a. ater Msi % Modern Aralss —y Ope carve rd regtod Wille Tine cob Eph c6 (Shea 59 GP IS f* * | | I SS obat apPPoach, cfr How yin Sie “o ‘athe > ote Jmelin of doles ,correspouliy to 8 Hy aga le jy pols, 24 Tpeeswts a pay Eo Vine leaky ey hl pai Caw THE ANALYSIS METHODS * Straight lines are difficult to identify on the specialized scale plots described in Part 1. 'n this Part, the curve matching analysis methods are presented LOG-LOG SCALE —> (SH vs AC) * Fora given period of the test, the change in pressure, Ap, is plotted on log- log scales versus therélapsed time At The log-log analysis is a global approach as opposed to straight-line methods that make use of only one fraction of the data, corresponding to a specific flow regime, rie

aes he, kre : Hibie | Uysty \ 1,2 175 Infinite acting reservoirs te ska fo yutlen SS Stone 4 p=p, +7062 g, eee) Oi Cis oe 0.0002637kt Cp 0.8936C || __khdp, T4l2gBu Nyet > al eel! FeO is alerforre oly LVL reerSVEDELLLDEDDIDISAIDS SdH HEHEHE HH HEHE EEE ES EAE LAI s Ze | & we Ob to} CEE DD hb | Q) FOB gel ok 24 | MODEL RESPONSE, FIRST DRAWDOWN Erodes yg after stabilisation | Ae _ ee ee First Drawdown ER, Cy ad \ > 2) Joy bwt ey" og Pressure | | | POPOL ot 1 7... Any poo Let a ya op Tene ron ser of armwowe) 27 a : et ot GLO He for 8 BE MODEL RESPONSE IN THE FIRST DRAWDOWN Signal in drawdown: © 7 (AP)yq = [P, ~ PuelAt)] I i | | yor) (AP due = HAL (KH,S,C,-) Adil Bs) yi nateh Dimensionless parameters: PA: pressee. [{Ap),dlo = PM (kh,Aq,B,n,...) AP Wi [AD], = TM(Kh,o1,Cyfqr-) At fr aa TH Tine 1s [AP ilo = folAty»S,C,,-..) OF Pp = Po(to) Frag net Te L= a. ~. Arash a zie Wenca! seat bie Ey secbocr hye Soler # ° _ ~ Ca! Soltion CAG curve be fod: SOs kay (all parameters are expressed in Engineering Oil Field ( EOF) unit tech 2.2) apimenatontess Fl 4— PM z pressure akh i¢¢! ))Dimensionless Pressure a_\. on amen for most models) P= fa- AP Po \aizagay? > pins Opp) DRAWDOWN TYPE CURVES Examples of Dimensionless Variables Dimensionless Time (Depends on model) Based on well radius: scons eS) Based on fracture halt-engtns. ~——_ ‘or vonage | Behe Based on effective well radius x, =n 1 SPtoe Ge batek at oi eed (mip soo) { Po= Aap — where Af, (kh, q, B, 0,....) g fre Nei, Se DLE 4 GB Yo" while the dimensionless time tp is expressed as - tp=Bat where BF (k, 8H, Cp ype) OE 4 op Py Coss in log-log coordinated, these become: nin ee (aseky Caen log pp= log Apt log A fi 4 shh a og tp= log At log B SS eo! The objective of type-curve analysis to evaluate the amount of shift for both pressure and time axes. These are then used to compute the | eeeseonting reservoir parameters. a oh: yee notch OO! OE Laer wes oe Cop Po? AD lafosta A lg oP mth iS Oe {foe kes 1 & or yb» bys ay Lp Al) gafitolet) | 2 Y SEER at JAa Fe yn y pp cpp Koh CO by Trome “yg Malek io bs, ee Dp cbt a | ee DRAWDOWN TYPE CURVES eee oa op | Example of pp(tp) function [a ott cbs EAPO DRAWDOWN TYPE CURVES Cre Tes) Examples of Independent Variables {ai parameters aro expressed in Engineoring Oi Fld (EOF) units) IvTERFERENCE TEST A MITE REEERVOR TH HONCGEHEOUS BEHAMOUR es iene ete nig mah ngs mm Pyare (eae) Cis Quoksi anette Ty, « nanais 8 onc Se SS rameters, non-unique match | Re He ap PA — th (ee) oP ee TN pteceed AO Ths pomeabliyCictness prod om te prevere match 2. The resewor sora ach from te te match | Stovall] c¢h cone F: Det geh Ae"Dov elm Po ee aI te ap Cy WI Ay Ya be Pell all Wo acle +12 Grdgulen Breen li ps yr Prolactin 2 5 Tae Pek Ohi tempt str EC, Orrt2Qet | elo S ) | [ee Gringarten Type Curve ¢ 772/ Drow dean * Constant rate production (7:«t@/ + Vertical well ¢ * Infinite-acting homogeneous reservoir * Single-phase, slightly