What do mass, weight and density tell us about matte petsAfter completing this chapter, students should be able to: > state that mass is a measure of the amount of substance in a body state thet mass of a body resists 2 change in the state of rest or mation of the body inertia) > state that» gravitational field is @ region in which a mass experiences a force due 10 gravitational attraction > define gravitational field strength, 0, as | > recall and apply the relationship Weight = Mass « Gravitational field strength to new situations or to salve Telated problems > distinguish between mass and weight > recall and apply the relationship Mass Value | orto sole related problems Dansity = 10 now situavions Chapter 04 | Mass, Weight and Density Why do dead fishes float in water? In 2007, The Straits Times reported the appearance of thousands of dead fishes along some stretches of the Sembawang Rivet. This phenomenon vwas reported again in March 2012. ‘Thousands of dead fishes were seen lating in Sungei Tampinesand Sungei Api Api. Investigations conducted by the National Environment Agency ‘ravitational force per unit mass and the Public Utilities Board did not produce any useful information that could explain the appearance of the dead fishes. Nevertheless, all the fishes had one common characteristic. ‘They were all floating on their sides or with their stomachs pointing upwards. Why do fishes tise to the surface of the water after they die? As you read this chapter, look for clues about how an object floats and sinks. Then, solve the mystery. Exploring Another Perspective How does the density of an object affect its ability to float? What can you do to increase or decrease the density ofa swimmer?80. Section2 | Newtonian Mechanics 4 What is the difference between «1 mass and weight? The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of substance in the object. The weight of an abject is the force of gravity acting upon that object. ‘Mass is measured in kilograms (kg): Weight, lke all forces, is measured in newtons (Nl. ‘As we know from our everyday experiences, the greater the mass of an object, the greater is its weight. The weight can be linked to mass by Newton's Second Law. if a body of mass m falls, it moves towards the centre of the Earth with an acceleration of g which is known as the acceleration due to gravity. Using the equation Force = Mass x Acceleration, Weight= Mass x Acceleration due to gravity W =mg In Chapter 2, we learnt that all objects, regardless of their mass, fall with the same ration if there is no air resistance. ‘acceleration acceleration acceleration @81ms") sims") (aims) =20N =30N Fora 1 kg mass, For a2 kg mass, For a3 kg mass, W=mg We=mg W=mg kgx981ms? =2kg x 9.81 ms? =3kgx9.81ms? 8iN) 19.62N =29.43N =10N 20N =30N Figure 41 Different objects fall with the same acceleration if there is no air resistance, 1 kg mass has a weight of 9.81 NI 11 kg mass is said to have a we! 1oms%, of 20N The mass of a the universe. On the gravitational force experienced by the object. iculations, gis usually rounded up to htof 10N. A 2 kg mass has a weight object will be the same no matter where the object is located in ther hand, the weight of an object will vary according to theChapter 04 | Mass, Weight and Densily 81 The acceleration due to gravity on the Moon's surface, g,,, is about one-sixth of the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth, The weight of an object, measured on the Moon is therefore also one-sixth of its weight measured on the Earth. igure 42 The woight ofan astronaut on the Earth is groatar than his weight onthe Moon. Measurement Mass is measured using a balance. Until recently, the sliding mass balance (basicelly Clue 7 2 beam balance) was used in most laboratories. The modern electronic balance or ‘top-pan’ balance has become more common now. The electronic balance actually What forces act on fishes measures weight, but is calibrated to give the value of mass. Weight is measured directly using a Newton-meter (commonly known as a spring balance). However, a ‘top-pan’ balance can also be used to measure weight since weight is directly proportional to mass (V fo Figure 45 A spring balance Figure 43 A sliding mass balence Figure 44 An electronic balance or Newton-mator82 Section2 Newtonian Mechanics Physics in Society A little history: Mass and density The famous anecdote about density came from Archimedes, a Greek mathematician born in Syracuse more than 2000 years ago. A golden wreath presented to King Hioro of Syracuse was suspected of being 'ged using a combination of silver and gold. The king commissioned Archimedes to investigate the matter. Archimedes’ perceptive insight into the density of matter enabled him to solve King Hiero's problem. Historical records