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NATUI RAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING - 18CS743 MODULE-4 evaluating Self-B: aa Evalu iB xplanations in START: Word Matching, Latent Semantic Analysis, and ‘Topic Models: Introduction, i , systems, 'on, iSTART: Feedback Systems, iSTART: Evaluation of Feedback ‘Textual Signatures: Identifyi estat Tas ey identifying Text-Types Using Latent Semantic Analysis to Measure the ‘Texts, Latent § uuctures: Introduction, Cohesion, Coh-Metrix, Approaches to Analyzing fe ‘emantic Analysis, Predictions, Results of Experiments. Automat Document Separation: A Combination of Probabilistic Classification and Finite- State Sequence Modeling: Introduction, Related Work, Data Preparation, Document Separation as a Sequence Mapping Problem, Results. Evolving Explanatory Novel Patterns for Semantically-Based Text Mining: Related Work, A Semantically Guided Model for Effective Text Mining. {START (Interactive Strategy Trainer for Active Reading and Thinking) isa web- based, automated tuior designed to help students become better readers via multi» mettia technologies. It provides young adolescent to college-aged students with a pro- gram of" seif-explanation and reading sirategy training called Self-Explanation Reading Training! of SERT. The reading strategies include 2 understanding of the text (a) comprehension monitoring, being aware of one's (6) para- phrasing or restating the. text in dij ferent words, (6) elaboration, using prior knowledge. or experiences to understand the text (ie., domain-specific knowledge-based inferences) or common sense, using logic to understand the text (i.e. domain-general knowledge based inferences). . (d) predictions, predicting what the text will say next. (0) bridging, understanding the:relation between separate sentences of the text. “selfrexplanation” because the reader is encouraged to ° Th Il process pis called ne over a ae! or herself, iSTART consists of three modules: explain difficult text to him- Introduction, Demonstration, and Practice. © The system evaluates each self-explanation and then provides appropriate feedback to the studenis-ff the explanation ts irrelevant or f00 short, the student is required fo add more information. Otherwise, the feedback is based on the level of overall quality + The computational challenge here is 0 provide appropriate feedback to the stu- dents concerning iheir selfexplanations. To do so it requires 10 capture some sense of both the meaning and quality of the self-explanation. Interpreting text is eritical for intelligent tutoring eter rch as iSTART, that are designed to interact meaning- filly with, and adapt, the SE no aay “proposed as using Late! Semantic Anabsis (SA) to cape the meanings of tests and 2 Gzeess the giidenis” 3e[fexplanation; hawive while the LSA chgorithnts ene boing bull, (START. used simple word matching algorithms. In the course pine antbmsiwa Shree,CSE DeparmmenRNSIT 1) 6 fp oe © scanned with OKEN Scanner = of integrating the LSA algorithms, we found that a combination of word-matching and LSA provided better results than separately. iSTART: Feedback Systems * iSTART was intended from the outset to employ LSA to determine appropriate feedback. The initial goal was to develop one or more benchmarks for each of the SERT strategies relative to each of the sentences in the practice texts and to use LSA to measure the similarity of a trainee's explanation to each of the benchmarks, * A benchmark is simply a collection of words, in this case, words chosen to represent cach of the strategies (eg., words that represent the current sentence, words that represent a bridge to a prior sentence). However, while work toward this goal was progressing, we also developed a preliminary "word-based” (WB) system to provide feedback in our first version of iSTART so that we could provide a complete curriculum for use in experimental situations, + The second version of iSTART has integrated both LSA and WB in the evaltiation process; however, the system still provides only overall quality feedback. 1, Word Matching Feedback Systems Word matching is a very simple and intuitive way to estimate. the nature of a self- explanation. In the first version of iSTART, several hand:coded components were built Sor each practice text. For example, for each sentence in the text, the “important words” were identified by a human expert and a length criterion ‘for the explanation was manually estimated. Important words were generally content words that were deemed important to the meaning of the sentence and could include words Wot found in the sentence. For each important -word, an association list of synonyms.and related terms was created by examining dictionaries and existing protocols “as well as by human judgments of what words were likely to occur in a self-explanation ‘of the sentence. A trainee’s explanation was analyzed by matching the words ift*the™explanation against the words in the target sentence and words in the corresponding association lists. This was accomplished in two ways: A (1) Literal word matching »and...