compressible liquid XK» Infinitesimal skin factor( © J * Constant wellbore storage coefficient ( ¢ = < 1S on ‘ Ge = SL ge” = phe eas (An be Type sve OL Pigs, (OP 19 yl ie te ih J YN eld FVLP Ce) 52 | St sib Cyst Type Curve Match for a Well with Wellbore Storage and Skin in a Reservo Infinite Extent with Homogeneous Behaviour 101 19 a Dimensionless ne, 10 =< | ¢ 3 oe ia 3 Fie 4 i 5 & z 3 atch pot i Maten pote s E Match point Qa chaos _ Carve Mateh | cge%to eae Elapsed time, at (hours) 16tief gw ee OE ee ee ee a, e) ¢” ~Nerification of Analysis Consistency teh eo kh £70 ee S iis to eee momon | k ie & ma c= [S15 =: (es [s Early Time Ade ive 1 talboe forge ud shin Zetia) Qe 2. homgzedcor 5S Ke 5 Liefiee 2 3. , ile Acleag (eakerorn ) ENS, Shut-in after a single rate drawdown ; ww Build-up responses do not show the same behavior as a first-drawdown ina reservoir at initial pressure. After a drawdown of fp, the well shows a pressure drop of Ap/fp). It takes an infinite time to reach the initial pressure during build-up. and to produce a pressure change Apay of amplitude p(y). Build-up responses depend upon the previous rate history. Dp build-up] | Dp drawdown Re Sle Pe, ou hall pie Dy & Ly elsle® Gr brid Siva of ote<7) ‘ordi al pean Pr-Pyon BOD rphe el _ _ fog (2 = Bg Watee/ Plat) fC Pal ED ‘ sho a | 8:4 6-0-0 dhs g a ee Ae) Nas ales ar « = = a \, PwelAt=0) der 7 i OZ Pally at) 4 -— }| [owetea 0-0 |i | CR Reptaby) ‘Time from start of drawdown Ip BZ eee | Dba Ge ssUyy b Noise eR # «FAS OT cme hie 2S MopEL RESPONSE, BUILD-UP AFTER FIRST DRAWDOWN Re gave SEZ! (A) Signal in build-up: ((aP)ys = [Ryall = Pyslt=O0]) TAP alo = PM [PoC At) = PyalAt=0}] [AP velo = PM [Pye(At) = Pi + Pr ~ PyalAt=0)] BOOP ap rvclo = PM IP; /Py(At=0)} - PM Dp, - Pys(At)] ReeS'7 [dP hdo = PMP} Putt I]/PM EP, - PwC Atl] ‘Superposition in tir aN 2 é 4 Rate = 4 A a [4P)vslo = Polte) -[Polt, +t) - PolAt}ol Peds = PplAt}o + Poltp)o -Polt, +At)) Build-up Type Surve| \ Usually plotted as: log [AP)walo VS log ty balAeP 5 beg Obes), VS lay3 2 v4 ab wr 2 ms 2 a 2 2 2 g pu \ \ Flo? roe Ge 4 ge? Bald? , Dada RE ie fi 2 NN PN) hp<¢ st po! Ze eta» MUS tp fa dewcbon py bald ap Satie e lyabey bhey &k i o* aon 9 oe 4 = Shao clyert AMbly 45 . a iyplpecus bby VE we BiB “GIFT 4 Cenc} poe : — aa ae 2 <1 Build-up type curve 10: € ye drawedwon oo g type curve py by pol g 10. ts - é ull up ype carve ape cre g ~ Ba s » Ba | = BUpISP, 2 2 & | 10" 1 10 108 107 10 Dimensionless time, t/Cy | Equation shows that the built-up type curves difer rom the exignal drawdown curve by PolterPoliytdiln On a log-log scales, build-up type curves are below the original drawdown type curve and, when usage compared too prosuction ime they tend to atten at Poo a hihi tor wept a Spo a) O-D% <5: ef ot nt PIO alse FP PT. Build-up type curve behavior [(AP)welo = Pol4t)p * [Ppltp)o - Polty *4t)o] at small compared witht, ( pyyaT) Pot, +A4)0 -Po(At)o] > 0 (Pe [AP lvl = Polat i At large compared with t, Polt +Ato —» PolAt}ol = [(AP helo > Polty)o inbetween [Polt, *At)p ~ Po(At)o) < 0 [Pwo < PolAtlo - Dimengiontess time, (81) Doe Be 05) WPI piercty ee ee 4 (peor) MESHES SSLEE SLOOP s st aadoh .Pup = 1x3 ao ———— SMe taped re Pi Pag = vote wae + ale s23+os] ~ 162.654 lense a due, Ole om eden Lasher Bul op pi Ogre [7 Sem by Se Jette. mt Te [ots HEL re J-3/23- 04 sj oe eo _ Equivalent Time For PBU Tests -3.23+0. cas qBu sve ~ Po = +162.6F) tog olt,,) + lo: 3.234+0.8695 Pus ~ Pag Fel al) 45 a | Bu k 162,67} togig(t, + Ar)+ 1 fel ol, } gta )- 3.23+0. so + sn tBel nea et = } -3.2340. 