30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO \ V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF @BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @ KCOK@O \@B BC\ N@KD _VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

C_@B DO Q\Â FT@FBV

OEBLN\ BF@ ÖK DO PNC_\T

@. \OV_GOK

Oe nlhot`vn do osto `kinrgo iuo oeblnrbr oe prnfosn tofknenc`fn pbrb yncurt kbturbe, fnknfor
y robe`zbr ens fnktrneos do ens pbrbgotrns ok oe prnfosn do nltokf`nk do yncur kbturbe pbrb
oeen bata`zbreb rov`s`nk do l`le`ncrbiçb bdofubdb pbrb bgpe`br ens fnknf`g`oktns, bpe`fbr
tndns ens pbrbgotrns sokbebdns pbrb eb oeblnrbf`nk do yncurt kbturbe y tokor tndns ens
fu`dbd ns pns`le osgbkui bfturb , m`c`o ko,prnfo sn, oqu`p ns,fnktb g`kbf`n  k db fruzb , otf.
Doktrn do eb oeblnrbf`nk doe yncurt kbturbe, eb gotndnencçb ut`e`zbdb iuo eb rofnp`ebf`nk hacer
tos`s, brtçfuens f`oktç`fns, rov`stbs f`oktç`fbs. Fngn rosuetbdn, ok eb ovbeubf`nk soksnr`be, kn
muln d`iorokf`bs s`ck``fbt`vbs, pnr fubktn oe yncurt s` iuo bfoptbdn y kn bioftn b ebs
fbrbftorçst`fbs nrcbkneopt`fbs hace yncurt. Eeocbgns b eb fnkfeus`nk quo oe prnfosn do
oeblnrbf`nk do yncurt, oe sblnr y eb toxturb doe yncurt dopokdok gufmn do eb fbe`dbd do eb
gbtor`b pr`gb quo so ostb ut`e`zbkdn, dologns tokor ok fuoktb quo pbrb eb oeblnrbf`nk do
reino unido yncurt hacer fbe`d bd entoncesdolo ut`e`zb r `ksugns hacerluokb fbe`d bd y tokor s`ogpr o ok
ebs LQG.

@@. @KT\ ND_FF@ ÖK

Oe yncurt osuk prnduftn fnbcuebd n nltok`dn pnr iorgoktbf`n  k eb  ft`fb hacer eb eofmo sustantiv
gozfeb do ostb fnk dor`vbdns ebftons, dios`bkto eb bff`nk do lbftor`bs ebft`fbs
Ebftnlbf`eeus luecbr`fus y Vtroptnfnffus tmorgnpmyeus, pud`okdn ostbr bfngpbkbdbs
do ntrbs lbftor`bs bf`dn ebft`fbs quo pnr su bft`v`dbd eo fnk`orok ebs fbrbftorçst`fbs
be prnduftn torg`k bdn: ostbs lbftor`bs dolok sor v`bleos ybft`vb s dosdosu `k`f`ny
durbkto tndb eb v`db ut`e doe prnduftn. Quodo sor bd`f`nkbdn n kn do ens `kcrod`oktos
y bd`t`vns `kd`fbdns ok ostb knrgb (Knrgb Tofk`fb Bkd`kb, <113).

Qnr quo so mbfo eb oeblnrbf`nk do yncurt, pbrb bebrcbr su v`db ut`e do eb eofmo y dbreo
uk vbenr bcrocbdn pbrb oeen dologns fnknfor oe d`bcrbgb do euhn do eb oeblnrbf`nk
hazlo yncurt.

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 1/17
30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO \ V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF @BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @ KCOK@O \@B BC\ N@KD _VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

Os `gpnrtbkto eb oeblnrbf`nk do yncurt pnrquo t`oko oe prnpns`tn do nirofor kn snen

ukb kuovb prnpuostb ok oe dosbyukn do sus mncbros, s`kn bdogb s kutr`t`vb o
`gpnr tbkto ok sufnksu gn, sistema operativoquo entoncesproto kd`n  mbfor oioft`v n oedosbrr
yncurt kbturbe. Bftubegokto so fnksugo yncurt pnr sus sbeudbleos loko`f`ns y pnr
sus prnp`odbdos nrcbkneopt`fbs bcrbdbleos do ostb inrgb so mb fnkvort`dn ok ukn
do ens be`goktns ebftons gbs bpotof`dns doe gukdn crbf`bs b eb vbr`odbd do sblnros
y prosoktbf`nkos quo ox`stok ok oe gorfbdn.

@@@ . NL HO T@ YN V

NLHOT@YN COKO\BE

Fnknfor oe prnfosn tofknen  c`fn pbrb oeblnrbr yncurt.

NLHOT@YN OVQOF@I @FN

 Fnknfor y robe`zbr ens fnktrneos do ens pbrbgotrns ok oe prnfosn do

nltokf`nk do yncur kbturbe.

 \ob e` zbr eb ro v` s`n  k hacer l` le `nc

b bdrbdeiçub db pb rb bg pe `b r es s
fnk nf` g`o ktn s y bpe `fb r tnd ns ens pbrb tengo rns sok  bebe dns pbrb _ eb
oeblnrbf`nk do yncurt kbturbe.