indicated that when Archimedes. made the discovery, he was so overjoyed that he leapt, out of the bathtub and rushed onto the street naked, shouting "Eureka! Eureka! Aftor Archimedes’ discovery, it took another 2000 years before scientists gained new insights into the relationship between mass, weight and density. Galileo Galilei, an Italian physicist, mathematician and astronomer, introduced the scientific method of observation and experimentation. He rolled balls of different weights down a smoath inclined plane and discovered that all the balls increased their speed at the same rate. This was in direct contradiction to the Aristotelian view that a heavy body wauld fall fastor than a light one. Galileo's measurements were later used by Isaac Newton to formulate his three laws of motion and the Universal Law of Gravitation, Both Galileo and Newton played major roles in the scientific revolution that swept through Western. civilisation in the 17" century. However, in 1905, 2 German physicist by the name of Albert Einstein made another mejor contribution to our understanding of mass. He discovered that mass and energy are intorconvertiblo. Energy, E, can be converted into mass, m, using the equation & = mc? where cis the speed of light in vacuum. Mass can also be converted into energy. This discovery enabled man to produce the atomic bomb and develop nuclear reactors, Discussion 1. How would you determine whether King Hiero's wreath contains pure gold or @ mixture of gold and silver? 2. How does Einsteins discovery ofthe interconvertbilty of ‘mass and energy affect our daily livas? ‘The acceleration due to gravity, g, on the Earth is 10 m s™ The acceleration due {0 gravity onthe Moon is one-sixth of that on Earth, How much does a book of mass 1.5 ka weigh (a) on the Earth and (b) on the Moon? Solution (a) Weight of book on the Earth = mg 5kg x 10ms? SN (8) Weight of book on he Moon = mx 2 215 kg ms =25N‘What is the mass of a boy who weighs 450 N? (Take g = 10 ms“) Solution We ma na HL ma {s0N “ms =I5 Ig ‘The weight of a standard mass of 1.0 ka (m,) is found to be 1.7 N when itis ‘measured using a spring balance on the Moon. An object of unknown mass, im, measured by the same spring balance is found to weigh 6.1 N on the Moon. What is the mass of the abject? Solution ‘Weight is proportional to mass, therefore Table 4.1 summarises the differences between mé iss and weight Mass Weight Chapter 04 | Mass, Weight and Density Mystery Clue How do forces change the buoyancy of a fish? Make it Right! ‘An elephant charges atyou ona flat plain and Bob —sefely siting on top of atree branch nearby is calling you to run away fom the elephant Is itbotertorunin a straightline rina zigzag pattem? How do you use the large mass of the elephant to your advantage? Explain this in ‘terms of inertia, is the amount of substance in the is constant at a tion Vy ls depends on acceleration is scalar quantity | isa vector quantity | is the force of gravity acting an the body due to gravity at the location is measured in kilograms is measured in newton ‘Table 44 Differences between mass and weight Inertia and Mass All bosies with mass possass a property known as inertia. The inertia of an object is the reluctance of the object to change either its state of rest, or if it is moving, its motion in a straight ling, In fact, this is consistent, with Newton's First Law of Motion which states that a body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled by a foree to do otherwise. So, a force is needed to overcome inertia. This force is the same on the Moon and on the Earth, Inertia depends on mass and not weight, is measured using a spring balance Figure 46 The greater the mass, the greatr isthe inertia84 Section 2 | Newtonian Mechani We experience inertia when the vehicle that we are travelling in suddenly ps. We lurch forward because of our tendency to maintain our motion, ‘The greater the mass of an object, the more difficult it is to start it moving cf to stop it, This means that the greater the mass of a body the greater will be its inertia, For example, a cargo ship with a mass of thousands of tonnes must apply its brakes’ over a distance of about 3 km before it can come toa stop (Figure 4.7). It an obstacle is noticed at a distance closer than this, it may not be possible to avoid a cisastrous collision. Figure 47 A cargo ship has large inertia, Iegains and loses speed slow, Section Review ‘A,workman placed a box an a lorry (Fqure 4.8} without securing it firmly. When the lorry accelerates forward, the box sides on the floor. State whether the box will move towards the front ar the back ofthe lorry. accelerate arward Figure 48 Eretins 1/1. Thehead ofa hammeris loose and you wish to tightonitby | 2. Abi metal balis suspended