26 MC Ke Bu 1,d1 k vs 7 Pug = 162.6} log} —, Pus ~ Pug Th ne loa Fe 3234 0.8605 24Bein OE Bae ee POSS OSSSSEE SF 2 cae a OP fos Rep MOrb ot ao bg pit wld aD 3 rus cleen eine op GO cary Equivalent Time For PBU Tests a 3.23 + 0.8695 duc ire 2a egaitionted Hoes] og oot Ba Ged 0 DPsi'eS Equivalent Time For PBU Tests Drawdown AD=Pj-Py VS ¢t Buildup AD = Pws-Pyf VS At,(p Pst => Ob OF — ae ae ; ep oa el ae DNS er cee) » SES Oo _ Properties Of Equivalent Time t At Type carne Gf cure = 6-4, oD berry « = Pot t)+At att pr 2D ce sera MODEL RESPONSE, BUILD-UP AFTER FIRST DRAWDOWN (2) Signal in build-up: (AP), = [P,- PrelAty)> | [WAP)udo = PM [P; - Pyre(At)] 1 | ‘Superposition in timer PM IP; = Pya(St)] = Poll, #AN)o" Pott + At- to [4P)do = Polty +4t)p - Pp(At)y [4P)ulo = Polt, + 4t)p - Pp(4t)lp Horner Type Curve * Usually plotted as: [(Ap)iJo vs log (t, +At)p M(At)> } ee Ai tee ee > : —= el th b Ye — sa Sew ley pte 1a —- ad > r wa 2 A - ae — sail " a a - ~ ale ail - ie a a ~ 2 2 > 23 Limited use because py(t, +At) is not known he ech Bu & > Op ps vusite ee chg-y gk) haley oT é Ep MBET A 0s LOWS Gor | an aa soe Woz eI P 1S GW HORNER TYPE CURVE rn "4 BUILD-UP AFTER Finer RAWDown — 7” MIEKA “G a 1 410 10? 108 104 108 108 Radial flow Horner time, {(t, + At) / At] 129 [AP)werlo = PM [PwelAt) - Pwrlt, *A0] [AP )wstlo = PM [Pys(At) - Pi * Pr ~ Pwrlty +t] [AP) wero = PM [Py- Pyrlty +At)] - PM LP; ~ Prrs(At)} [AP)stlo = Polty *A8)p - PM [P) ~ Pus(At)] ‘Superposition in time: a Rate PM 1p; = Pye At)] = Polly ttn = Polly + 4t-bplo 0 tp ty tat ° x | [(AP)wstlo = Polty *A)p ~ [Pp(tp *At)p - Pr(At)o] pale tate eT | [AP)yetlo = Pp(At)p] Drawdown Type Curve (hyaal, ye MODEL RESPONSE, BUILD-UP AFTER FIRST DRAWDOWN —> Hebe 3) Signal in build-up: » (AP)ws = [PralAt)- Pui #80 QS Cr dye(1) Multirate Signal: = Ip(At) - p(At=0)| (P)p = PM [p(At) - p(at=0)| Pressure [0a -iad(Gn.s -AIn)] [Po(% "i! Aty Jp ~ PolEy’-i! At; +At)p] Multirate Type Curve usually plotted as: log [(Ap)Jp vs log ty Adlte rede ire cove —> pi mat bee fl . PSL iy le pls MULTIRATE TYPE CURVE BEHAVIOUR (AP) = PolAt)o + D1; hans Aad] [Po(E"-i! Aty Jo - Po(Z Pr! At, +At)p] or C 0 [AP)yslo = PolAt)o omer a =MODEL RESPONSE, SUBSEQUENT FLOW PERIOD ' Flow Pefiodn Time from the start of the test (AP )oH=P.- PCat) (2) Multirate Signal: Ap = (p,- p(At)) (AP)ou = PM Ip, - p(at)] Pressure 25s! (OP on [64 Vat “An)] PolZ "=! At + At)p - Po(At)p Generalised Horner Type Curve usually plotted as: (AP cudo VS Ear! [04 -Ah(Gnas “And log(Z"a' At + At) - log(At) (Superposition time) BSD. raster 7 4 clots aan , a Ape - GENERALISED HORNER TYPE CURVE Ji (L,s7(.) Ge | 7 Le ee Summary: PRESSURE TYPE CURVE — “@s! ANALYSIS ce DE be ie, 2 pow! ~ Abe Uy taiey F ADVANTAGES: (| 2 ) { Better identification than with era lines - Validation with straight lines ae ee ae Le leleTine 5 BA Tite aaa Limitations: #24) - Lack of resolution at late times Sy LM Ye Shape function of production time oP 77 - Not applicable to short tests : - Published type curves valid for drawdown only Py rf - Limited number of published type curves (models) - Early type curves not efficient ( parameters not independent) WinTalion » shepe Farolan of ep. ( ates ) Radial flow following wellbore storage (dimensionless} ‘Semi-log radial flow ath gy ro" imaagaa’? \¢ ‘Function of time Dinenslonloss pressure Po pede Eis Function of Coe’ wr redial lo = Daivatve i O00 24 Independent of time 2 Independent of S CZs Po (Ont, #080907) x natok . nenabyts . tm, are) | f oP OF» LA» Hidde Sine? «, Series \Po vs 5 al WA Tine MM MMAMADAAAARHADADBOHBADGHHOAGBOYa a = Ol te a) hits oo iio b Mydmabc Frockin [sed ae 9 ‘ tele Cth aaky hy Urliirpe ad pile nibere nie /I cole lobo & eet oe 4, DERIVATIVE FOR WELLBORE STORAGE (Early Times) ts Wellbore storage (dimensionless! - Wellbore storage @ ¢ pee ea mre ( wrtie E ee 2 aaa 3 &iorje 3 a i é " le Derivative (Hdheliae fe) GOO , Cots (gar ok te JQ Unit slope log-log straight line [Same as pressure Qk at eee ee eee ebb e sek ULL LT 68 tat re ullbore wie | By eh iere Oi 3 Pr sTorje Ok on | a Stimulated well 2'4% Damaged well _ Na may Maximum 7 i Wellbore storage and skin, i havio : infinite extent j i ee redial Kyat 5S art i Be a 2h near poe eon aie aya ee ae | 1. reo m eh | io Bpe Oe, ibe —P Byb 6 < ee) ee bite e GL oe “sl VED ah so meh oe 5 SESE ESSE EEO ODIDD OD HHL su (ED £dothle pores: [3 ao ce | Bourcet, et al. Type Curve Dimensionless pressure, Pp 10" 7 10 1 0 10 "Dimensionless time, t/Cy . 3 + Dp Enya or een a= uit Sep bine HOMOOODOSOSBSKSSSSSBSOVBVBMSBSSBOSOAKSE Pe Ceri BO vet dong Pp Tster = Cory ine} 3 Time Regions On The Type Curve Transition Radial Flow Horizontal Derivative Pos Middle Time Region oor Od 1 10 400 1000 10000100000 Pas okt Ic, 1 Bowdos] « ¥ z v oO PER OOLPLALOHDLLPHHDDDEDDDTime Regions On The Type Curve © Each of the stems on the Gringarten type curve exhibits characteristic behavior. ae Ateatly times, the pressure and pressure derivative fall on a unt-slope line. During ~?.. kok this period, the pressure response is completely determined by the wellbore rayk Ce properties. Permeability cannot be estimated if the only data available lies within this ~ ~ WBS-dominated period. oF =z After WBS effects have ceased, the derivative follows a horizontal line. This is. —=7 bose yyy referred to as the “middle time region”. Permeability may be estimated whenever Calo there is 1/2 log cycle or more of data in the middle time region. eh kk Oy: i AH GD Bye © ‘There is a transition period between the unit slope line and the middle time region. During this transition, both WBS and reservoir properties influence the pressure response. It is sometimes possible to estimate permeability using data during WBS a and the transition, but the results are not as relable as when there Is dat ying in the middle time region. , see wag Coy ee a! Yoda 35 8 ah Sapa, 85 ee Got-ry & Wig gn ‘The pressure derivative is essentially the rate of change of pressure with respect to the superposition ime function — i.., the slope of the semi-log plot: Taking the example of drawdown, the slope of the semi-log plot is evaluated at all points, of which 7 key points are shown in the plot. ‘The data starts at point 1, before eventually stabilizing at slope m in Infinite-Acting Radial Flow, points 6 and 7. Points | and 2 fallon the \wellbore storage unit- slope in early time and, during the transition to TARF, the derivative peaks at point 4. The transition is complete at point 6, a8 the derivative Aattens to a value equivalent to m, Jem Uy fete Gr tds Pa yi EEE EE DL EE IL LEASES SSS SOSH SSH SOHOHHHOGHGHHHHGKOGEGSBEco a ee Nee birch, Prasure and pressure erate pe Pressre sa) ‘Shope =-a17008 P tear 52702 ‘—! | ° on T5000 ee 7 anpsiatngsecin _* | yey tso ls [PAA ELE 0S Pet ol rk Due Ol Cine SD | Bs | | Woe _ | See] = ar apt ‘eter Tnbry ~ of atts] Sane e a os - frre Oe ea lyes Maer Procedure using the derivative type curve oF 4. a) Drawdown: Ot eV Oty? *| OR ne Cae Pot _ _ | Pog Cnty. cept in) ~~ lag . MO! 4.b) Build up = For a buildup test, calculate the pressure derivative in terms of the equivalent time,EE EPEEEPEEESOSSSSSSOSOSOHOOESHE HH SHES‘ EES‘ A ELIS: DoD Lae lop | op | oro? , Derivative Central Difference (2) a bist = Pint ay it etree trad el Three-point weighted average approximation (2),- ‘Bn + Ate $2). Sevanten lansenran . Dx a a) 45 log Ap 2. Plot ‘Ap’ (or Af-Ap’) and Ap as functions of ¢ (or At for tests with boundary effects) either on tracing paper or on log-log graph paper with the same size log cycles as the Bourdet type-curve. graph.Procedure using the derivative type curve 3. If possible, force a match of the data to the type curve in the ver- tical direction by aligning the flat region of the test data with the Po(tp/Cp)=0.5 line on the type curve. 