Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Unit Overview
The Kalinga and other Cordillera peoples are believed to have arrived in separate migrations
from southeastern or eastern Asia. Due to particular conditions of the economy, water
supply, population density, and ecology, cultural differences began to appear among the
northern Luzon mountain peoples, resulting in the various ethnolinguistic groups: Ibaloy,
Bontok, Ifugao, Kalinga, and Sagada. The original mountain peoples may have progressed
from primary dependence on root crops until they developed swidden farming, then wet rice
cultivation, and finally irrigated terrace farming. It is difficult to establish how long these
people have lived in their mountain habitats. After reading this unit, you will be able to
answer the question, who are the yKalingas?
Kalinga Geography
Kalinga is a province in Luzon, bordered by Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the
west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north. It has a
total area of 3,231.25 square kilometers (1,247.59 sq mi) and is bordered by Mountain
Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast,
and Apayao to the north. The province's lowlands are open grassland suitable for pasture,
while the highlands have extensive areas of tropical rainforest. Rizal and Tabuk are the
biggest rice producers, followed by the mountainous area and the rice terraces of
Balbalan, Lubuagan, Pasil, Pinukpuk, Tinglayan, and Tanudan.
Settlements
Presently, Kalinga is fast emerging as an eco-tourism discovery of the Cordilleras since its
operation as a regular and separate province since February 14, 1995, as stipulated in
Republic Act 7878.
Figure 1: Map of Kalinga and its neighboring provinces (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ph_cordillera.png)
Ethno-Linguistic Group
Himes (1997) identified eight Kalinga languages from the Ethnologue: Butbut Kalinga,
Limos Kalinga, Lubuagan Kalinga, Mabaka Valley Kalinga, Majukayang Kalinga,
Southern Kalinga, Tanudan Kalinga, and Banao Itneg. The same data is posted in the
Summer Institute for Linguistics (SIL), which is the basis of several researchers interested
in studying languages. According to the anthropological derivation of the Kalinga ethnic
languages, these languages are traced to have originated from the Proto-Central
Cordilleran group of languages, such as Itneg (spoken in Abra), Bontok (spoken in Mt.
Province), Kankanay (spoken in the west of Mt. Province and Benguet), Balangaw (spoken
in the east of Mt. Province), Ifugao (spoken in Ifugao), and Isinai (spoken in Nueva
Vizcaya). This Proto Central group of languages is traced to have lineage with the Malayo
Polynesian or Austronesian family of languages, as the polygenetic theory of the world’s
linguistic diversity is concerned (Blust, 2013).
The Butbut Kalinga reside in Tinglayan, Kalinga. Farming is their main source of
livelihood, as the province has a rugged and mountainous topography. Limos Kalinga is
also known as the Northern Kalinga and Limos-Liwan Kalinga. Kalinga Lubuagan culture
is characterized by dance, which represents homecomings, head-taking, and honoring
mingols with gifts. Victory songs are sung by villagers, and mingols dance with closed
fists. Ngilin is a marriage dance performed during rituals and celebrations, showcasing
courting interactions between rooster and hen. The most popular dance is Tadjok,
performed by the tribe to commemorate grand feats, rituals, and social gatherings. Men
showcase strength and virility, while women convey grace and sensuality, mimicking
high-flying birds. The Lower Tanudan Kalinga is found in the southern part of Kalinga.
Their language, which is most intelligible with that of the Limos Kalinga, has three
dialects: Minangali, Tinaloctoc, and Pinangol. The Upper Tanudan Kalingas reside in the
southern part of Tanudan Valley in Kalinga Province, not too far from Mountain Province.
The Mabaka Valley Kalingas, which inhabit the southeastern part of Kalinga, is also
known as the Kal-Uwan, Mabaka, and Mabaka Itneg. The Madukayang Kalinga are
concentrated in the southern Mountain Province. Their language is mutually intelligible
with Limos Kalinga and Balangao (83%). There are about 13 villages in Kalinga province
where Southern Kalinga lives. Their dialects include Sumadel-Tinglayan Kalinga,
Malango, and Bangad.
Educational Institutions
A Kalinga leader is considered wise if they have lived the authentic Kalinga way, requiring
a charismatic pursuit of knowledge and example. This requires loyalty to Kabunyan's
teachings, which taught man how to live a good life. A Kalinga leader must possess moral
qualities such as self-discipline, self-respect, generosity, honesty, trustworthiness,
kindness, benevolence, compassion, truth, and justice. Kabunyan taught the
commandments of authentic human existence, and in practice, Kalinga leader uses their
wisdom to prevent human injustices and unhappiness. This justification for true
leadership is provided it commits to maintaining and promoting the social order.