 Ostbleofor uk prnfosn tofk`fn do oeblnrbf`nk pbrb eb prnduff`nk do

yncurt fnk sblnr y brngb kbturbe.

 Tok o tnd ns ens fu` dbdn s pns `le os gbk uibf tur b, m`c`oko , _ prn fos n,
oqu`pns, fnktbg`kbf`nk fruzbdb, otf. Doktrn do eb oeblnrbf`nk doe
yncurt kbturbe.

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 2/17
30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO \ V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF @BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @ KCOK@O \@B BC\ N@KD _VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

@Y . GB \F N A N\ @F N

EOFMO
―Oe eçqu`dn quo so socrocb ok ebs cebkduebs gbgbr`bs do moglrbs sbkbs, pnfn
dospuos doe fbenstrn, fubkdn kbfo eb frçb: os uk eçqu`dn hacer fngpns`f`nk fngpeohb,
lebkfn y npbfn, do sblnr e`corbgokto duefo y do pM fbs` koutrn‗(Ybed`v`b, <12=).
FNGQNV@F @ÖK DO EB EOFMO
Oe fngpnkokto gbynr`tbr`n do eb eofmo do vbfb os oe bcub (=3.?%) y oe rostn (2<.?%)
ostb fnkst`tu`dn pr`kf`pbegokto pnr8 eçp`dns, prntoçkbs y fbrlnm`drbtns s`ktot`zbdns
ok eb cebkdueb gbgbr`b, bdogbs do poquokbs fbkt`dbdos do fngpuostns g`korbeos,
v`tbg`kbs, okz`gbs, cbsos, oktro ntrns(Brbcnk, <119).
Tbleb 2. Qnrfoktbho do fngpnkoktos kutr`f`nkbeos

F n g p n k o k t o s Q n r f o k t b h o
bcub =3.?%
Crbsb 6,?%-6,3%
m i b f t n s b______ 4,0%
Qrntoçkb 6,?%
G ` k o s ro_
be 1 . 3 %

\oiorokf`b (D`vor & Nswbedn, <11?)

Bu kq uo oe alguien en r hacer e yn cu r sistema operativo ro su et bdn hacer fn
g`fbs
gp eo hb s ro b
dol`dbs b eb bft`v`dbd do ens g`frnnrcbk`sgns, oe sblnr do eb eofmo vbrçb hacer ukbs
ospof`os b ntrbs, en fube so roeohb ok oe prnduftn `kbe.
PNC_\T
Eb L`ntofknencçb do`ko be Pncurt fngn uk prnduftn ebfton iorgoktbdn oeblnrbdn
pnr bd`f`nk do uk fuet`vn `k`f`bdnr g`xtn "Ebftnlbf`eeus luecbr`s‗ y ―Vuoptnfnffus
tmorgnpm`eus" b eb eofmo quo so mb trbtbdn torg`fbgokto pbrb dostru`r su enrb
peronftnkb. Eb iorgoktbf`nk ebft`fb os oioftubdb pnr ebs lbftor`bs quo knrgbegokto
entonces okfuoktrbk ok eb eofmo, n puodo sor `kduf`db ok inrgb do fuet`vns e`n`e`zbdns do
`knfuebf`nkd`roftb prnfosn quo nr`c`kb bf`dn ebft`fn pr`kf`pbegokto y poquokbs
fbkt` dbdoshacerprnduf tnssofukd br`ns fngn fngpu ostns fbrlnkç
e`fns, bf`dns crbsns
vnebt`eos y befnmneos(Lbl`n, <123).
Oe yncur so prndufo b pbrt`r do eb orgoktbf`nk do eb eofmo y os betn ok okorcç b,
m`drbtns do fbrlnkn, bzufbros, prntoçkbs, v`tbg`kb B, v`tbg`kb L< y fbef`n. Vo bsnf`b
fnk kugornsns loko`f`ns pbrb eb sbeud, `kfeu`db eb luokb sbeud do ebs okfç bs,

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 3/17
30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO\V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF@BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @KCOK@O\@B BC\N@KD_VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

pord`db do posn y oe trbtbg`oktn do ebs `kioff`nkos cbstrn`ktost`kbeos(Osp`knzb &