4.1 possible, torce a match in the horizontal direction by aligning the unit-slope regions of the test-data derivative plot and the deriva- tive type curve. If a unit-slope line is present on the test-data plot, calculate the dimensionless wellbore-storage coefficient, Cp, using a data point (t or Af,Ap)ysz from the unit-slope line. 0,03723qB oo = Ged (# a calculate the dimensional storage coefficient, C, with the c= a Practice of derivative type curve matching Data Data 3 ‘Type curve By pty eet a |. Pa fogat oat a ‘Step 2: Time Match a Type curve Data & Ty z ype curve tot af Pry mek LO Opie sb iy Het : 2 log At ope mt US gy rit Fe Lata, | Hh palch gniisk | alas ‘ S858 85Example Dimensionless time, tyC, to: 1 10 102 18 tot e 7 zg g 3” wf S £ Siw z z 1k & 9 8 Fl ze wt B 2 ° § 0d time, at (hours) an @ ‘108 102 108 1 10 10? = ee OSs ate v 40 * 2 oye Orso, curve youly 2 1 Zoyle aT bye he 2 3 2 o & g 2 & |? rasineation g Saar 3 3 2 a S 2 Ss Log of Elapsed time, At ( hours) PM =(Po/4P)orax * (P's stron [CA Parsenne PM =0.5 (AP')asisnws = kh 50Welthore Radiat Log of Pressure Derivative ( psi) Log of elapsed time, At( hours) Wellbore storage (dimensionless): roe (a), (ofa deren * OF \*bo/t), joni [AD amin = 05 [3 0cearree Ta Cs a par k seuecteel™ Procedure using the derivative type curve 5. Determine Cpe? from the matching parameter of the deriva- tive type-curve match. This same matching parameter also charac- terizes the fit on the pressure-change type curve (pp vs. tp/Cp). Se- lect pressure (Ap,pp) and time (At or Ate,tp/Cp) match points. 6. Calculate permeability, &, from the pressure match point. ak NSP) uy 7, Calculate the dimensionless wellbore-storage coefficient, Cp, from the time match point and compare with the value computed from the unit-slope line if a unit-slope line is present. Cy = 9,0002637K (1 oF Ate 0 phe Viol Cy ) ypProcedure using the derivative type curve 8. Calculate the skin factor, s, with Cp from Step 7 and Cpe? from Step 5. S (0% 3 patch Example Use pp and py type curves (Gringarten and Bourdet) to determine permeability « and skin factor for the pressure-. buildup test ar bes a rer oun, ° 250 iz) ows Cosor —2sta0 23 bora occ Bs8t6 49525007 ces == 27030 650 i coos = ates) tas atsa7 dono = 202081 aT doo = aera a0 cms = odo 25] asa oeoeo = 5299.89 ago = corns), «880.850 , cores = ose. 2,447 psia 0.0255 1,005.1 450 22396 0.365 ft ores 4.23.2 soo aus? iS pin! 0.0649 1515.6 55.0 2251.2 1.61 x 107 pal 0.104 17140 600 22562 1,400 hours ons tear so 2808 2m $9074 mo 22050 cast” 49500, mo (22886 ace tase mo 27284 tor Bota —=a perfery ale wdelion gp aba eet mle 1g Foot tals = Pressure Change and Pressure Derivative 10* 10? Equivalent Time,At,, hours 10" at, Pressure ‘9. Pressure Derivati 10 ie 58 pclae Tore Fp pee — Dir 2 2OP aw che bapile 2 a e 3 Goad ony 4 pe FR Ye Se orp we tow Fp Oy 4 4 mivenines iE i an acs Fp (ours) _(es)_-Abdp’ (hours) oy AbeAp 0.0001 4.0900 Sa71e 1.7079 1,793.1 62.642 0.0002 8.1600 9.0490 2.7247 1,822.1 61.654 | 0.0005 20.900 21.410 4.9465 1.8507 1.021 _ Te acsp 00008 932.030 95.762 6.4700 1.8749 60.641 aitas“fatis]- a". coor ao200 aaene 10.422 19037 60.220 0.0020 117,39 119.84 14999 1925.4 60.127 0.0050 190.40, 182.17 19.718 1,942.0 60.014 0.0080 292.99 26864 © 24.551 1,955.2 60.031 ae o.oo 357.11 31728-28371 119659 59.989 SCJ 00160 50.68 42564 94.146 1975.0 59.941 LER LMI * — ooass testo. ste.27 | 38889 1.9028 50.858 “ 0.0408 1,0192 54658-49599 1,989.6 59.940 io 0.0849 1.2656 47059 40.276 1,905.7 59.787 velda lan YY POF groan 1,464.0 © 342.82 © 52921 2001.2 59.774 7 7 1 0.1650 1,587.0 208.69 57.534 2,006.2 59.799 Fp eco poalo' 0.2640 1657.4 12045 «62.116 2,010.8 59.808 0.4209 1,700 81.174 66.567 2,015.0 59.014 _ 7 0.6717 = 1,733.2. 