Today, Kalinga has eight (8) universities and colleges as of today that offer various
diplomas, undergraduate, and post-graduate studies. Kalinga State University – Bulanao
Campus, Kalinga State University – Dagupan Campus, Kalinga State University – Rizal
Campus, International School of Asia in the Pacific – Kalinga, Saint Louis College of
Bulanao, Saint Tonis College, Kalinga Colleges of Science and Technology, and Cordillera
A+ Computer Technology College. Among those colleges, only Kalinga State University is a
public Higher Education Institution. This number of HEIs in Kalinga has the potential to
produce a yearly average of more or less one thousand degree holders. But yKalingas love
for education shows the need for more accommodating capacity.
Social Institutions
Kalinga society comprises the household, extended household, kinship circle, and
territorial region. The boboloy (Kalinga region) is the largest geographical unit,
representing a tribe or village. Traditional Kalinga society has three classes: kapus (lowest
class), baknang (propertied middle class), and kadangyan (upper class or aristocrats). The
kinship circle, consisting of siblings, cousins, and descendants, takes responsibility for
the actions of its members. The traditional Kalinga household consists of a nuclear
family, with rich families having a poyong (servant). The extended family consists of two
nuclear families living in separate households, sharing economic tasks like planting rice.
During the later years of the 20th century, Kalinga Apayao Religious Sector Association
(KARSA) was established. It is an ecumenical group of religious organizations and
individuals in the provinces of Kalinga and Apayao. Part of its advocacy in promoting the
rights and concerns of the indigenous peoples is its active engagement in peace
promotion, environmental protection, human rights protection, and good governance.
This is done through participatory project monitoring and audit of infrastructure and
public works. Members of the KARSA are the churches of Roman Catholic, Anglican,
United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP), and other evangelical churches. Due
to some differences, other evangelical churches form another organization which is the
Ministers Association of Reformed Kalinga (MARK). Members of this organization are the
Assembly of God, Bible Christian Fellowship, Free Believers, and other independent
Pentecostal churches. The rising economy of Kalinga has brought not only businessmen
from other countries or regions but also other religions aside from Christianity. According
to Philippine Statistic Agency (PSA) survey of 2015, there are 319 Islams in Kalinga. Some
of them have also married native YKalingas. The majority of their population is in Tabuk
City, it also where the only Mosque in Kalinga is situated.
LESSON 4. Games and Sports, Oral Literature, Music and Dances, and Festivals
I. Introduction
Indigenous games, music, and dance as reflected in the Kalinga cultural values systems
cannot be underestimated in their contributions as living traditions of distinct traditional
communities that developed such indigenous practices. In Kalinga, one may portray in
practices of indigenous games, music, and dance the Kalinga virtue of being good to
fellowmen and doing what is right while living (Sugguiyao, 1990). In this lesson, you are
required to perform and have fun with the different indigenous games and literature of
yKalingas.
The practices of indigenous games in Kalinga are observed during traditional festivals,
which serve as unifying threads that unite the world views of the Kalinga into one cosmic
social order. Playing indigenous games during festivals is an expression of enjoyment and
thanksgiving to Kabuniyan, believed to be the creator of all things and master of life and
death. (Garming, monograph).
Indigenous games in the Kalinga cultural values systems are a living tradition of distinct
traditional communities, exemplified by the Kalinga virtue of being good to fellowmen and
doing what is right while living. (Sugguiyao, 1990)
The Sang-sangkur (arm wrestling) is an outdoor or indoor game played between two men.
The game promotes brotherhood, self-respect, sportsmanship, and develops in the player
the values of endurance, perseverance, and alertness. Manfaju is a game played by adult
men and women that involves pounding rice hulls with fastness and alertness. The game
is played during funerals, barrio fiestas, and peace pact celebrations and instills values of
helpfulness, bayanihan, and social responsibility. It also tests the strength and
endurance of the player. Ag-agwod (tug of war) is an outdoor game with 10 or more
players. The participants are ages 10 and above and the game portrays unity,
sportsmanship, firmness, and fairness. The strength and endurance of the participants
are tested too. Kadang-kadang is an outdoor game that is played using a bamboo stilt.
Dokdokma/Cho’cho’ma (Pig catching) is a game occasionally played at agricultural
shows where participants attempt to catch a pig by holding onto it.