(2) "Soundex matching. * Literal word ‘matching - Words are compared character by character and j there isa match of the first 75% of the characters in a word in the target sentence (or its association list) then we call this-a literal match. This also inchides removing suffix-s, -d, -ed, -ing, and -ion at the end of each words. For example, if the trainee’s self-explanation contains ‘thunderstom’ (even with'the misspelling), it still counts as a literal match with words in the target sentence since the first nine characters are exactly the same. On the other hand, if it contains ‘thunder,’ it will not get a match with the target sentence, but rather with a word on the association list. * Soundex matching - This algorithm compensates for misspellings by . mapping similar characters to the same soundex symbol [1, 5]. Words are transformed to their soundex code by retaining the first character, dropping the vowels, and then converting other characters into soundex symbols. If the same symbol occurs more than once consecutively, only one occurrence is retained. * For example, ‘thunderstorm’ will be transformed to 8693698"; ‘communication’ to 'c8368.' Note that the later example was originally Prof. A N Ramya Shree,CSE Department,RNSIT © scanned with OKEN Scanner transformed to‘ a 7 a mie 01g, ©888368" and wo & were dropped ('m' and 'n' are both A formula based on the length , relevance, and similarity aed viarger adn "ate °F the number of words in the explanation to the number in the Ma entence, taking into consider sth criterion. For example, i ihe length of the sentence ration the length criterion ple, if length of the self-explanatio is 10 words and the length priority Is 1, then the required + Relevance is assessed from the numb ” would be 10 words i y er of matches to important words in the sentence and words in the association lists. i + Similarity is assessed in terms of a ratio of the sentence and explanation lengths and the number of matching impor sentence, with @ high percenta a '8¢ of word overlap, the explanation would be deemed 100 similar to the tar- get sentence, i If the explanation failed any of these three criteria (Length, Relevance; and Similarity), the trainee would be given feedback corresponding to the problem and encouraged to revise the self-explanation. .Once the explanation Passes the above criteria, then. it is evaluated in Prerms ofits overall quality. The three levels of quality that guide feédback to the trainee are phased on nivo factors. wi 2 one mmber of words in the explanation that match either the’ important words or ieee on ords of the target sentence compared t the himber’ of important words in the sentence. R 2) the length of the explanation in comparison ‘with the length of the target sentence. , >» , » Zi + This first version of iSTART (word-bakéd iystem) required a great deal of human » effort per text, because of the need to idéntify “important words and, especially, to create ’ an association list for each important’ word. However, because we envisioned a scaled-up system rapidly adaptable\tormany texts, we needed a system that required » relatively little manual...’ effort per text. ly fort pr » » , » , , , U , , WB-ASSO(word-based .with\association list) was replaced. Instead . of lists of important and associated'words we simply used content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) taken’ literally from the sentence and the entire text. Thiz algorithm is referred to'as WB-TT(word-based with total text). The content words were identified using algorithms from Coh-Metrix, an automated tool that yields various measures of cohesion, readability,. other characteristics. of language, The iSTART systém then compares the words in the self-explanation to the content words Jrom the currént sentence, prior sentences, and subsequent sentences in the target ‘ext, and does a word-based match (both lit- eral and soundex) to determine the ‘umber of content words in the self-explanation from each source in the tex WB-ASSO is based on a richer corpus of words than WB-TT, the replacement was successful because the latter was intended for use together with LSA which incorporates the richness of a corpus of hundreds of documents. 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