68,094 68.478 2,016.6 59.980 1.0692 1.7635 64.102 75.676 20226 59.034 55 1 a nmr mma maa AAA AAQAQAAAABDWBWVWWVWOSV*MWMPEEERELLLERREERLUASIAEELEELEEBED OLED ba utd ele ole why Ge "aps Ss Ss - / nile robdelion gp a Uy or rr, y-la ee Mach Poin Cy = 10" w a= 0p pyet [at = 28 he, ty Co = 10,000] Seen (eo 2 ie inl (pe i ee te pote Gy rte é 10! w ro! we Equivalent Time,Aty (hours) : wo! ro 10 1 ro at 10! Dimensionless Thne,to/Co, (ee = Z a 7 Te th lank cst rok ton ordea oN yy e— Cosh rah GJ ek rn Sie Na te : lett Sd tgudakp pts k vl ae Le isert we * Hf Jud Sue oO ° a7 Q oi YS Pe | | | = (441.236600)(1.1901.0) (_1 a: (78) = 9.96 md. Ate tolCo} yp 9.0002637K phew, “ (0.0002637)(10.0) (0.2)(1.0)(1.61 x 10~5)(0.365)" = 1721. ‘) DEP Grr Mal ely Bp Peed Cp Cet Ai os Orrt aK — . a waeoe Ay y ‘ Yad bite br Be carte Yoo! Net ppp et OF 2dr by ped ere) OC pti # ime - “ py Agarwal Effective Time Objective: convert build-up data into equivalent drawdown data that can be analysed with drawdown type curves ._ ‘Siar af radial Now | Peper. cb ep ete beweesy (44 5 Pn ceed rZ LOG-LOG ~~ Pa MDH ial fog at and fog Ate og At and fog Atay ht hes brs bl Reduces a long build-up into a short equivalent drawdown > GOver-corrects if t, is small compared to Build-up duration Modifies the shape of boundaries é > Agarwal Effective Time =~ Z CDA AB tos 7 103; Curve ly oe ee ones t00 000 Py ol CF 1031 10 Pressure Change, Ap, and Derivative ( psi) (OG / 1 L 1 L 1 L 1 107 10 1010? «fot time ( hours) 60 4. x rt As 2b ot Diplo ye Mb pete | Ante? WEL, OI Se 3 a RErear, stoaep wots TS fete Hates EP 2 Oe ase | j Eas 4,24, erect j 1s | _ pape naimeesaec ae DERIVATIVE FOR HOMOGENEOUS BEHAVIOUR (Radiat fiow at tidaie Times) ae ie | 2 [ointe | g a er | ee i subisaien 08 | ir ; 7 g | 5 : Type Curve 3 Ce et peed re Tag ot densinens Soe 2 i Meee #05/(8P nee too op % ayy” 427 ee PM=O5/3P owe” GGT) a Pp) Apihit ° , oy aaa (SP "hassones increases, [—] decreases, corns vo (2 ) BOS Cap amur sereasen (#2) intense : jl aes ee ee , —ahoe Her 4) —» uot - sport . . aaa Effects of skin on vertical distance ples between the derivative and pressure 10 2 ¢ zi is 10 we DG ho oe a8 ow a Cys? Gs oH i pup & 0 10" 1 10 10 10° 10* Oe Dimensionless time, tC Bb ad shel pk During the radial flow regime, the vertical distance between the derivative and 4, '} “i.4e 0 the pressure curves gives an indication of the wellbore damage. With no skin, oi . the pressure curve is one log cycle or less above the derivative stabilization. eo For a highly damaged well, the distance between the two curves can bemore — /—| i 3 than two 88 lusirates-by the example Cqe%® = 10% fe OE HH Fe Ley wears curte oe oy shin oe wd | sre Soot Cus Ehie ( dame sell Lis ye ska 18 poe i 7 oe Boe Cratesre oo’ Coa & Gd thea le ie ee, a Kg et See Ub tops shy © 1 ee ie 8 ; Peer ee oa Field Example a ee hoe Cre tadalh 32) 4 OO eeahbon BI ® Field Example: Acidized well ( &/ — op’, Storage. STWipe oc Sige STOIpat 8630 tay md 1.908 Iniepresure pela 2750 4 4 4 4 4 ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ 4 « 4 4 ( 4 ( 4 1 ( ‘ ( ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘eee Ob bbb bbb SSS \ \ Effects of C & S on start of Radial Flow and Derivative, ', Dimensionless Pressure. py 10" 1 10 10 10 10 Dimensionless time, tyCy With damaged