FESTIVITIES
SOUND OF GONGS. The sound of gongs reverberates in Tabuk City to celebrate its
Kalinga Founding Anniversary and the BODONG FESTIVAL on the 14th of February.
Cultural presentations by the towns of Balbalan, Lubuagan, Pasil, Pinukpuk, Rizal,
Tanudan, Tinglayan, and Tabuk City highlighted this year’s Bodong Festival. Aside from
cultural dances and street dancing competitions, the search for Miss Kalinga is
conducted wherein aspiring candidates show off their best in aiming for the title.
"Bodong" is a Kalinga term roughly translated to "peace pact" and is undertaken under
two main conditions or events: "gayyem" or when two people are in a relationship and
"tribal conflict" when there is an existing problem or conflict between tribes or sub-tribes.
In recent years, even women and the youth have been allowed to participate to ensure the
full cooperation of all members of the group involved. Bodong Festival is a celebration to
commemorate the timeless practice of keeping the peace among the Kalinga (Kalinga
Heirloom Beads, 2019)
LAGA SHOW. Kalinga weaving is passed down from oral tradition and symbolizes living
and non-living things, man-made objects, the environment, and the weaver's imagination.
It also signifies socio-economic status and is reserved for special functions such as birth,
marriage, festivities, and death rituals. The spirit that binds Kalinga is the "LAGA", which
in English means "weave". The art of weaving is deeply rooted in Kalinga's history,
culture, and tradition. Different styles and designs of Kalinga weaving are showcased
during Laga Runways during Bodong Festival and other municipal festivities.
Lubuagan is famous for the Mabilong Weaver’s Village for its backstrap weaving, making
it the center of the ethnic weaving industry in the province. The Laga festival theme is
“Lagaon taku chi bumayuwan” which means “We Weave for Progress and Development”.
It is a celebration showcasing weaving or laga, Lubuagan’s major and oldest industry,
which produces the province’s finest woven products from fashion apparel, bags, gifts,
blankets, runners, souvenirs, and other products. The festival was conceptualized to
promote the industry not only for its economic potential but also as a regular tourism
activity. (Baguio Midland Courier, 2015)
UNOY FESTIVAL. The Unoy Festival showcases the best of Tinglayanos and their
cultural identity as a Tribe of Kalinga. It promotes and strengthens Tribal camaraderie
between the different sub-tribes of Tinglayan Municipality. "UNOY" is a unique word that
only exists in Tinglayan parlance and is not known to the other tribes of Kalinga. It also
connotes abundance, during the olden times, Unoy Rice was only served in celebration of
a bountiful harvest by the "ACHANGYANS". (https://tinglayan.gov.ph/tourism/unoy-
festival)
PINIKPIKAN FESTIVAL. Rizal, Kalinga celebrates the Pinikpikan festival every month of
March. Pinikpikan is a native dish of the Cordillerans, derived its name from light
beating. The festival takes a week to celebrate, with activities such as the Pinikpikan
ritual, street dance exhibitions, field demonstrations, and band exhibitions. The festival
brings people closer to their kinship and ties.
(http://edaya-arts.blogspot.com/2016/03/pinikpikan-festival-of-rizal-kalinga.html)
MATAGOAN FESTIVAL. The Matagoan Festival was first celebrated in 2002 in Tabuk
City, the capital of Kalinga province. It was named after the town's role in the province.
(Igorotage, 2017)
It is a yearly occasion held every June 24th to 26th in Tabuk City, the capital of Kalinga
territory. A social celebration exhibiting the distinctive societies, customs, and in addition
the local and current results of the different indigenous networks of Tabuk City.
(Igorotage, 2019)
SALIP FESTIVAL A celebration of reconnecting and revitalizing rich culture to let the
younger generation aware of their origin. It is usually celebrated in the month of April.
UNIT 2 – WORLDVIEW
Unit Overview
Paniyaw, Ngilin, and Ba-in are ingrained in every facet of the lives of the Ykalingas. These
moral standards cover the whole extent of their relation to Kabuniyan, nature, and other
people in their attempt at self-preservation. These core values set the limits for what they are
allowed to do and spell out the things that they should not do. It embraces a wide array of
activities like food production and food gathering, hunting and fishing, personal hygiene and
sex, travel and commerce, the life cycle from birth to death, and how these activities affect
their domicile and surroundings. In this lesson, you will understand how do yKalinga
practices affects their morals and values.
