discount on a $560 19. Find the commission on sales of
DVD player is 15%. Find the discount $2000 if the rate of commission
and the sale price. is 8%.

20. Carl loaned his sister $375. That 21. Judy borrows $1200 at 4% simple
is 15% of Carl’s savings. How interest for 2 years. At the end of the
much did Carl have in savings? loan, how much principal and interest
must she pay?

22. Mr. Kirkpatrick’s regular salary is $1500 per month. His rate
of commission is 4%. How much does he make in a month
when his total sales are $10,000?

442 Chapter 12 (See Still More Practice, p. 530.)

8206-2_443 10/7/07 12:17 PM Page 443

Percent Change
Percent change is the ratio of the change to the
original price expressed as a percent.

A $25 shirt is on sale for $20. What is the percent

0% d 100%
decrease in price?
$0 $20 $25
To find the percent decrease, use a proportion.
Let d
rate of decrease
decrease $25
$20 d Subtract the sale price from the original
original price
price to find the amount of decrease.
$25 100
$5 d $500 $25d

$5  100
$25d
20
d
$25 100 $25 $25
$5 d
So

20%
$25 100
The decrease in price is 20%.

Last month the skateboard that Joe wanted cost $40. This month
the skateboard costs $50. What is the percent increase in price?

To find the percent increase, use a proportion.

Let i
rate of increase
increase $50
$40 Subtract the original price from the new
original price i
price to find the amount of increase.
$40
$10
i

$40
i
0.25
25%

The increase in price is 25%.

Find the percent decrease or increase.

1. $45 decreased by $9 2. $85 decreased by $42.50 3. 120 decreased by 54

4. 828 decreased by 289.8 5. 316 decreased by 28.44 6. $32 increased by $8

7. $62 increased by $18.60 8. 648 increased by 486 9. 153 increased by 15.3

Find the percent change. Explain whether it is a decrease or increase.

10. from $346 to $269.88 11. from 1295 to 1036 12. from $1022 to $715.40

13. from $525 to $603.75 14. from 3950 to 4937.5 15. from $9696 to $12,895.68
1.4 Chapter 12 443
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Find the percentage of the number.

1. 50% of 44 2. 4% of $ 6.00 3. 34% of 500

Find the percent or rate.

4. What percent of 25 is 5? 5. 78 is what percent of 120?

Estimate to decide which is the better buy.

6. 4 loaves of bread for $4.99 7. 5 puzzles for $4.45
1 loaf of bread for $1.50 1 puzzle for 95¢

Find the commission and total earnings.

8. Salary
$250 9. Salary
$400
Amount sold
$640 Amount sold
$3500
1
Rate of commission
5% Rate of commission
4 2%

Draw a circle graph of Mr. Lapid’s monthly budget.

10. Food $500 Transportation $200 Mortgage payment $800
Utilities $100 Miscellaneous $400

Use a strategy or strategies you
have learned.
11. There are 520 students in the
sixth grade. Forty-five percent
are girls. How many are girls?
12. The rate of discount on a $14.80
CD is 25%. Find the sale price.
Explain how you solved each problem.
Show all your work.
13. Which is the better buy: $28 pants
at 20% off or the same pants for
1
$32 at a 4-off sale?
14. If Ann gave a 15% tip on a restaurant
bill of $46, how much was the tip?

Answer each question and explain your answer.

15. Which is the better discount: 16. Is 100% off always a good
15% off the list price or $15 buy? When is 15% off the list
off every $100 you spend? price not a good buy?

444 Chapter 12
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Test Preparation Chapters 1–12

Choose the best answer.
7
1. Which ratio is equal to ? 7. Find the value of n.
10
8 n


3 15
a. 14 : 10 b. 21 : 30 a. n
5 b. n
24
c. 28 : 30 d. 21 : 40 c. n
40 d. n
120

2. Rename as a decimal. 8. Rename as a mixed number in

simplest form.
12.8%
275%
3 2
a. 1 b. 2
a. 12.8 b. 1.28 4 3
3 75
c. 0.128 d. 0.0128 c. 2 d. 2
4 100

3. If two lines intersect and form congruent 9. Solve for x.

adjacent angles, then the lines are: 12  x
5

a. congruent b. parallel a. x
17 b. x
7

c. perpendicular d. skew c. x
7 d. x
17

5 1 1
4. Which statement is correct? 10. Evaluate  a  2 when a
9 .
6 2 3

5 1
a. 25 b. 24
12 6
a. 55%  0.75 b. 0.017  4%
1 2
c. 87%  0.85 d. 0.73  78% c. 23 d. 12
3 3

5
5. As a decimal, is equal to: 11. Simplify the expression.
8
(12  9)  3  4(7  15)

a. 0.625 a. 68
b. 0.655 b. 4
c. 1.5 c. 4
d. 1.6 d. 68

6. What is the m
R in RST ? 12. If the temperature in Buffalo is 23°F, what is
the temperature in °C? [Use the formula
5
C
(F  32).]
R 9
a. 40° a. 45°C
b. 90° b. 5°C
c. 180° c. 45°C
45° 45°
S T d. 200° d. 5°C

Chapter 12 445
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1
13. Which shows rational numbers ordered 18. Chris bought 7 yd of cloth. She gave
3
from least to greatest? 3
Judy yd. How much cloth does
4

3 2 5
a. ,
1 , 1 1 , Chris have left? a. 3
1
yd
4 3 6 6 3

3 2 5 1 5
b. ,
1 , , 1 b. 6 yd
4 3 6 6 12

2
3 
1 1 , 5 7
c. 1 , , c. 6 yd
3 4 6 6 12
2
3 5 1 1
d.
1 , , , 1 d. 8 yd
3 4 6 6 12

14. Victoria has $7.25. After she lends money 19. If two complementary angles have
to Ada, she has $4.85 left. How much measures (3x
10)° and (2x  10)°,
money did Victoria lend to Ada? then what is the value of x?

a. $2.40 b. $3.60 a. 18 b. 20
c. $4.85 d. $12.10 c. 22 d. 36

15. A restaurant bill is $34.50. What is a 20. A sweater is on sale for 24% off the
reasonable estimate for a 15% tip? original price. If the original price is $56,
what is the selling price?

a. $6.50 b. $6.00 a. $13.44 b. $40

c. $5.00 d. $4.50 c. $42.56 d. $70

1
21. Cesar drives 150 miles in 2 hours. At this
16. The product of 8 and a number is 72. 2
What is the number? rate, how far can he drive in 4 hours?

a. 9 b. 576 a. 240 miles b. 250 miles

c. 80 d. not given c. 350 miles d. 400 miles

17. Norma reads 120 pages in 3 hours. 22. If BD is the angle bisector of
ABC,
At that rate, how many pages can m
ABD  48° and m
DBC  (2x  18)°,
she read in 9 hours? then what is the value of x ?

a. 1080 b. 360 pages a. 15 b. 20

c. 40 pages d. 27 pages c. 28 d. 33

Explain how you solved the problem. Show all your work.
23. A ribbon 56 cm long is cut into two
pieces. One of the pieces is three times
longer than the other. Find the lengths,
in centimeters, of both pieces of ribbon.
24. Suppose there are 125 boys attending a
school of 400 students. In a survey of 50 girls
in that school, 10 said they have a part-time
job. Based on this sample, predict about how
many girls in the school have a part-time job.

446 Chapter 12