on a string and also pulled | banging against te top ofa workbench. Explain in terms ‘tam below by another string (Figure 4.10) Which sting of eri why its bottar to held the hammer wt the ane ‘xporioneosagraatr tension? Which property, mass or downwards, as shown in Figure 49, rather then with the ‘weight important here? I the sting is jerked downwards head downwards fucienly, woh string is mao likly break? In ths case, ismass or weight more important? \ \, Figure 4.10 6 &Chapter 04 | Mass, Weight and Density 88 4 How is gravitational field strength e related to mass and weight? A gravitational field is a region in which a mass experiences a force due to gravitational attraction. Gravitational field strength, g, is defined as gravitational force per unit mass. Any object placed around the Earth experiences a force pulling it towards the Earth, This shows that the Earth is surrounded by a gravitational field. The pulling force is, rongest on the surface of the Earth and gots weaker as we go farther away. Near the Earth's surface, the gravitational field is uniform. However, there may be small variations, out we usually ignore them. The field lines are therefore drawn arallel to each other (Figure 4.12), Figure 4.13 shows that for a 1 kg object, there is 2 10 N gravitational force acting on For a 5 kg object, there is a 50 N gravitational force acting an it So, there is a 10 N gravitational force acting on every kilogram of the object. In other wards, the gravitational field strength near the Earth's surface 's 10 N kg”! This value can be found by dividing the weight of any abject by its mas Force of gravity (Weight) Mass Weight = Mass x Gravitational field strength Gravitational field strength = Tha SI unit for gravitational field strangth is the newton per kilogram (N kg") Since we already know Weight = Mass x Acceleration due to gravity, therefore Acceleretion due to gravity = Meio ‘The gravitational field strength (in N kg") is the same as acceleretion due to gravity, gtinms) (2) A lunar landing craft has a mass of 500 kg. The gravitational field strength on the surface of the Moon is 1.6 N kg". What is the ‘weight of the landing craft on the Moon? (6) The engines of the landing craft now exert an upward thrust of 1260 N while taking off from the Moon. What is the acceleration during the take-off? Solution (a) Weight = Mass x Gravitational field strength = 800 kg x 16N kg =800N (o) F=ma 1250 N ~ 800 N = 800 kg x 2 “Sg Figure 411 The Earth is surounded by 2 gravitational field HEEL Figure 4.12 Poralel field ines indicate that the gravitational eld near the surface ofthe Earths uniform, 1g Sky Figure 4.13 The weight por unitmass im each case is 1ON kg" This is the same asthe acceloraton due to gravity, which has a value of 10m s% + Exorciso 44 450 N = 500 kg x 2 Figure 4.14 Whatis the weight ofa lunar a=090ms? landing erait on the Moon?86 Section2 | Newtonian Mechanics NYoreurlolan con dion 1. The weight of an object on the Earth is 85 N. The gravitational field stronath of the Earth is 101N kg, Whatis the mass of the object? 2 Aman has amass of 70 kg. What is his weight on Jupiter where the gravitational fold strength is 26 N kg"? 3. What happens tothe passengerin a car when the car turns a corner? Explain your answer using inertia Gress 1. From the physics point of view, what is wrang withthe statement the chicken weighs 2g’? How can we correct this statoment? 2 The mass of a boy is 80 kg. What is his weight on the Earth? Will his mass and weight be ne same on the Moon? 4 What is the relationship between . mass and volume? f ps doyle ool tte ees of es ahd elt Mystery Clue dis denser than feathers, but if we have 1 kg of each item, the items are equally itis submerged in water for along Density = hold cubes of equal volume made from different materials such es wood, lead, we will notice immediately that lead is heavy but wood and glass are isis because lead has a higher density than wood or glass. expanded HI | pine wood polystyrene | 05g dot6s glass lead 250 113¢g Figure 415 Masses of 1 cm of different materialsdensity of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume. Mas Density = Y= Volume Pia The Slunit for density is the kilogram per cubie metre (kg m-*) butother nits like gram per cubic centimetre (g cr) are also commonly used. If ou convert gem-*tokgm, youwillfind that 1 gem”*= 1000 kgm The densities of some common substances are given in Table 4.2. Jsing the data in the table, scientists are able to determine if samples uch substances are pure by evaluating their densities, Determination of Density To Determine the Density of a Solid The volume of an object of regular shape like a cuboid, oylinder or sphere may be calculated from measurement made by instruments like vernier calipers