Xbpbtb, <121).
_k b hacer eb s pr np `o db dos es s hacer st bf bl eo s gama yn cu r sistema operativo su fb p
rocokorbr eb enrb `ktost`kbe, eb fube so vo chico bioftbdb pnr ukb gbeb be`goktbf`nky,
snlro tndn, pnr `kioff`nkos y blusn do god`fbgoktns fngn ens bkt`l`nt`fns.
@KIN\GBF@ÖK K_T\@F@NKBE DOE PNC_\
Oe yncur mbfo eb eofmo gbsd`cost`vb y bsç , okfnktrbrogns porsnkbs quo kn pud`okdn
tneorbr eb eofmo do vbfb, puodok fngorso uk yncur trbkqu`ebgokto, s`k quo eos
biografía.
Oe yncur os ukb luokb iuokto do fbef`n, gbckos`ny insinrn quo snk ens g`korbeos
gbs `gpnrtbktos pbrb kuostrns muosns, en fur`nsn os quo ostns g`korbeos ostbk ok
gbynr fbkt`dbd ok oe yncur quo ok eb eofmo. Os fngn s` ens g`frnnrcbk`sgns quo
iorgoktbk eb eofmo pbrb fnkvort`reb ok yncur bdogbs do mbforeb gbsd`cost`vb kns
bugoktbk eb fbkt`dbd do becukns g`korbeos, oe yncur d`sg`kuyo eb prnpnrf`nk do
fneostorne quo fnkt`oko eb eofmo bktos do eb iorgoktbf`nk. Qnr fbdb 211 cr. no incurrir
nltokogns 2=1 gc hacer fbef`n, 23 hacer gbckos`n, <41 hacer pntbs`ny 3241 gc hacer
insinrn(Morrorb, <110).

Tbleb <. Fnkfoktrbf`n  k hacer fngpnkoktos kutr`f`nkbeos hacer uk tbgbk  n hacer pnrf`n  k hacer
211c

T b g b k n d o p n r f ` n  k 211 c_

Okorcçb <94jh‖96jefbe

Qrntoçk b ? . < ? C

F b r l n m ` d r b t n s 3 . 1 4 c _

C r b s b 2 . ? ? C

e_ n F rn e9oogts r a m o s _

V n d ` n 3 1 g c _

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 4/17
30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO\V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF@BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @KCOK@O\@B BC\N@KD_VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

Q n t b s ` n < 6 4 g c

\oiorokf`b (Lbl`n, <123)

Q\NQ@ODBDOV, _VNV P BEC_KNV LOKOI@F@NV DOE PNC_\T

Q\NQ@ODBDOV
 _kb do ebs prnp`odbdos gb s dostbfbleos doe yncurt os su fbpbf`dbd do
byudbrkns b rocokorbr kuostrb enrb `ktost`kbe (ostb enrb so vo chico bioftbdb
pnr _ reino unido b gb eb ser `g ok tb f` n  k y sn lr o tn dn pnr _ `k io ff `n ko s y
god`fbgoktns fngn ens bkt`l`nt`fns)(Osp`knzb & Xbpbtb, <121).
 B su voz eb enrb `ktost`kbe os guy `gpnrtbkto pbrb uk luok trbks`tn `ktost`kbe
fnrr`c`okdn bsç gufmns fbsns do ostrok`g`oktn nd`brrobs(Lbl`n, <123).
 Oe s`stogb `kguknenc`fn tbgl`ok ostb `ktorroebf`nkbdn fnk osto oqu`e`lr`n do
eb enrb `ktost`kbe(Osp`knzb & Xbpbtb, <121).
 Oe yncurt mbfo eb eofmo gbsd`cost`vb y mby porsnkbs quo kn pud`okdn tneorbr
eb eofmo do vbfb ok fbgl`n puodok fngorso uk yncurt trbkqu`ebgokto(Lbl`n,
<123).
_VNV
 Oe yncur puodo fnksug`rso do inrgb kbturbe n ogpeobrso ok becukbs rofotbs
pbrb eb oeblnrbf`nk do pnstros, oksbebdbs, snpbs y ntrns(Fnkdnky ot be.,
20==).
 Oe yncur «iuortoº (bf`dn), do rof`okto oeblnrbf`nk, robezb oe sblnr do ebs
fbrkos y do f`ortbs vordurbs(Fnkdnky ot be., 20==).
 Oe yncur fbsorn puodo sor ukb betorkbt`vb pbrb supe`r su do`f`t ok eb rod
fngorf`be.

BEC_KNV LOKOI@F@NV

 _kn do ens loko`f`ns roputbdns do fngor oe yncur os quo bk`gb eb fmo y be

guj`pey, quo snk oe t`pn fnrroftn do lbftor`bs ok oe `ktost`kn. Ostbs lbftor`bs

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 5/17
30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO\V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF@BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @KCOK@O\@B BC\N@KD_VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

byudbk bd`cor`r eb fng`db y prntocor fnktrb dbkns quo puodo fbusbr be

ostngbcn n porturlb `kioff`nkos(Brbcnk, <119).
 Oe yncur s` so fngo durbkto uk fursn do bkt`l`nt`fns byudb b rngpor ebs
fbdokbs do ebs lbftor`bs quo snk porhud`f`beos ok oe `ktost`kn. Vo p`oksb quo oe
yncur byudb be frof`g`oktn do ebs lbftor`bs quo snk ut`eos pbrb oe `ktost`kn,
`kfeusn so mb sucor`dn quo osto be`goktn puodo byudbr b ebs porsnkbs quo
cierva suirokfnrbzn  Kentucky mbstb puodo prntocor fnktrb f`ortns fbkforos(Os p`knzb
& Xbpbtb, <121).
 D`i orok tos `kv ost `cb f`nk os mbk perro nst rbdn quo ebs lbf tor`bs _ gama ync urt
imprimir _ _ _ _ _ _ o e s ` s t o g b ` k g u k n en  c ` f n, sistema op
pntokf`begokto do nrcbk`sgns quo frobk oe Fbkfor, oktro ntrns(Fnkdnky ot
ser., 20==).

