m ee ee MODULE 4 Measures of Central Tendency Definition, A single value that summarizes set of data. Measures of central tendency yield information about the center, or middle part, of a group of numbers Lesson 1: Ungrouped Data ‘The arithmetic mean is the average of a group of numbers and is computed by summing all numbers and dividing by the number of values. Because the arithmetic mean. is so widely used, most statisticians refer to it simply as mean, | _ defined as the sum of the valves in the population ieee = umber of values in the population Formula: Population Mean = ze: ‘Where: erepresents the population mean. It is the Greek lower case letter for “mu”, 'N is the number of items in the population X represents any particular value E Is the Greek capital letter “sigma” and indicates the operation of adding, x is the sum of the X values| | i | | | Example 1: ‘There are 12 automobile companies in Albay. Listed below is the number of patents granted by the government to each Automobile company. Is this information a population? What is the mean of patents granted? Solution: This is a population because we are considering the automobile companies of Albay obtaining patents, To obtain the mean we get the total number of patents granted and divided by the number of companies of Albay. Using the formula (1) we have, 511 +395 +275 + 12 How do we interpret the value of 1957 ‘Ihe average numiber of patents received by an automobile company is 195, Because we consider all the companies receiving patents, this value is a population parameter, Sample Mean ‘The mean is the sum of all the values divided by the total number of values. Sample Mean ¥ = me Q) Where x stands for sample mean 1 is the total number of sample x is any particular value Ex is the sum of x values ‘The mean of a sample, or any incasure based on a sample is called a statistic.‘What is the mean interest rate on this sample of long term bonds? Solution; Using formula (2) Sample mean is: 9,50 + 7.25 + 6,50 +4.75-+ 12.004 is. 50+ 7.25 +6, sears 830 = #3 49s ‘The mean interest rate of the sample of long-term bonds fs 805 ‘The mean is affected by each and every value, which is considered as an advantage, Itis also a disadvantage because oxtremely large value or small value can cause the mean to he pulled toward the extreme value The mean is the most commonly used asieastre of central tendency it uses its data item on its computation, it is a familiar measure, and it has mathematical properties that make it attractive to use in inferential statistics analysis, Mode ‘The mode fs the most frequently occurring value in a set of data. If there are two modes in the, set of data, then data are said to be bimodal, Data sets with more than two modes is referred to as multimodal , Example. 1) Data set: 15, 11, 14,3, 21, 17, 22, 16, 19,16, 5,7, 16, 8,9, 20,4 +16 is the mode because, 16 occurs three times in the data set, 2) Dataset: 15, 11, 14, 3,21, 17, 22, 16, 19, 22, 16, 5,22, 7, 16, 8, 9, 20, 4 “Data set is bimodal, because, 16 and 22 has the same number of values in the set and these data appear three times in the data set.Median Median is the middle value in an ordered array of numbers. The following steps are used to determine the median, + Step 1. Arrange the observations in an ordered data array. © Step 2. For an odd number of terms, find the middle term of the ordered array, It isthe ‘median + Step 3. For an even number of terms, find the average of the two middle terms. The average is the median, ‘Example 1. Suppose a business researcher wants to determine the median for the following, numbers: 15, 11, 14, 3,21, 17, 22, 16, 19, 16,5, 7, 16, 8, 9, 20,4 « Step 1, The researcher arranges the numbers in an orderéd array. 3,4,5,7,8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 16, 16, 17,19, 20, 21,22 + Step 2. Since the array contains 17 terms, (an odd number of terms), the median is the middle number, oF 15. + Step 3. Ifthe number 22 is removed from the dats set, the array would contain only 16 terms, 3.4.5, 7,8, 9% LA, 14, 15. 16, 16, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21 « Step 4. Now for an even number of terms, the statistician determines the median by getting the average of the two middle values, 14 and 15. The resulting median is (14 + 15)/2= 145. «= Note: Another way to locate the median is to find the (n+ 1)/2 term in an ordered array. + For example from the above data set, nis 17, then (n + 1)/2= 18/2 = 9, that is the 9" term is the median, The median is 15. 3,4,5,7,8, % Ll, 14, (15), 16, 16, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22 © Ifthere is an even number of terms, the median is (16 + 1)/2 = 8.5; the median for these data is located halfway between the 8" and 9" terms, or average of 14 and 15, Thus the median js (14+15)/2= 14.5 3,4,5,7,8, 9, 11, 14, 15. 