wells, the effect of wellbore storage lasts longer and the start of the semi-og straight line is delayed. The lower the skin factor, iter the reservoir response is reached. . tone sf ped Fouts : pall boo eo ” ey spb eCinsi ges codec> PAF * whepeg resposse 9 Life Shen a Effects of C on start of Radial Flow Ns ep ws 2 brell bore Slory 4! K apse) Ae peer? ‘Log-tog plot of two well tests shows wellbore storage reduction with downhole shutin ter weltlor slyye safe &oe ? is (ands) Los tet FP a Yuen Teka ll Lueggey ah tesonber pa 7 PAL iol SF PO) Shin te € 2 — / NELLBORE STORAGE WITH ERROR ON PRESSURE AT START OF FLOW PERIOD: P(At=0) TOO HIGH Begdat s— Oy asta pees eile ert, i 9, ‘ a P “ 7 Sot Lien! plots) & ot ble awe? tsi P pie p Watltore storage 10 <1 ey ,,) vervarive | Pressure Change, Ap, and Derivative ( tb 2 : i i 02 10% 10 = Bapsed time, at( Hours) is oases - = T= ie Oly Ja 1S Fle, as 0) ot eb Oy PLoed eve oh RE le 7 - Tine “A ca A ye. BoRE STORAGE WITH ERROR ON PRESSURE AT START OF FLOW PERIOD: cabo kd! (dt =0) TOO LOW GlOE* Lalo = 10 é plat-/ 1g: |. Wettore ‘ yy ey 47 storage tot 10e 1027, «1011010 Elapsed time, At ( hours) Pressure Change, Ap, and Derivative ( psi) s fed dy hueaa omnes 44 a,c} ps ep ie pies Pas PkdoOse) = ba ok nu Ad, vu pp, eis Pio oe onediu We at DEUS GLY py, irks englLo: opps WELLBORE STORAGE WITH ERROR ON TIME AT START OF FLOW PERIOD: t(at=0) TOO EARLY Pressure Change, Ap, and Derivative ( psi) = | '™* 8. Ze 62 p90! od Cte gv 20h) Se tren ee Ao bp OT Sank 108 103 10 104 3 = ecg A r a We: CO yun ay Ss mil pe od, Fate Hooyer. Crods totes (EA eo tl nt (Pe? er Walbore PRESSURE eae-2cn en (av oBuRID anetag 102 107 4 10 4 Elapsed time, At ( hours) a ——> ieee ee ee eh) Sf Spy bge2e Ue) 4 POEM ber | & WELLBORE STORAGE WITH ERROR ON TIME AT START ora 1 Rios Zz Pressure Change, Ap, and Derivative (psi) 5 10 10 10 10% 0 LATE t(at =0) TO f Worated oe eee ok we veto or 3 Tee wo ro, al 2 40 Wellbore storage a a a ET Elapsed time, At ( hours) at ——+ (aa Tay obueuT emaeara nn Oe e OOO DOSES HOHE.bey s Ni ny Ww EGOS SUV owe. Short test ———_~ AAAAAANAAAMABRBND Short testey MONT, Bao U8 yyy CVV ce 4 ore “ ye A tt li coe Fig 7 BS (2 Oop? d Infinite conductivity fractures: Analytical Solutions CGriagarlera asqy grees Furchons J tp LD ypZ OW Lo Cog ieicnl 7 | | ‘The analytical solutions for fractured wells havebeen developed by Gringarten et al. (1974, 1975) (Using Green's Functions) The high conductivity fracture model can be divided into 2 sub-categories: Uniform flux solution: Assumes a uniform production per unit length of —2 % baot 7 fracture. Cee US The infinite conductivity model: Assumes that there is no pressure drop along the fracture. Caps) Se pe be The 2 models were derived with different starting points, ic. by solving the diffusivity ‘equation in Laplace space witlr2 different boundary conditions, so they have slightly Giferent solitons, aiforn predicler pranl libel froclde—e unifon hk seh lia —» Yet Mat 15 ae prsseee drop oby rhe frclive 2 The if cnbuclioTy degre ‘a form Flak eck => ‘tenet Flux distribution along the fracture y Gxt) 24 ratme aya 7] Psd | 3 Le oof % g OO 3IAG fiw Oo yee Pay # 3 ae ski ent Py ° xr, 1 Wen the pseudo ada few reine Is reached, the cst ofthe fax entering the fracture stabilizes \ith he uniform fx med! gor. nce fn conduct facture (Win fracture mostly in the region near the tips. Ree mae Gale 0) ied eneea te Winn the racture conductivity is deceased th fracture section near the Productive, Pian sVEg ys ( Gps eG ve | | none tO tp PATE 3 ree | nm #9 o ee Becse py police A pilba SEES SHOWS | teins ttn 25ey MONG 2 2G OH 3.8 yy CM Hos Be oe ii 1 Me Dok hy CNG EC A Ib Ng