or measuring tapes (Figure 4.16) eb Vounedtetad= axe lone of indo 2p Figure 416 Finding the volume of a ragula solid The volume of an irrequiar solid like a stone may be determined using he displacement method (Figure 4.17) ‘Volume of said Figure 4.17 Finding the volume of an irregular solid Chapter 04 | Mass, Weight ond Density 87 f Densi Substance oH kgm? | gen Solids Aluminium | 2700] 270 Copper ag20| 992 | Conk 240 | 0.24 | Expanded polystyrene | 16 | 0.016 Glass 2600 | 250 Gold 19300 | 19:30 lee 820 | 0.92 iron | 7000 786 Load | 300] 1134 Platinum 21 500 | 2150, Pine wood s00| 050 | | Sitor 10500 | 10.50 Liquids | Giyeerine 260 | 126 Mercury 13600 | 13.60 Methylated spits | 790] 0.79 Olive oi so) os | Petrol 800 | 0.80 Pure water (4°C) 1000 | 1.00 Seawater 1025 | 102 Turpentine 27 | 087 Gases (at0°C) | Air 129 | 0.00129 Hydrogen 009 | 00009 Oxygen 143 | 0.001 43 Table 42 Densities of common substances heor | Workbook + Exercise 4B ractical Workbook Activity88 Section 2 | Newtonian Mechani To Determine the Density of a Liquid The volume of the liquid is first measured using a measuring cylinder. The liquid from the measuring cylinder is then poured into a clean, dry beaker which was previously weighed. The beaker and liquid are then weighed again and the mass of liquid is found by subtraction. Density is calculated using Mass of liquid Density of uid = me of tquid ‘An engineer needs to know the mass of a concrete beam which is 10 m long, 0.40 m wide and 0.60 m high. The density of concrete is 2400 kgm”, Calculate fa) the volume of the concrete beam, (b} the mass of the concrete beam. Solution [a) Volume = Length x Width x Height = 10m x0.40mx 060m 40m? (Density = MEE. 2400 kg mr ms aon Mass = 2400 kg m-3 x 2.40 m? 5760 kd An alloy is made by mixing 360 g of copper of density 9 g cm’ and 80. of ifon of density 8 g crr*. Find the density of the alloy, assuming the volume of each metal used does not change during mixing, Figure 4.18 Although steel is very strong building matril itis not used to build eeroplanes. Aluminium in the form ofan alloy 4409 se is used instead because of its. First, we find the volume of copper and the volume of iron low density end great stronath Volume of copper = -M#s: Density of the alloy = ots mass 440g 300m! 8.8.9 cnr Yolume of iron = 2s Volume of ron = Mass #04 | 8gonr | = 10. om? Total volume = 40 om? + 50 cm* | Total mass = 360'g + 80g |Chapter 04 @ Physics Inquiry. Predict You are given an unopened packet of chill from any fast food joint) and a 1.5 litre plastic bottle. Predict whether the packet of chill will loat or sink in water. Observe Fill the plastic bottle to the brim with water, Insert the packet of chill into the stic bortle and seal it with a cap. Squeeze and release the plastic bottle and observe what happens to the chilli packet. Explain Explain the motion of the chili packet. Floating and Sinking fen an object is placed in a liquid of lower density, the object sinks. When it is 1d ina liquid of higher density, it floats. For example, a copper sphere of density 8.9 g cx sinks in water of density 0g cm’® but floats in mercury of density 13.6 g cm. The denser the liquid, the higher an object will float in the liquid (Figure 4.19). wood (p= 0185 g ene methylated spirits water alyesrine p=O079gem" — p=100gem* —p=126g om igure 419 A block of wood "oats higher’ in denser liquid, The hydrometer makes use of this principle (Figure 4.20). It is specially designed 0 float in a liquid and to measure its density. If the hydrometer “floats higher, it ndicates that the liquid has a higher density. Special hydrometers are used to test whether a car battery is fully charged or whether milk has been diluted with water. | Mass, Weight and Density 89 Mystery Clue Sf How will the presence of gas in dead fishes affec its density? stem with seale read density here weight to keep —} hydrometer vpright| Figure 420 Using a hydrometer to ‘measure the donsity of aliquid90 2 | Newtonian Mechanics Changes in the density of water have serious effects on ships. When a cargo boat is loaded in a seaport like Singapore, the captain has to limit the load it carries if he is to sail up a river. River water, which has a lower density than seawater, will cause the ship to sink deeper if itis carrying a heavy load. All ships have markings on their hulls to show how deep they may be submerged. These markings are called Plimsoll lines (Figure 4.21) | 1. Ametal cube of side 2 cm has a mass of 56 . Calculate the density of the metal cube (a) gem® (6) kam The density ofa solid is 4000 kg m-*. What is the volume of 20.000 kg ofthe solid? ‘The density of airis 13g m9. Whatis the mass of air contained in a room measuring 6mx10mx4m? | 1. Doyou think the average density of your entire body is less than or gretor than the donsity of water? | 2 How do you estimate th wvorage density of your entre body witha simple mothod? 