16, 16, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21EXERCISE 4 Measures of Central Tendency (Ungrouped Data) | Name Rating Course & Curriculum Year ______ Date 1, Asample of households that subscribe to the United Bell Phone Company revealed the following numbers of calls received last week. s2 | 43 | a0 | 38 | so [42] 2 | 46 aa | 4s | we | i | a | s | oo | 7 Solve for the mean, median, mode, and quartilesae hy a i a 2. The mumbers of Temiban camcorders produced during eight-hour shifts for 50 shifts selected at random are listed below, Determine the mean, median, mode, and quartiles. a ee meg é3. The following data represent the number of passengers per flight in a sample ‘of 50 flights from Legazpi City, to Manila, Determine the mean, median, mode and quartiles,“4, From the following data, determine the mean, median, mode, quartiles,5. The following data are shaped roughly like a normal distribution, Determine the mean, niedian, mode and quartiles.Lesson 2. Measures of Central Tendency (Grouped Data) Population MEAN: | | YM _ fM tite F ce “yo UGE ‘Where: the number af asses | 4 class frequency | total frequencies | \ class mark | Example 1: { t Class Interval Frequency (() Class Mark (A) f 1-3 4 2 t 4-6 12 | 5 } | 7-9 13 a } 10-12 19 n | | 43-15 14 | | : i | t Step 1. Determine the class mark (M) of each interval. Step. Multiply the class mark by the corresponding frequency (IM). Step3. Get the sum ofthe result from step 2. (EfM) | Step4. Determine the mean by dividing the (E/M)/EF = 564/60 = 9.4 | Hence, #=94Sample Mean ‘Example 2. Summation = Solution: The Computation is shown in the table of example 2 ‘The Mean is computed as follows: Step 1. Determine the class mark (M) (3) Step 2, Multiply the class mark by the corresponding frequency (4) Step 3. Get the sum from step 2; EFM = 3,059 Step 4. Use the following formula to substitute the dats obtained from step 3. ve UML Grouped Mean: = ==> MODE: ‘The Mode for grouped data is the class midpoint of the modal class. In the example above, the modal class is the class interval with the greatest frequency. Hence, the Mode=22, _ 20+ 2 Median (Grouped Data). The middle value in an ordered array of numbers Ni2=cl, Formula: (Md)= L,,+|—Z "| © lower limit of the median class 50% of the total frequency a cumulative total of the frequencies up to ‘but not including the frequency of the median class the frequency of the median class the class sizeExample I: Median (Grouped Data) Cumulative Frequency Frequency (f) 4 4 12 s 13 19 8 Step 1, Determine N/2 = 60/2=30 Step 2. Determine the Lower Limit of the median elass, (L = 9.5) Step 3. Determine the cumulative total of the frequencies up to but not including frequency of the median class (29) g the Step4. Frequency of the median class (19) Step5. Determine the class size (3) Step6. Substitute the values obtain from step | to step Sto the formula: 50-29 fi] Md= 954 22-7! (3) = 95+ 1" i Hence, Md = 9.66 re = 954016 =9.66 Example 2, Median (Grouped Data) Class Interval Frequency Cumulative Frequency W-14 6 6 16-19 2 28 20-24 35 25-29 2 92 30-34 16 108 35-39 116 40-4 120 45-49 422 Determine the cumulative frequency, Determine the n/2; cumulative frequencies upto but not including the frequency of the median class; lower limit of the median class; frequency of the median class; class size. *Ny2 = 122/2 = 61; ch = 28; fy 19.5; 1=5 a7 iain aleect Mak ios# ee 2] (= ws 2 tle. 195-4471 = 24.21 Median is 24.21 Sena eee-EXERCISE 5 Measures of Central Tendency (Grouped Data) ‘Name. Rating Course & Curriculum Year ate Instructions: Determine the class mark, cumulative frequency and relative frequency for each problem and compute for the mean, median, mode, and Quartiles a. Theair transport association recorded the following number of passengers arriving and departing on the busiest airport in Metro Manila. The following frequency distribution has been constructed, : Number of passengers arriving and departing Frequency i 30-31 5 i 32-33 7 i 34-35 18 : 36-37 a i 38-39 34 i 40-41 24 i 42-43 7 } 44-45 81b. The following data represent the number of appointments made per 15-minute interval by telephone solicitation far a lawn-care company. Assume these are population data, Determine the mean, median and mode. 3 57 26 4 6 3¢ The radio music lstener market [s diverse. Listener formats might include adult contemporary, album rock, top40, oldies, rap, country and western, classical, aid jazz. In targeting audiences, market researchers need to be concerned about the ages of the listeners attracted to particular formats, Suppasc the market researcher surveyed a sample of 170 listeners of country music radio stations and obtained the following age distribution, ' ' TTY ‘sua Northwestern distribution company surveyed 53 of its midevel managers. The survey > obtained the ages of these managers, which later were organized into the frequency distribution,