Ln Be Lat Coby hag C0 ye tli eS m7 BE ‘ (Qe One7 d Infinite conductivity fractures: Analytical Solutions CGnagarlen asay greets Ferelons ) The analytical solutions for fractured wells have been developed by Gringarten et al. (1974, 1975) (Using Green's Functions) The high conductivity fracture model can be divided into 2 sub-categ Uniform flux solution: Assumes a uniform production per unit length of 2 Ye vet fracture. Misamis) ZG The infinite conductivity model: Assumes that fhere is no pressure drop along the fracture. CC apsee yp le CO ‘The 2 models were derived with different starting points, ic. by solving the diffusivity ‘equation in Laplace space wittr2 different boundary conditions, so they have slightly different solutions. aifern pubelie raul hyflol. flier ufor [hk ston — 4 Mat 1s so prssee dof oby the fooline —p the fie cnbuclio™) Are is r 4S Flux distribution along the fracture ‘ abt) $1 dare A Prt) | 5 La ee noes z CO IDG fix G2 GPT * 3, estohe at 4 ° xIe 1 ‘Wen the pseudo rad fow regime ie eached, tho stun of he fx alaring the rate stablizes With the uniform fx model, qg=1. In case of infinite conductivity fracture (kW >300), the fuid enters the fracture mostly in the region near the tps. en edie conatcny is decehed eyacireseionnerayotboebeconasmere ny, VEY ss ( Ps Eif) done WIE Cot Fae . 2 Op he 5 a Bece pyre peice eailbat Gf CECH af CaS ( Litt) trsdy pi & DTU DODDS Odd bd dd dd bed bbdbdddddds dyPye aber Lepys 4 Lemp) —> Prete op eee — Abo eq ( Lo De 0 Pros eplemnetl be) => Bn alt phere) BR = 18 Ta ul AS TE cooly the If codelin Ce, Lap TD Soi) poe 3 Ue Gzor ne Bc) Nas (Lj MCA LG - 1 DERIVATIVE FOR HIGH CONDUCTIVITY pane (Early Times) eer hep WAL vorraaaaa? Tt 0000263 5, 4 7: Gua tiitite LE a? ee Early Times eee 76 Rete Tay etl” 0-0. 1 Half-unit slope logetog straight tine Derivative is one half the pressure Yoel high onpelay Log of pressure derivative op: oP | eer Log of elapsed time fe, 15 ley Ke Worpred yor Je ska ap & Me _ Clese_ Reservoir infinite Conductivity Fractured CUR cone \ si si S ey Cag Za—— F] auldep ae wit fl is oe _°@ repponaune star ot fia l2, colon epost Cet 2 Cerium en eat cs Fame | nl Coa, pf 10 10" 1 Dimensionless time, ty i Cosh dt Ye Presa ype carve for an isin conductity vera acu at the ante of & ee J Yj, closed rectangle. No skin damage and no wellbore storage effects are assumed. eed Je a ce, ae, Dimensionless Prossure, Pp is At52 Yo" certian se mcangareenaX ehh te en See ees etae ot, bstoancneravas bie ! 2 pects naa eee Lhe LFS wen wettbore storage dominates the eat ines respanse, the Grngaten type cure, In 3 this ype cuve values of oe smaller than 0.5 ae geneaied with tho infnte tn conduetity 78 Fests t recur model and wetbre stage effect. a a yt ose cae Bee eve g Lp oe xy : b : er] Proetioe ARR ODDNDOODD PDD DDDDOPDLLOLLELLLLE KL LE LE LE LLYPPT PTT ETFO C OOD OTS STHSSSHSSSSSCSCSSHSSHSSOSHSHSSSSIAESE raw devon & Infinite Conductivity Fractured | B«'4 +p > ’ ' arf 4 10: g B 10 z é 4 2 5 g seemoxunre stant oF & SEMILOG STRAIGHT UNE a APPROXIMATE ENO OF aE TERS Los sranci une 102 107 41 10 102 103 Dimensiontoss time, ty it 7 bile Gada folie Pet has ae th OH janet K 4 py 2 wtih ay LFEPA Infinite Conductivity Fractured Tiab and Puthigal (1988) geome a ir psc ie j _Ue | ow io y= Fa - of = @ a feed mt oH mnaoncrme pecan ts These type curves combine the pressure and cata ie sae 13 derivative presentations. The effect of wellbore storage is considered, the various curves are expressed with Pp versus fa, and they are labeled in terms of Coy. ‘The longer the rate the ter start of the pseudo rail Non ae pe ote ee Coe Og ¢, i pratt ae Yi’ SBOP — Oy the— C1 E ) 4 5 he pak 2 =