LBFTO\@BV R_O @KTO\Y@OKOK OK OE Q\NFOVN DO OEBLN\BF@NK DO PNC_\T

VT\OQTNFNFF_V TMO\GNQM@E_V

Vtroptnfnffus tmorgnpm`eus (n Vtroptnfnffus sbe`vbr`us sulospof`o Tmorgnpm`eus)

os ukb lbftor`b ostroptnfnf`fb s`k ospnrbs, kn pbtncok`fb o `kgnv`e. Vo okfuoktrb
fngukgokto ok ens prnduftns ebftons iorgoktbdns. Oe Vtroptnfnffus tmorgnpm`eus
so ogpeob knrgbegokto pbrb prnduf`r yncur, quosn, eofmo y ntrns prnduftns ebftons.
Ser `v `b es skt
sç ng
 bs hacer `k tn eo rb kf `b b eb eb ft ns b, novio `d oz y ntrn s _ tr bs tn
cbs trn `kt ost `kb eos . qrn dufo BTQ (tr `ins ibt n hacer bdok ns` kb) dos hacer eb ros p`r bf`n 
bornl`fb (ok prosokf`b do nxçcokn) y os fbpbz do prnduf`r fngpuostns do k`trncokn
b pbrt`r doe m`drne`s`s do ebs prntoçkbs b lbso do eofmo(\bg`roz ot be., <122).

EBFTNLBF@EE_V DOEL\_OFJ@@ V_LVQOF@O L_ECB\@F_V

Eb ft nl bf `e eu s hacer e lr uo fj `` su lo sp de `o lu ec br`f nosotros _ (b vo fo s

Eb ft nl bf `e eu s lu ec br `f nosotros ) sistema operativo reino unido b lb pie o `b hac
o`fbzgokto eb ebftnsb pbrb prnduf`rbf`dn ebft`fn. Iorgoktb eb eofmo pbrb prnduf`r
bfotbedomçdn, quo dbbe yncur su brngb fbrbftorç st`fn. Oe fuet`vn do Ebftnlbf`eeus do
elruofj`` sulospof`o luecbr`fus so ut`e`zb pbrb prnduf`rd`ioroktos t`pns do yncur,

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 6/17
30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO\V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF@BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @KCOK@O\@B BC\N@KD_VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

`kfeuyokdn oe yncur rocuebr, yncur nrcbk`fn, yncur jo`r, oe yncur cr`ocn y oe yncur
lu  ce br n. Os a g` fr nn rc bk `s gn lo ko `f `n sn por ud b b dos fn gp nk o eb eb ft
prnguovo oe dosbrrneen do ntrbs fopbs do lbftor`bs y gbkt`oko eb ros`stokf`b fnktrb
ebs okiorgodbdos. Tbgl`ok cost`nkb o`fbzgokto ens k`voeos sbeudbleos do fneostorne
y gotblne`zb eçp`dn s. Ebf tnl bf` eeu s lue cbr `fu s `gp `hacer quo ens g`f rnn rcb k`s gns
pbtncokns knf`vns so guet`pe`quok ok oe `ktost`kn(Qbrrb Muortbs, <121).

EBFTNLBF@EE_V BF@DNQM@E_V

Ebftn lbf`ee nosotrosbf`dnpm `eus os ukb lbftor`b loko`f`nsb quoox`sto kbturbeg okto ok eb
lnfb y oe trbftn cbstrn`ktost`kbe do ens bk`gbeos y ens soros mugbkns. Vo ut`e`zb
fngorf`begokto pbrb prnduf`r yncur bf`dn`en. Bf`dnpm`eus os uk t`pn ospofç`fn hacer
yn cu r ¿qué ? d` sg `k uy o eb El btu eo kf `b , oe gb e ser `o kt n, ir hn rb oe dbk  norte gama
`ktost`kbe fbusbdn pnr ens bkt`l`n t `fns y gbkt`oko eb sbeud y eb m`c`oko do ens
`ktost`kns. Ebftnlbf`eeus bf`dnpm`eus tbgl`ok so ut`e`zb pbrb prnduf`r eofmo bf`dn`eb
duefo, quo so prosfr`lo b ens pbf`oktos `ktneorbktos b eb ebftnsb. Tbgl`ok so bkbdo b
eb eofmo pbrb roduf`r su k`voe do pM(Bcurtn Vbokz, <11=).

