Report of Surveying-II

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Er. Sandip Dhungana Yadunandhan Poudel
B.E Civil (5th sem)

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 Table of Content

Vector Data Model .................................................. 3

Raster Data ............................................................. 4
Digital Elevation Model .......................................... 6
Uses of Digital Elevation Models......................................................................................... 6

Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) .................... 7

Digital Terrain Model (DTM)................................... 8
Topology ................................................................. 9
Refrence ................................................................ 10

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 Vector Data Model

 A representation of the
world using points, lines,
and polygons. Vector
models are useful for
storing data that has
discrete boundaries, such
as country borders, land
parcels, and streets.
 Vector data is what most
people think of when they consider spatial data. Data in this
format consists of points, lines or polygons. At its simplest
level, vector data comprises of individual points stored as
coordinate pairs that indicate a physical location in the
world.
 (ex)Vector data is represented as a collection of simple
geometric objects such as points, lines, polygons, arcs,
circles, etc. For example, a city may be represented by
a point, a road may be represented by a collection of
lines, and a state may be represented as a polygon.

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 Raster Data
Raster data, also known
as grid data, is made up
of pixels, and each pixel
has a value. You will
typically find raster data
on topographic maps,
satellite images, and aerial surveys. Raster data is vital
for meteorology, disaster management, and industries
where analysing risk is essential.
There are two types:
 Continuous Data – Continuous rasters are cells
on the grid that gradually change. Some examples
would be an aerial photo, elevation and temperature.
Continuous raster surfaces come from a fixed
registration point.
 Discrete Data – Discrete rasters have a specific
theme or class, and each pixel is assigned to a
specific class. For example, in a discrete raster land
cover/use map, you can see each thematic class,
and where it begins and ends is defined.
Unlike vector data, raster data is not scalable. If it is
enlarged too much, it will get pixelated, and if stretched
too much, it will become distorted. A digital photo is an
example of raster data.

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5
Digital
Elevation
Model

A Digital Elevation
Model (DEM) is
a representation of the
bare ground (bare earth) topographic surface of the
Earth excluding trees, buildings, and any other surface
objects. DEMs are commonly built using remote
sensing techniques, but they may also be built from land
surveying. DEMs are used often in geographic information
system, and are the most common basis for digitally-
produced relief maps.

Uses of Digital Elevation Models

 Extracting terrain parameters
 Modeling water flow or mass movement
 Base mapping
 Flight simulation
 Precision farming and forestry
 Surface analysis
 Intelligent transportation systems
 Auto safety / Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

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 Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)

Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) represents surface

morphology and was introduced in the 1970s (Peucker et
al. ,1976), the surface is made up of adjacent, non-
overlapping triangles. Typically, the triangulation of a point
cloud (x, y, z data) or grids serve as the basis for generating
TINs. In this data structure, each point is connected by non-
overlapping lines (edges) to create planes of contiguous
triangles of varied sizes (hence the name irregular).

Figure: Triangular Irregular Network (TIN)

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 Digital Terrain Model (DTM)

A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is a continuous

representation of a ground surface landform that is
commonly used to produce topographic maps. DTMs are
created by integrating data obtained from a wide range of
techniques including remote sensing and land surveying.
Quality assessment of data is a critical parameter for DTM
production and it relies heavily on statistical methods. In
contrast, visual methods are generally neglected despite
their potential for improving DTM quality.

Figure: Digital Terrain Method (DTM)

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 Topology

In geodatabases, topology is the arrangement that defines

how point, line, and polygon features share coincident
geometry. For example, street centerlines and census
blocks share common geometry, and adjacent soil polygons
share their common boundaries. Topology has long been a
key GIS requirement for data management and integrity. In
general, a topological data model manages spatial
relationships by representing spatial objects (point, line,
and area features) as an underlying graph of topological
primitives—nodes, faces, and edges.

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 Refrence

 https://geoscience.blog/

 https://mgiss.co.uk/

 https://www.researchgate.net/

 https://wiki.gis.com/

 https://gistbok.ucgis.org/

 https://desktop.arcgis.com/

 https://educationally.narod.ru/

 https://journals.openedition.org/

 https://cromersurveyors.com.au/

 https://geoscience.blog/

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