I. Introduction
It is from the sacredness of LIFE that the pochon/bodong finds its meaning and
relevance. Their forefathers instituted the pochon as a means to secure their life and well-
being for generations to come. Birth, marriage, illness, and death are the four major
phases of Kalinga Life. Each life cycle stage is connected with certain beliefs and rituals.
The conversion of the Kalinga to Christianity has discouraged these beliefs and behaviors,
although they continue to exist in Kalinga groups. In this lesson, you will be exposed to
the core values of yKalingas that strongly contributed to their common attitude.
Paniyaw imposes the observance of every given obligation and regulates behavior that
defines the relationship between man and the spiritual world. It dictates avoidance of
what is offensive to Kabuniyan and to one’s own kind. Ngilin is a set of taboos and
inhibitions that a person must observe to ensure good health and those of his kin and
protect his habitat from degradation. The strict adherence to taboos regarding social and
economic activities involves compliance with certain rituals to protect oneself and
members of the family from illness or harm. Bain is the Kalinga culture that governs the
Ikalinga’s relationship with his kinsmen and other tribesmen. It permeates the coverage
of ethical standards to be observed by the Kalingas in times of peace and war.
The Isalogsog practice the so-called parental agreement on marriage, which is now only
practiced by a handful. Among the Salegseg sub-tribe, the following rituals are practiced
during the marriage: benat and ijuy, where dowry and other indemnities are given by the
man's parents, followed by solvak, where a pig or pigs are butchered. Tribal elders who
are knowledgeable about the ceremony do the rituals. The modern age has eliminated the
customary folkways of marriage, but the rituals still have to be done.
The main purpose of marriage among the subtribe of Bangad (Ifangad) is to bear children.
There are three factors that influence marriage: parental agreement, a go-between family
to bring back harmony and unity among feuding families, and direct courtship. The
parental agreement involves the grandparents and parents of the boy and the girl meeting
in the house of the girl to identify the wealth they will give to the children and dream of
their life when they become a couple. They also agree on the ages or times of their
marriage and important issues relative to the life of the couple in the future. The parental
agreement has the following steps:
To make the community aware of the contract done between the relatives and the girl,
the two families proclaim it by performing the following:
a. Ilat – this is the cooking of gabi leaves mixed with ground malagkit and with a
meat from the butchered animal during the Panumukan and to be eaten by the
relatives of both parties.
b. Manay-ot – The cooking of native rice cakes (chay-ot) is known as "manampok".
There are different types of chay-ot, such as inanchila, inas-astan, pinocpo-or, and
inullarajan. Manampok is the pounding process used to prepare rice cakes, which
are usually wrapped with ta-ong leaves, cooked with raw cane sugar, topped with
sesame seed or coconut meat, and mixed with meat.
c. Pikas – Pikas is the exchange of cooked or uncooked meat, fish, or any food shared
between two contracting families. It is a sign of a good relationship between the
parents of the two contracted children, such as meat of butchered animals or
caught fish in the river.
d. Abfuyug/fadfachang – the contracting families must help each other in times of
family celebration. The “man-afarjan” informs the people that their children are
already contracted.
7. Pauli. The ceremony of reciprocations from the groom's family involves butchering an
animal and giving one-half of it to the bride's family. This is the beginning of
cooperation and helping one another in all activities between the man-afaryan. Other
rituals followed, such as "pigpikas" and "manay-ot". The man-afaryan observes all the
indigenous values outlined in this study.
8. Onod. The last sharing of crops harvested from the farm to be inherited before the
property is being turned over to the newly wedded couple. One-tenth (1/10) of the
harvest from the rice field is left by the couple to the parents to harvest.