FNKT\NEOV OK OE Q\NFOVN DO OEBLN\BF@ÖK DOE PNC_\T TOK@OKDN OK

F_OKTB EBV L_OKBV Q\ÂFT@FBV DO GBK_IBFT_\B

\OFOQF@ÖK DO EB GBTO\@BQ\@GB (EOFMO)

Eb eofmo frudb so rof`lo y fnktrneb pbrb fnknfor su fbe`dbd, becukns do ens fnktrneos
b robe`zbr puodok sor8
 Fnrrnlnrbr quo eb eofmo kn tokcb gbs do <4 mnrbs pnstor`nr be nrdoko.
 Fnk trn e ube 8 _ nls orv br s`tuberculosis pro sok`gp uro zbs, fne nr bkn rg ser, para
oxtrbk  ns, pbrb s`tns ns`ckns hacer dosfngpns`f`n  k.
 Fnktrne do brngb8 vor``fbr s` ogbkb nenros oxtrbkns.
 Fnktrnebr eb togporbturb do oktrocb (goknr b =¸F).
 e u o c n entonces _ f n k s o r v b ro i r ` c o r b d b _( < - = ± F
prnfosbreb(Vnrufn Bkdrbdo, <12?).

Q\NFOVN/OEBLN\BF@ÖK

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 7/17
30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO\V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF@BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @KCOK@O\@B BC\N@KD_VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

Durbkto oe prnfosn do oeblnrbf`nk do yncurt so rofng`okdb robe`zbr ens s`cu`oktos

fnktrneos8

TOGQO\BT_\B
 Durbkto oe trbtbg`oktn torg`fn (pbstour`zbf`nk) do eb eofmo quo dolo sor b
01±F durbkto 21 g`kutns u =?±F durbkto 61 g`kutns. Osto trbtbg`oktn
bsocurb eb dostruff`nk do eb enrb do eb eofmo quo puodb fngpot`r fnk ens
fuet`vns quo bcrocbrogns pnstor`nrgokto y bsocurb eb nltokf`nk do ukb
toxturb bdofubdb. Tbgl`ok so bsocurb eb oe`g`kbf`nk do nxçc okn y fube
ibvnrofo oe frof`g`oktn do ens g`frnnrcbk`sgns.
 Durbkto oe okir`bg`oktn do eb eofmo mbstb ukb togporbturb bptb pbrb oe
dosbrrneen do ebs lbftor`bs ebft`fbs kofosbr`bs (46 ±F).
 Durbkto oe okir`bg`oktn pbrb fnrtbr eb iorgoktbf`nky roir`corbf`nkb 4 b ?
±F.

T@OGQN
 ¿`kfulbf`nk quo dolo sor do? mnrbs b ukb togporbturb hacer 46 ±F.

C\BDN DO BF@DOX
 God`r pM 4.9 n 4.3 n bf`doz =1 ‖ 01¸ Dnrk`f.

E@GQ@OXB DO @KVTBEBF@NKOV, OR_@QNV P _TOKV@E@NV

 Fnkstbtbr eb e`gp`ozb do ebs znkbs do prnduff`nky su dos`kioff`nk bktos do

fngokzbr oe prnfosn.
 Cbrbkt`zbr eb e`gp`ozb bdofubdb do tndn utoks`e`n quo oktrbrb ok fnktbftn
fnk eb eofmo y oe yncur(G@KBC\@ (G`k`stor`n do Bcr`fueturb y \`ocn), <123).

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 8/17
30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO\V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF@BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @KCOK@O\@B BC\N@KD_VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

y. GB A \@ BE OV P GO TN DN V

Y. _ 2 . Gbtor`beos

 Eofmo oktorb
 Fu e t ` v n e b  f t ` f n ( < ? 1 g e y nc u r
kbturbe)
 Eofmo ok pnevn (?1 c pnr fbdb e`trn do eofmo)
 Bzufbr (?1 c pnr fbdb e`trn do eofmo)
 2 torg  conseguido
 < neebs fnk tbpb
 2 pbeotb de gbdorb
 2 vbsn hacer prof`p`tbdn hacer <11 ge
 2 fnebdnr
 <vbs`hbs
 Lbebkzb
 @kfulbdnrb

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 9/17
30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO\V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF@BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @KCOK@O\@B BC\N@KD_VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

Y. _ < . Gotndnencçb

Qbrb eb oeblnrbf`nk doe yncur so socu`rb oe D`bcrbgb do Ieuhn pbrb eb Oeblnrbf`nk do

Pncur (I`bordillo 2.)

211 gEofmo+ Vnlro (d`suoetn) 211 gE------------- pnevn (<? Et)

211gE (<? E`trns no ocurren)

21gE (fuevn gbdro) 7 21gE (Pncur)

EOFMO I\OVFB

Fnkfoktrbf`ök
OVTBKDB\@XBF@N k
hacer sne`dns

QBVTO_\@XBF@N k =?±F x 2? g`k

4?±F
OKI\@BG@OKTN

Fuevn
`k`f`bdnr
@KNF_EBF@N k

IO\GOKTBF@N k 46±F x ? mnrb

2?±F
OKI\@BG@OKTN

LB@DN ? g`k

<?1 gE
OKYBVBDN

4±F
BEGBFOKBDN

PNC_\T KBT_\BE LBT@DN

I`bordillo 2. D`bcrbgb do Oeblnrbf`ökdo Oeblnrbf`ök do Pncur

 \OFOQF@NK8 Eb eofmo so rofopf`nkb ok okvbsos do pebst`fn ostor`e`zbdns y dos`kioftbdns

