Journal - 7

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE : Lalithakumari

NAME;OF THE SPECIALTY : Mtech .
Article : Effect of particle size distribution on monotonic direct shear characteristics of geotextile/geogrid-calcareous
sand interface.
Aim:
The aim of stcudy involves:
1. Shear Strength Assessment:
 Investigate how different particle size distributions within the calcareous sand affect the shear strength of
the geotextile/geogrid interface.
2. Optimization of Geosynthetic Design:
 Evaluate how variations in particle size distribution influence the effectiveness of geotextile/geogrid
materials in stabilizing calcareous sand. This information can be used to optimize the design of geosynthetic-
reinforced structures.
3. Validation of Design Models:
 Validate existing design models and theories for geotextile/geogrid-reinforced soil structures by comparing
predicted behavior with observed behavior under varying particle size distributions.
4. Construction Guidelines:
 Provide guidelines for construction practices based on the observed influence of particle size distribution on
the interface characteristics. This can help in ensuring proper installation and performance of geosynthetic-
reinforced structures.
5. Risk Assessment:
 Identify potential risks associated with variations in particle size distribution and their impact on the stability
and safety of geotechnical structures
Objectives:

The objective is to calculate

1. Quantify Shear Strength:
 Determine how different particle size distributions within calcareous sand impact the shear strength at the
geotextile/geogrid interface under monotonic loading conditions.
2. Identify Optimal Particle Size Range:
 Investigate whether there is an optimal particle size range that maximizes the shear strength and overall
performance of the geotextile/geogrid-calcareous sand system. This information can be crucial for designing
effective and efficient geotechnical structures.
3. Enhance Design Guidelines:
 Improve design guidelines for geotextile/geogrid-reinforced structures in calcareous sand by incorporating
the influence of particle size distribution. This can lead to more accurate and reliable design methodologies.
4. Contribute to Sustainable Design:
 Contribute to the development of sustainable and resilient geotechnical designs by considering the influence
of particle size distribution on the long-term performance and durability of the reinforced structure.By
addressing these objectives, the research aims to contribute valuable insights to the field of geotechnical
engineering, enabling engineers and researchers to make informed decisions in the design, construction, and
maintenance of geotextile/geogrid-reinforced structures in calcareous sand environments.
Variables :
The variables are:
1. Independent Variables:
a. Particle Size Distribution (PSD): The distribution of particle sizes in the calcareous sand, which can vary
in terms of fines content, coarse fraction, and overall gradation.
b. Geotextile/Geogrid Properties: Characteristics of the geosynthetic material, including its type, tensile
strength, aperture size, and overall geometry.
c. Normal Stress: The applied normal stress on the interface during the direct shear test. Different stress
levels may influence the interface behavior.
d. Confining Stress: The lateral stress applied to the specimen during testing, affecting the stress state of
the calcareous sand and the interface.
e. Shear Displacement Rate: The rate at which shear displacement is applied during the direct shear test,
influencing the loading conditions.

2. Dependent Variables:
a. Shear Strength: The resistance to shear deformation at the interface, including parameters such as peak
shear strength, residual strength, and overall shear strength behavior.
 b. Failure Mode: The mode of failure at the interface, whether it involves sliding along the
geotextile/geogrid, rupture within the geosynthetic material, or shear failure within the calcareous
sand.
c. Dilation/Contraction Behavior: Changes in volume or dilation of the soil mass during shear, which can
be influenced by the particle size distribution.
d. Interfacial Friction Angle: The angle between the geotextile/geogrid and the calcareous sand, indicating
the resistance to sliding.
e. Cohesion at Interface: Cohesive properties between the geotextile/geogrid and calcareous sand, if
applicable.
f. Pore Water Pressure: The development of pore water pressures within the calcareous sand, affecting
the effective stress and shear strength
Observations/ findings:

The observed characterstics areThe interface shear strength is also affected by the surface roughness of the interface
material, but the relative particle size surpasses this effect. When the normal stress is increased from 25 kPa to 100 kPa,
the peak shear stress of CGCS is 1.36–1.70 times that of FGCS and 1.25–1.58 times that of MGCS (For geogrid-calcareous
sand interface), respectively. For the geotextile-calcareous sand interface, the peak shear stress of CGCS is 1.33–1.60 times
that of FGCS and 1.06–1.28 times that of MGCS, respectively (see Table 4). The reason is that with the increase of normal
stress and coarse grain content of calcareous sand, the friction between calcareous sand particles, the friction between
calcareous sand and geogrid surface/mesh, and the friction etween calcareous sand and geotextile surface are enhanced,
which leads to the corresponding in crease of interface peak shear stress.

Figures

Conclusion

The interface shear stress-displacement curves of the GT/GG-CS show different shear softening characteristics. However,
the hear softening mode of GG-CS interface is close to that of URCS interface, and its Gds-ds relationship can be described
with the power function model, while the Gds-ds relationship of GT-CS interface can be described with the logarithmic
function model. Under different particle size distributions, the attenuation range of interface shear modulus exceeds 70%
(0.1–10 mm).

The reinforcement effect of a geogrid and geotextile on dredger fill coarse-grained calcareous sand foundation is greater
than that of fine-grained calcareous sand and medium-grained calcareous sand.Using coarse-grained calcareous sand as
reinforced soil filler improves the stability of a calcareous sand foundation and revetment reinforced soil engineering. •
Embedding geogrid/geotextile in calcareous sand can significantly improve the peak cohesion, while the contribution of
peak friction angle is not obvious. In the case of coarse-grained calcareous sand, the peak cohesion increased by 3.68 times
(GG-CS) and 2.41 times (GT-CS). The interface shear strength index is influenced by the particle size distribution and the
reinforcement type. The shear strength of the GG-CS interface is greater than the GT-CS interface.