Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) The use of the Gram stain in microbiology is important because it differentiates 1)

A) Bacteria from Archaea.
B) prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells.
C) archaeal cells with different types of metabolism.
D) bacterial cells with different types of cell walls.

2) Which of the following statements is FALSE? 2)

A) In flagellar motion, the basal body acts as a motor.
B) The hook is the wider region at the base of the flagellum.
C) Flagellar rotation generates ATP.
D) A flagellar protein subunit is flagellin.

3) The membrane of a gas vesicle is composed of 3)

A) proteins. B) various phospholipids.
C) carbohydrates. D) both glycoproteins and phospholipids.

4) You find endospores of a particular species. Which of the following is most likely TRUE of this 4)
species?
A) It is an archaean.
B) It is equally likely to be an archaean, a gram positive bacterium, or a gram negative
bacterium.
C) It is a gram negative bacterium.
D) It is a gram positive bacterium.

5) Obligate anaerobes which are sensitive to O2 would be found growing 5)

A) throughout a tube of thioglycolate broth.
B) only at the bottom of a tube of thioglycolate broth.
C) approximately one-third of the way down the thioglycolate broth.
D) only at the very top of a tube of thioglycolate broth.

6) A microbe growing in a refrigerator is likely 6)

A) psychrotolerant or psychrophilic. B) halophilic.
C) hyperthermophilic. D) mesophilic.

7) A chemical that denatures proteins in bacterial target cells is most likely to be classified as a(n) 7)
________ agent.
A) antiseptic B) detergent C) bacteriostatic D) bacteriocidal

8) Superoxide dismutase and catalase work together to convert superoxide into 8)

A) water and oxygen. B) water
C) oxygen. D) peroxide.

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 9) The optimal growth temperature of a bacterium is most closely related to the optimal 9)
temperature for
A) enzyme function. B) mRNA attachment to ribosomes.
C) transcription of DNA. D) DNA replication.

10) Which of the following statements is TRUE of disinfectants? 10)

A) They are always effective in destroying endospores.
B) They are used for sterilization.
C) They are used on living tissue.
D) They are used on inanimate surfaces.

11) Genes that are encoded for polymerases, gyrases, ribosomal proteins, and other proteins 11)
essential to replication, transcription, and translation are present on
A) plasmids. B) chromosomes.
C) chromosomes and plasmids. D) neither chromosomes nor plasmids.

12) In the process of transcription, promoters are specific sequences of ________ that are 12)
recognized by ________.
A) DNA / sigma factors B) RNA / ribosomes
C) RNA / DNA polymerase D) DNA / DNA polymerase

13) In all cells, genes are composed of 13)

A) nucleic acids. B) proteins. C) chaperones. D) mRNA.

14) The codon on the ________ matches with the anticodon on the ________ to direct the addition 14)
of the correct amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain.
A) tRNA / mRNA B) tRNA / rRNA C) DNA / mRNA D) mRNA / tRNA

15) The function of a kinase is 15)

A) methylation. B) glycosylation.
C) phosphorylation. D) response regulation.

16) Chemotaxis in bacteria occurs through the use of 16)

A) a modified two-component system. B) quorum sensing.
C) autoinduction. D) adaptation.

17) Viral replication occurs 17)

A) extracellularly.
B) intracellularly.
C) both intracellularly and extracellularly.
D) either intracellularly or extracellularly, depending on the virus involved.

18) All viral particles 18)

A) contain an envelope to prevent its degradation outside of a host.
B) exhibit cell lysis under a particular condition.
C) are metabolically inert.
D) are smaller than bacterial cells.

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19) The genome of retroviruses contains genes to make all of the following EXCEPT 19)
A) integrase. B) repressor proteins.
C) proteases. D) structural proteins.

20) During the Jurassic Period, several different mammalian lineages independently evolved an 20)
herbivorous lifestyle for obtaining energy. This has resulted in
A) horizontal gene transfer of genes for glycoside hydrolases and polysaccharide lyases from
bacteria to mammals.
B) the evolution of foregut fermentation, as seen in ruminants, as the only digestive pattern
that depends on fermentative gut microbiota.
C) different digestive patterns in herbivorous animals that all depend on gut microbiota to
digest plant material.
D) different digestive patterns in herbivorous animals, some that depend on gut microbiota
to digest plant material and some that do not.

21) What is TRUE about stomach microbiota? 21)

A) There is a rich diversity of transient microbes, but few resident microbes.
B) Despite the acidic of the stomach, diverse phylotypes of resident microbes thrive in the
stomach.
C) No microbes can survive because it is so acidic.
D) The alkaline environment supports a wide variety of species.

22) Which of the following does NOT affect pathogen growth? 22)
A) pH
B) availability of microbial nutrients
C) temperature
D) All of these answer choices affect growth.

23) ________ is a damage or injury to a host organism that impairs its function. 23)
A) Disease B) Transmission C) Infection D) Trauma

24) What is the difference between adherence and colonization? 24)

A) Colonization occurs when transient microbes are on a tissue, whereas adherence is a
more permanent attachment to cells.
B) Colonization occurs when microbes begin to spread in host tissues, whereas adherence
occurs when microbes initially attach.
C) Colonization occurs when a microbe begins to grow in host tissues whereas adherence
occurs when the microbe initially attaches.
D) Colonization occurs when microbes begin to spread in host tissues, whereas adherence
occurs when microbes first begin to reproduce in the host tissues.

25) Which of the following diseases would be the easiest to control in a human population? 25)
A) an infectious disease with humans as the only reservoir
B) an infectious disease with several possible reservoirs
C) an infectious disease with wild animals as a reservoir
D) an infectious disease with domestic cows as the only reservoir

26) Laboratories that work with extremely low risk pathogens are classified as 26)
A) BSL-1. B) BSL-2. C) BSL-3. D) BSL-4.

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27) Which type of medium allows a variety of microbes to grow but often changes color in the 27)
right conditions, such as when fermentation causes a pH change?
A) selective but not differential B) differential but not selective
C) both selective and differential D) neither selective nor differential