3. Anempty measuring cylinder has a mass of 200g, A liquid is poured int it util the liquid levels atthe 80cm? mark. The total mass is nw 272 . Whats the density ofthe quid in gem? 4 Suggest a method to determine the density of air.Chapter 04 | Mass, Weight and Density 91 Solving the Mystery Why do dead fishes float in water? When an object is placed in water, it experiences two forces: its own weight acting downwards and the force exerted by the water on the object (also called che upehrust). The weight of the object is related to its density by the following formula ‘Weight of object = pV where p isthe density of object, Vis the volume of object, g is the acceleration due co gravicy When the density of the object is equal to the density of water, the object s suspended in the water (Figure 4.22), ‘When the density of the object is greater than the density of water, the object sinks (Figure 4.23). A fish takes in dissolved oxygen through its gills. The oxygen goes into the fish's Bloodstream and can be used to fill up the fish's swim bladder. When the fish wants to swim to deeper waters, it releases some oxygen from the swim bladder. This helps che fish to control its body density so that it can swim at different water depths. When the density of the object is less than the density of water, the object floats upwards (Figure 4.24): A. submerged dead fish will decay, producing gases in the body over time. This increases the volume of the body and reduces its density. After several hours, the dead fish will rise to the surface. 2 os see oboe ober overt J weight, woiaht ay water weight, water water PnP PoP Pas < Pate foots astinmersed) sinks oats (party immersed) Figure 422 Figure zs Figure 420 Infer Connect Most materials become less dense when heated and become denser when cooled. In general, ess dense materials rise while denser materials sink. [Frising and sinking occur concurrently ina material, there is a convection current. This process can occur in liquids and gases. Can we find a convection current in the interior of the Sun? In the Earth's atmosphere, hot air rises and cold air sinks. Is this sufficient to produce the complex atmospheric conditions and weather patterns near the Earth's surface? Further Thoughts What kind of atmospheric conditions produced the Ice Age in the past?92 Section 2 | Newtonian Mechanics Chapter Review Concept Link contributes | conus to Ma Volu is a measure of Weight = Mass x Gravitational field strength ’ Density = contributes to | contributes to (ae) volume Check and Associate | KeyWords | Il. Self-Check Find out how these key words are connected ta each other Self-check to estimate how much yau have loam density jrevitationa field 1. Ian explain__/6 key words a phrases, mass (ravitational field strength inertia weight 2 ean do. 16 practice questions 3. What i the key concept in this chapter? State and explain your | choice. |. Misconception Analysis 6 Inertia only comes into pay when we want ta Tink crefuly about the follwing statements. Are they tue or | move an object Truo/False false? Check the answers atthe back of the book to see whethar faileean 7. substance with higher density is tanger than a substance with a lawer density TruerFalse 1. Masss alvays constant TruelFalse | " a 8. Iron is always heavier thar True/False 2. Weightinereases as mass increases. ro tivauine Weight canat be measured bya beam blence. TruaFalse | 19, tor quid hat donot mix alu density always stays above aliquid of higher density. True/False 4, Gravitational file strength is numerically equal ta the acceleration due to gravity, Truo/False | ‘An object with bigger mass has higher inertia than an object with smaller mass, True/False :1 Multiple Choice Questions Which statement about mass and weight is corect? (A) Abalance can only be usad to compara masses, no weights. [B) Mass is a force but weights not. {C) An object with larger mass always has greater (0) Abig object always has larger mass anc greater weight. i night. Which statement is correct? IA) The mass ofan object at the North Pole is ciferent from the mass ofthe object atthe Equator. {B) The weight of an object on the Earth isthe same ‘weight of an object an the Maon, {C) The weight and mass ofan object are the same thing {0} The weight ofan object isa force. I Ina laboratory on the Earth, balances show that an abject has ‘amass of 5 kg and a weight of 60 N, The same balances and abject are then taken to anothor planet where the gravitational field strength is twice that ofthe Earth's. What is the mass and weight of the object on the other planet? (es Wee] Sky) 2N | 8 Skg 100N | @ idkg oN | o kg ion | Aheavy truck