9. Kasar. The second day of the "farogway" is a day of celebration for the Ifangad people.
The couple and their parents and sponsors go to the church for the sacrament of
matrimony. To the Ifangad, the day is a grand feast with dancing and singing,
speeches from old folks, and native cakes and coffee served to visitors. Ifangad
mothers breastfeed their babies. (An interview from Chugma Labbutan-a tribal
woman of Bangad, Tinglayan by Mary D. Gayyaman on June 27, 2008)
Death and ritual. When someone passes away, a pig is often slaughtered right away and
given to guests or neighbors. When an elderly person passes away, larger animals like a
carabao or a cow are killed for the community to share, but the deceased's family is not
allowed to consume the flesh. A two- or three-day wake, known as "Bagungon", is held for
one day and one night. Family, friends, and neighbors assist with a two- or three-day
wake, known as "Bagungon". Until the burial, ricefield operations, "kaingin," and others
are halted. The mangalisig or mandadawak/mang-anito sacrifice animals to appease
spirits or negative forces during illness. Burials are near the house, grain store, or rice
fields, and concrete family graves are common. During the year of mourning, close
relatives of the deceased cannot eat certain foods, and widows and widowers cannot
remarry. A feast with slain animals, wine, music, and kolias marks the end
UNIT 3 – TECHNOLOGICAL
Unit Overview
A larger portion of the province is open grassland suitable for pasture, but the higher
elevation in the west is forested by rich pine trees. Rizal and Tabuk, with their flatlands, are
the biggest rice producers. The irrigated and rain-fed terraces in the other areas of the
province also produce rice but on a lesser scale. Kalinga has agricultural, mineral, forest,
and wildlife resources. The main agricultural product is rice. Principally rice growers, the
Kalinga was once famous for producing and exporting large-grained rice. Traditionally, the
most valued property is the rice field, followed by house sites. Other customary wealth
indicators are livestock used in sacrifice and heirlooms like Chinese jars, plates, gongs, and
beads. Kalinga is now the acknowledged “Rice Granary of the Cordilleras.” In this lesson, you
will learn the indigenous skills and knowledges of yKalingas in their daily way of living before
their adoptions of modern technologies.
LESSON 1 – SYMBOLS AND TEXTILES, ARTS AND CRAFTS
I. Introduction
The Kalinga are famous for their handwoven textiles, jewelry made of colored beads and
shells, and metalwork like spears and knives. They also make household articles like
wooden containers, bowls, dishes, ladles, and a variety of baskets and pots. They have
grain containers made from hardwood, rice stalk harvesters made of carabao horn and
iron, and digging sticks designed for planting rice. In this lesson, you will learn to identify
and differentiate native Kalinga textiles with other native attires.
The northern Kalinga men and women wear the baag but with a multicolored upper
garment called silup. These blankets reach the knees and are woven within various colors
and designs, with red as the dominant color. They carry a pouch of red cloth hanging
from the neck and a turban-like head cloth. On special occasions, they wear a kerchief
shaped like a triangle pointing to the waist, ornamented with coins and pieces of metal.
They wear their hair long, usually knotted in a chignon, and tattoo their forearms and a
part of their upper arms. For earrings, they wear the same types used by the southern
Kalinga. They may wear necklaces over their breasts and use the kulkul on special
occasions. The women in the north paint their faces red. At present, the Kalinga wear
contemporary clothing and put on traditional attire only for festivals and other special
occasions.
I. Introduction
The Imong system's IKSP for agriculture, forestry, and natural resource management was
the primary discussion. It further outlined the Imong customs of the inhabitants in the
province of Kalinga. In the cultural history of the people of Kalinga, the existing
Indigenous Knowledge, System, and Practices (IKSPs) have been observed to have greatly
influenced the way of life of these people. The Indigenous Practices still pervade today
because they embody desirable values that are worth cherishing in showcasing the
cultural Knowledge, System and identity, and integrity of the Kalinga. Worth cherishing
in showcasing the cultural Knowledge, System and identity, and integrity of the Kalinga.
In this lesson, you appreciate and may encourage to preserve the indigenous way of
yKalingas in preserving their natural resources.
Imong System
The Imong is a forest lot or communal forest area owned and managed by an individual
or family. It is used as a watershed to sustain vegetation, productive rice cultivation, and
other livelihood activities, as well as for ecological conservation and forest regeneration
prescribed by the traditional harmonious relationship of the earthly and supernatural
word of Kalinga. It contains big hardwood trees for housing construction, lesser-known
trees for making coffins, firewood, fruit trees, and water-producing trees. Bamboo trees
are used for building houses and making baskets, tiger grass for making brooms, coconut
for lumber and brooms, rattan and anos for weaving baskets, and buwa trees for an
addictive chewing habit called moma. A sikay is constructed in a flat area within the
forest lot, with a Charpong for cooking and a bed made-up of hardwood. At the base of
the big trees is a small water spring which is maintained as a source of potable drinking
water for the caretaker and animals. Wildflowers and flowering trees are also protected as
sources of food and nutrition for butterflies and other flower-eating wild insects and
birds.