fnk bcub pntbleo, y ens dogbs `ksugnsfngn snk oe fuet`vn, eb bzu  fbr y eb irutb
Euocn do osto pbsn prnfodogns b `kspoff`nkbr quo eb eofmo osto ok luokbs fnkd`f`nkos
pbrb su pnstor`nr prnfosn.
Dospuos prnfodogns b robe`zbr uk prnfosn do ostor`e`zbf`nkb eb neeb eb fube vb b ostbr ok
fnktbftn d`roftn fnk eb eofmo pbrb su pnstor`nr pbstour`zbf`n  k.
 OV TB KD B\ @X BF @N  K8 Mib eo fm o entonces fu oe b norte ` y rb ut`e`z bk dn _ _Reino Unid
dos`kioftbdn, fnk oe `k do oe`g`kbr pbrtçfuebs oxtrbk bs prnfodoktos gamanrdok norte.

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 10/17
30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO\V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF@BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @KCOK@O\@B BC\N@KD_VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

 QBV TO_ \@X BF@N  K8 _t` e`z bkd n reino unido b nee b hacer bfo rn `kn x`d ble o norte beu g`k`n , eb e
fbe`oktb mbstb ukb togporbturb hacer =? ±F durbkto 2? g`kutns. Os rofngokdbleo quo eb
eof mo entonces gbk tok cb b ost b tog por btu rb OK inr gb fnk stbkto , _pnr quo tog por btu rbs
sistema operativo gbynrdosk bturbkbs
e`zbkebsprntoç
y lbhbk eb fbe`dbd doe prnduftn torg`kbdn y
togporbturbs goknros kn oe`g`kbk eb fbrcb lbftor`bkb y oe prnduftn so dotor`nrb pnr
fnktbg`kbf`n k. Bquç tbgl`ok asíeo bcrocb oe bzu  fbr.
 bba
OKI \@B G@O KTN 8 Mib eof mo entonces rç o bt ur b bg estoy bien _ hacer 4? ±F ¿qué ? sistema
okigp
togporbturb ok quo entonces dosbrrneebk n  pt`gbgokto ebs okz`gbs doe fuet`vn do yncurt.
 @KNF _EBF@N  K8 Fnks está bien`kfnr pnrbr beb eofmo oefuet`v sustantivo , masculino—bft`v bdn
prnpnrf`n  k hacer <? gepbrb? e`trns do eofmo fubkdn osto bukb togporbturb a 46¸ F.
 IO\ GOK TBF @N  K8 Este b npo rbf `n  k fnk s`s a OK gbk tok o eb goz febrero bkt o` nr b Reino U
togporbturb 46¸F Durbkto 9 mnrbs. Trbksfurr`dn osto t`ogpn so nlsorvb eb fnbcuebf`nk
doe prnduftn bdqu`r`okdn eb fnks`stokf`b do ebk n fubhbdb.
 OKI\@BG@OKTN8 Oe prnduftn dolo okir`brso mbstb ukb togporbturb do b 2? ±F, pbrb
mbfor dnrg`rb ens fuet`vns ok eb eofmo y quo ebfubhbdb kn so bcr`o rbp`dbgokto.
 LBT@DN8 Qr`gorbgokto, entonces mb lbt`dn b gbkn pnr < g`kutns b gbkn pnstor`nrgokto b 6
g`kutns fnk lbt`dnrb.
 OKYBVBDN8 Vo okvbsn oe prnduftn ok lntoeebs do pebst`fn 2 E (pbrb fnksugn porsnkbe do
fbdb ukn do ens `ktocrbktos) y ?11 ​ge(pbrb prosoktbf`n  k).
 BEGBFOKBDN8 Oe begbfokbg`oktn do d`fmn prnduftn dolo do sor b 4¸F yb quo kn
fnkt`oko porsovbktos.

Y@. \OV_ETBDNV PD@VF_V@NKOV

\OV_ETBDNV

BKÂE@V@V VOKVN\@BE
 Toxt urb 8 Hacer bfu orden sustantivo, femenino— ser prn duf tn no está bien` dn,entoncesbkb e`z
kbturbe orb chico osposb y fnktokçb poquok ns crugns.

 Nenr8 Oe prnduftn `kbe tokçb reino unido brngb bcrbdbleo.

 Vblnr8 Oe sblnr orb bcrbdbleo y sbt`sibftnr`n.

 Fnenr8 Tok`b uk fnenr lebkfn tokuo.

Vo nltuvn uk tntbe hacer? e`trns do yncur kbturbe quo fugpeç

b fnk ens ostbkdbros do fbe`dbd
kofosbr`ns y fnk ebs fbrbftorçst`fbs prnp`bs do uk yncurt, s`kk`kcuk fnksorvbkto quç g`fn. vo
okvbsn ok lntoeebs do yncurt rof`febdbs, porno prov`bgokto dos`kioftbdbs. Ostn so robe`zbdn
pbrb ibf`e`tbr oe prnfosn do okvbsbdn, puos eb lntoeeb pebst`fb do yncurt t`oko ukb lnfb bkfmb

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 11/17
30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO\V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF@BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @KCOK@O\@B BC\N@KD_VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

quo porg`to oe ibf`e okvbsbdn. Vo nltuvn fngn prnduftn pbrf`be ukb gbsb bebkbdb, dospuos
hacer ebiorgo ktbf`n k hacereb eofmo fnk oefuet` vn, yentonces pbsn  b gnvor hacerukb gbkorb eokt b pbrb
pnstor`nrgokto nltokor fngn prnduftn `kbe uk yncur irutbdn.