hs high inertia Is it easy or difficult to startit ‘moving orto stop it moving? Tostopmoving | w easy | 8 ditfutt © fcuk a o cult dificult i The gravitational field strength on the Earth is 10 N kg”! The gravitational field strength onthe Moon is 1.6 N kg’. If an abject has a weight of 64 N on the Moon, what i its weight on the Earth? (A) 16 {c) 640N (8) 400N |} 1024 i ‘wo spherical balls are made from different materials but they have the same mass. One ofthe spheres has diameter d while the other has diameter 2d. The density of the bigger sphere is 2 ‘What isthe donsty of the smaller sphere? (A) 20 1B) 4p {C) 8p [D} 16 1 Chapter 04 | Mass, Weight and Density 93 A stpel rod of mass 180 gis immersed in a measuring cylinder containing 60 cm’ of water. The reaing ofthe water level rises 10 80 om’, What isthe density of the steel? (13 (8) 239 om (6) 30 gm (0) 80g cnr ¢ 4 To datermine the density of cork a student has to find its mass and volume, The mass af the cork is found ta be 26 g, Todetermine the volume.of the cork, heusesa measuring cylinder. As thecork flats, 2 stone is usod to keopit undar water. Tha results of each stage of the experiment are shown, What is the density ofthe cork? as en? water, cork ‘water and stone ‘and stone Figure 4.25 (8) 012gem (0) 038 gem ( (A) 0.08 g em [) 0.24 gen Ten books of 1.5 kg each are packed into a box which has 2 ‘mass of 0.6 ky. The box measures 0,20 m x 0,30 m x 0.25 m. What is the average density of the box when filled with the 10 books? (A) 100 gir? (6) 1000 kg mr? (8) 14049 (0) 1040 kg m ey The mass of a fll bottle of cooking oil is 1300 and the volume ofthe botle is 1000 cm?. When exactly half ofthe all has been used, the mass ofthe battle plus the remaining ail is 900g What is the density ofthe cooking oi? (A) 0.40 gem (0) 090 gew (8) O80gen? (0) 130gem*Section 2 | Newtonian Mechanics |. Structured Questions ‘When a spacecraft enters the atmasphere ofthe planet Mars, itis said tobe inthe gravitational field of Mars. The mass of the spacecraft is 80 kg. At one point, when the spacecrat is descending, the gravitational ild strength of Mars is 3.0 N kg" ‘and the total upward force on the spacecraft is 400 N. Calculate {a} the weight ofthe spacecrat, {0) the resultant force acting on the spacecraft, {c) the acceleration of the spacecraft. “Table 4.3 shows the weight ofa 10 kg mass on four different planets. Planet Earth Jupiter Mercury Venus Table 43 {a} Complete the table withthe gravitational field strength af each plant. {0} weightlifter can lit up a mass of 180 kg onthe Earth, ‘What i the mass he can ft up on Jupiter? Purpose ‘To estimate the salt content of the Dead Sea Learning Task Setup The Dead Sea is vast collection of water ina rit valley between Jorden and Israel. Situated at 400m below sea level, itis the lowest point on the Earth's surface. Rivers from higher grounds flow into the Dead Sea, producing a ver high concentration of salts and minerals inthe water. One intersting effect of this high salinity is that itis practically impossible to sink in these waters. Figure 427 A See without th 32rs0n flesting comfortably in the Dead lags and arms, ‘An irregular solid is lowered gently into displacement can until itis completely immersed ina liquid of density 1.2 g em. The mass ofthe liquid which overioived is 180 a (a) What is the volume ofthe regular solid? () What is the mass ofthe soli if its density is 3.0 g em"? ‘Attn weighs 5 N when empty and 70 N when comaletely filled ‘with paint. The volume of the paint is 5x 10° m*. Calculate {a} (i) the mass of the paint, (il) the density of the paint. {b) Ifthe tin is made of a metal which has a density of 7800kg m1, calculate the volume of metal used to make the tin A plastic bottle when empty has a mass of 100 g. When the battle is illed with wate, the total mass is 1600 g, When the bottle i filled with cooking oi, the total mass is 1300 g. The density of water is 7.0 g om”. Caleulate (a) the capacity (volume) ofthe bate, (b) the density ofthe cooking oi A light ally consists of 70% aluminium and 30% magnesium by volume. What wil be the density ofthe alloy? [Donsity of aluminium = 2700 kg m*; density of magnesium 1700 kg m9} Figure 4.28 A person toting ina swimming poo Implementation 1. Study Figure 4.27 and Figure 4.28 in detail and estimate the jorcentage ofthe body that isnot submerged for both cases. With this information, estimate the salt content in the Dead Sea Use laboratory apparatus ta produce a prototype of a floating abject in the Dead Sea, Confirm your estimation ofthe salt content, Questions for Further Understanding 1. What isthe name of the farce supporting the swimmer? 2. How is the force related to the vlume af water displace, the density of water and the acceleration due to gravity?