The people of Kalinga believe that sustaining the forest is the bedrock of life of
abundance. Kabunyan, a supreme being, is evident in the legends, ritual myths, and
other stories when He dwells among the people in the ancient past. His teaching is
anchored on the spiritual necessity for the people’s relationship with nature and taught
rituals that give meaning, value, and productivity to people’s labor. The people of Kalinga
believe in nature deities and spirits, inhabiting the forest, river banks, brooks, swamps,
pathways, and trees, and owning the wild animals that live in the forests and mountains.
Man needs the forest for nutrition, clothing, medicine, and other needs, and the benefits
of taking care of the forest are showcased in the Municipality of Tinglayan culture of the
Imong system.
Unit Overview
According to Garming, the concept of leadership in the Kalinga community has traditionally
been governed by a legal-rational model, where leadership is legitimized by fixed laws set by
the people. However, political authority and leadership are enforced by a council of elders
constituted by the various heads of the kinship groups, the so-called papangat in Kalinga.
This council of elders or the papangat makes decisions concerning the internal affairs of the
village. The interplay of these two extremes can be seen in the case of the Kalinga struggle
against the Chico River Dam Project, where the Philippine government recognized the
difficulty of pacifying the opposition of the people against the project due to the strong
influence of the leaders. However, the Kalinga leadership has experienced its initial setback,
with the rise of leadership groupings with differing orientations and points of view that show
signs of deviations from the traditional leadership structure. These groupings provide a
difficult frame of reference for arriving at a definite or sound decision for development
planning. In this lesson, you will learn and appreciate the still existing practice of yKalinga
for their indigenous governance and laws.
I. Introduction
Bodong is a peace accord or peace council used in the northern Philippine province of
Kalinga. It is a socio-cultural and economic institution founded over centuries out of a need
for collective security. It is the basis for viable binding communities that sprang from their
desire to live in peace and social security and the belief that they will progress toward
economic success and social stability if peace is achieved. In this lesson, you will be exposed
with the different stages and processes of Bodong.
Administration of Justice
Sipat is the preliminary step of Bodong which is executed through an allasiw or exchange
of weapons. It can be done in two instances, either it is planned between two hostile
villages with the help of mansasakusak from a neutral tribe with no cessation of
hostilities, or two friends of different tribes want to initiate Bodong between them through
friendship. The person who holds the sipat may not necessarily be the Bodong Holder,
but the community through the elders will discuss and choose the person to hold the
Bodong. A formal Bodong celebration is performed through Surdip/singlip which is
normally attended only by the Bodong holder and his clan and some elders. The
Inom/Lonok is a grand celebration that means entering a village and mass. Depending on
the agreement of the two Bodong holders, they will alternately host the activity. The
celebration of the Bodong starts with the opening of the wine and the announcement of
ta-ug de bayas. The Pagta (BY-LAWS of the Bodong) is discussed and adopted, and elders
from both ili alternately talk. In cases of the restoration of severed Bodong due to patoy,
the multa and other obligations are included in the discussion.
Some of the Bodong processes are the grand celebration through Tadok/Pattong,
Tupayya, singing Salidummay and other tunes, like Ullalim, Uggayam, etc., the
Tumangad - drinking of the wine and narration of deeds, and Linay and Atod - the linay
is the money given to the visiting Kabodong and the Atod are any items, goods, fruits, or
products given by the members of the host ili. During the celebration, the moderator of
the whole activity is an elder from the host ili. When a Bodong is consummated there are
always bodong Holders chosen by the community. They are the people responsible to see
to it that the bodong is respected and followed. A Bodong holder must be highly respected
by the community, possesses the wisdom of a leader, be honest, and with integrity, and
be economically stable or belong to a big family/clan.
General Parts of the Pagta are the following: Bugis/Piglis. The territorial jurisdiction of an
ili/village; Principles and Policies of the bodong; Nangdon Si bodong – Bodong Holder;
Binodngan/Bindongan – citizens under the bodong; Rights of the Binodngan/Bindongan;
and Specific Crimes and Penalties. In order to sustain the Bodong, the following practices
must be maintained: Dornat/Chernat/Jornat - Warming-up so that the bodong will not be
idle. An occasion to remind everyone that the bodong is still intact and to discuss
amendments if any; Bogga/Fogka – When one of the Bodong Holders dies, the Kasupang
shall be called to attend the wake. This practice requires a ritual (Atod, akbong, linay,
pasiwat); Galigad - When any of the Bodong holders dies, the responsibility will be
transferred, traditionally to the heirs or any of the community people selected by the
elders; and Umila - When any of the Kasupang is sick the kabodong will visit the sick one.