D@VF_V@NKOV
Vocu  k \u`kn ( <12?) kns `kd`fb q uo eb toxturb dolo sor `rgo (mngnco  kob y uk`inrgo) hacer
v`s fns `db d bpr np`b db, s`kpro sok f`b hacer cen lue ns crb sns . Mib fub e oe Está bien _ `ki nrg o
prosoktbdn do eb oeblnrbf`nk do yncurt kbturbe tuln u toxturb do `cube s`g`e`tudos socuk
`kd`fbdn \u`kn.

Y@@. \OFNGOKDBF@NKOV

 Mby quo tokor ok fuoktb quo osto `kinrgo os eb oeblnrbf`nk do yncurt kbturbe do
gbkorb brtosbkbe, porno sorçb rofngokdbleo quo b eb eofmo eo g`dbgns eb doks`dbd
fn k Reino Unido `k st ru gok tn ee ir
bgtrn
bd_norte
eb  f ton , pbksrbç a ko r es s pb rb  g otr ns
hacer
ostbleof`dns pbrb fnks`dorbreb fnk eofmo do fbe`dbd.
 Fblo rofbefbr quo oe pbrbgotrn roquor`dn ok osto `kinrgo os bdofubdn socuk be
eucbr do eb oeblnrbf`n  k doe yncurt kbturbe, osto puodo vbr`br uk pnfn
Y@@@. FNKFE_V@NKOV

• Ok oye pr nf os n hacer eb oe bl nr bf `n k hacer e yn cu rt os ko fo sb r` n a ko r gu fm sustantivo, fe

doks `dbd hacer ebeofmo , dol`dn bquo, s` ostb  iuorbi do ens
g`tos
eç ostbleof`dns, os chico pns`leo
quo oe prnduftn `kbe sbecb bduetorbdn.
• Oe sbln r y eb toxt urb doe y ncurt do pokdok g ufmn do e b fbe`d bd do eb gb tor`b pr `gb (eo fmo
y fuet`vn) quo so ostb ut`e`zbkdn, eb m`c`oko ok oe prnfosn do oeblnrbf`nky ens `kstrugoktns
hacer fb  efuen y god`f`n  k.
• V`oe fuet `v n ¿qué ? ut `e `zb gn s ok oe bl nr bf `n  k hacer kuos tr n yn cu rt os Reino Unido fuet `
perronrbrb  es  st`ogpn ok iorgoktbr, porno s` osto osreino unido fuet`vn hnvok oktnkfos oe t`ogpn do eb
iorgoktbf`n  k sorber  es  s rb  p`db.
• Dolog ns do tok or ok fuok tb quo pbr b eb oeb lnrbf `n  k do uk ync urt do fbe `dbd entonces lo lo do
ut`e`zbr `ksugns do luokb fbe`dbd y tokor s`ogpro ok fuoktb ebs LQG.

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 12/17
30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO\V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF@BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @KCOK@O\@B BC\N@KD_VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

@]. L@LE@NC\BI@B

• Knrgb a  fk`fb Bkd`kb. (<113). Eofmos Iorgoktbdbs. \oqu`s`tns. QKB 29 1138<113.

 Bcu rtn Vbo kz, T. (<1 1 =) . lbf tor`bs _ Novio` dn eb  pies` fbs 8 L`n pro sor vbk a hacer ens be` gok tn
L`nt`ogpn, =, ?4‖94.
 B r b c n k , G. _ (F <n 1g1 p9 ns) `. f ` ök hacer o e o f m o y tu. _2v, 4b ‖e 3nr . k u t r
mttps8//sf`oen.`sf```.os/pdi/km/v64s4/1?^lbl`n.pdi
 Lbl`n, K. (<123). Gbs beeb doe vbenr kutr`f`nkbe doe yncur8 ¾uk `kd`fbdnr do eb fbe`dbd do
eb d`otb> Kutr`f`ök Mnsp`tbebr`b , 64(Vupe. 4), <9‖61. mttps8//dn`.nrc/21.<1091/km.2?93
 Fnkdnky, \., Gbr`ko, B., & \biofbs, G. (20==). Pncurt8 oeblnrbf`nky vbenr kutr`t`vn. @k
@ k s t ` t u f ` n k hacer _ K u t ( r Y` 1 G , Lp árg n .
fn ` e n . k2 P A
mttps8//www.iok.nrc.os/stnrbco/bpp/god`b/`gcQule`fbf`nkos/66-Pncur-
oeblnrbf`nk.pdi
 D`vor, B. y Nswbedn, LG (<11?). Fngpns`f`nk kutr`f`nkbe do eb eofmo do cbkbdn
v b j o d e rn. \_ _o v ` s t b E b s b e ,e ` <(s 2t b) h, a c6e r =o ‖@
mttps8//www.rodbeyf.nrc/brt`fuen.nb>`d790?<1213
 Osp`knzb, B. y Xbpbtb, E. (<121). Ostud`n do yncur. Yor`i`fbf`ök do Qrnduftn, Ovbeubf`ök
hacer o F b e ` d b d oh @ k  n , r <3
g . b mtf tp
` ös 8/
k K/wu ww
t r .n ` do
f `fu n .fk
fnktokt/upenbds/<123/2</<121-ostud`n-yncur.pdi
 Morrorb, T. (<110). @kinrgbf`n  k kutr`f`nkbe do prnduftns oeblnrbdns b pbrt`r do ens dbtns
su g ` k s` nsdptbr _n r _ _ e b o t ` \oKut
q ,u o 4( t GbR A. M O ) , 4 =
mttps8 //ww w.``do kut.nr c/pdi^r ov`st b^tof^ e`lr o/\ok ut 22/\O K_T <121 TOF^22^ ??6-
?31.pdi
 Hokky, \. (<12?). Oeblnrbf`nk y fbrbftor`zbf`nk do yncurt b pbrt`r do eofmo oduefnrbdn fnk
2‖221.
os a v` b , og r u tb dn fn k gb kc sustantivo, masculino— y ok r` qu de `d n fn k enton
mttps8//ropns`tnr`n.ukp.odu.po/l`tstrobg/mbkdeo/_KQ/9=9/@KD-\@V-\_I-2?.pdi>
soquokfo72
 G@KBC\@ (G`k`stor`n do Bcr`fueturb y \`ocn). (<123). Dofrotn Vuprogn K± 113-<123-
G@KBC\@. \ocebgoktn do eb eofmo y prnduftns ebftons. D`br`n Oe Qorubkn, 9‖23.
 Qbrrb Muortbs, \. (<121). Lbftor`bs bf`dn ebft`fbs8 pbpoe iukf`nkbe ok ens be`goktns.
L`ntofknencçb Ok Oe Voftnr Bcrnpofubr`ny Bcrn`kdustr`be8 LVBB , =(2), 06‖21?.
 \b g`r oz, H.,\ns bs _eenb ,P., Yoebz quo z Cnk zbe oz, G. P., _een b, hns obr gbk dn, & hermano fo
\ngorn, I. (<122). Lbftor`bs ebft`fbs8 @gpnrtbkf`b ok be`goktns y sus oioftns ok eb sbeud.
\ o p n s ` t n , r ` 0, n 4 @ 4 k ‖ t ?
mttp8//dspbfo.ubk.gx8=1=1/hspu`/mbkdeo/2<64?93=0/469

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 13/17
30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO\V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF@BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @KCOK@O\@B BC\N@KD_VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

 Vn r uf n Bk dr bd o, GRAMO.Gb
(< ku
12 ser
?) hacer
. Qr nf od ` g`o kt ns y Lu ok bs Qr âf t` fb s h
. 2‖uf<6tn. s eâ pies
Gb ku b ft ur b ( LQG ) OK eb oe bl nr bf `ö k br a sb kb e hacer pr nd
mtt ps8 //w ww. enu vb` kfn npo rbt `nk .nr c/s `to s/d oib uet /`
Qrn fod `g` okt n ykbs luoqrb  ft`fbs _ hacer Gbk uib ftu rb %<= LGG %<0 OK eb oeb lnr bf`n k
brtosbkbe do prnduftns ebftons.pdi
 Ybe d`v `b, H. (<1 2 =) . Eof mo y qrn duft nsEbf toneladas s. hacer qrnfos ns Ru`g`fns _hacer
Eblnrb tnr`n
FB\T@I.

]. BKO]NV

@ktrnduf`okdn eb eofmo irosfb ok eb neeb

Lbt`okdn mbstb befbkzbr ens=?±F (Qbstour`zbf`ök)

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 14/17
30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO\V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF@BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @KCOK@O\@B BC\N@KD_VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

Fnenfbkdn ens ?11 cr do bzøfbr lebkfb

G`d`okdn eb togporbturb do ebeofmo (Yor`i`fbkdn ens =?±F)

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 15/17
30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO\V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF@BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @KCOK@O\@B BC\N@KD_VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

Okir`bkdn mbstb quo eeocuo b ens 46±F

G`d`okdn eb togporbturb do ebeofmo (Yor`i`fbkdn ens 46±F)

@ksortbkdn oe fuet`vn

Fnenfbkdn eb neeb ok eb `kfulbdnrb

I`kbe`zbdb eb `kfulbf`ök, prnfodorogns b roir`corbr oe yncurt

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 16/17
30/8/23, 20:09 Descargador de documentos

_K@YO\V@DBD KBF@NKBE DOE BET@QEBKN

IBF_ETBD DO F@OKF@BV BC\B\@BV
OQ @KCOK@O\@B BC\N@KD_VT\@BE
F_\VN8 @KD_VT\@BV EBFTOBV

Lbt`okdn mbstb quo tngo uk fnenr rnh`zn

Pncurt Kbturbe

https://documents-downloader.pages.dev/document 17/17