1. What are the conversion steps of data encapsulation?

Conversion steps of data encapsulation includes

 Layer one, two and Three (Application/presentation/session) : Alphanumeric input

from the user is converted into Data
 Layer Four (Transport): Data is converted into small segments
 Layer Five (Network): Data converted into packets or datagrams and Network header
is added
 Layer Six (Data Link): Datagrams or packets are built into frames
 Layer Seven (Physical): Frames are converted into bits

2. What is Routing?

Routing is the process of finding a path on which data can pass from source to destination.
And routing helps to connect two or more different computer networks. Routing is done by a
device called routers, which are network layer devices

3. In how many ways you can access the router?

You can access it in three ways

 Telnet (IP)
 AUX (Telephone)
 Console (Cable)

4. What Are the Different Modes In Router?

1. User Mode
2. Privilege Mode
3. Global Configuration Mode

4. What Is Arp?

ARP, the ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL. ARP is the protocol which converts the
IP address to an address appropriate to the hardware type (ie, Ethernet addresses on an ether
network).

5. What Is Traceroute?

If you can't solve your routing problems by looking at the routing tables and interfaces, a
useful program for helping solve the problem is traceroute.

6. What Is Hop Count?

Hop count is the number of routers from the source through which data must pass to reach the
destination network.
 7. What is administrative distance?
Administrative distance (AD) is an integer from 0 to 255 that rates the trustworthiness of
routing information received on a router from a neighbouring router. The AD is used as the
tiebreaker when a router has multiple paths from different routing protocols to the same
destination. The path with the lower AD is the one given priority (To find best path among
multiple paths)

8. What Are the Range of Ad Values?

0 to 255, where 0 is the Best and 255 is the worst.

Routing Protocol Administrative Distance Value

Directly Connected 0
Static route 1
EIGRP 90
OSPF 110
RIP 120

9. What Is Dynamic Routing?

In Dynamic routing, routes are learned by using a routing protocol. Routing protocols will
learn about routes from other neighboring routers running the same routing protocol.
Example - OSPF, EIGRP, RIP.

10. What Is Default Route?

A default route specifies a path that the router should take if the destination is unknown. All
the lP datagrams with unknown destination address are sent to the default route.

11. Define Static Routing?

In Static routing routes are manually configured on the router by a network administrator.

12. What Is Routing Protocol?

Routing Protocols learn the routes and provide the best routes from one network to another
network. Example - RIP (Routing Information Protocol), EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol) and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). Each Mode has access to different
set of IOS commands.

13. What Is Rom Monitor?

If the Bootstrap program is not able to find a valid lOS image, it will act as ROM Monitor.

14. ROM Monitor is capable of performing certain configuration task such as:

1. Recovering a lost password

 2. Changing the configuration register value etc.
3. Downloading iOS image using TFTP

15. What are the different memories used in a CISCO router?

Different memories used in a CISCO router are:

– NVRAM stores the startup configuration file.

– DRAM stores the configuration file that is being executed.

– Flash Memory – stores the Cisco IOS.

16. Mention what does the clock rate do?

Clock rate enables the routers or DCE equipment to communicate appropriately. It

determines the communication speed between WAN links

17. What is EIGRP?

EIGRP stands for Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol it is a routing protocol
designed by Cisco Systems. It is availed on a router to share routes with other routers within
the same autonomous system.

18. What is an Autonomous System?

An Autonomous System (AS) is a group of networks under a single administrative control.

19. Which tables are maintained by EIGRP routers?

EIGRP router stores routing and topology information in Three tables:

 Neighbour Table- Store information about EIGRP neighbours.

 Topology Table- Store routing information which is learned from neighbours'
routers.
 Routing Table- Store the best path to all networks.

20. Why "no auto-summary command" is used in EIGRP?

Answer - EIGRP does not disclose the subnet mask with the routing information by default,
behaving instead like a classful routing protocol. No auto-summary command will guarantee
that EIGRP sent the routing information and the subnet mask information.

21. What are the EIGRP Hello & Hold Timer?

Answer - Hello Timer: Every five seconds (hello time), the router will broadcast a hello to its
neighbours.

Hold Timer: If the router does not hear from a neighbour after 15 seconds, it will assume that
the link is down and terminate the neighbour relationship.
 22. What are the different types of EIGRP packets?

1. Hello
2. Update
3. Query
4. Reply
5. ACK (Acknowledgement)

23. Mention what is the matric of EIGRP protocol?

EIGRP protocol consists of

 Bandwidth
 Load
 Delay
 Reliability
 MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)

24. What do you mean by OSPF?

OSPF refers to Open Shortest Path First. It is an open average link-state routing protocol
which works by utilizing Dijkstra's SPF algorithm to find the straight paths.

25. Define the significance of area 0?

Area 0 is the Backbone Area. All other areas must send their inter-area transfer through the
backbone.

26. What is the OSPF Router ID?

OSPF Router ID is an identifier which is utilized to recognize the Router. It is a 32-bit

number.

27. What are the different types of OSPF packets?

 Hello packet. This packet is sent by the OMPROUTED server to discover OSPF
neighbor routers and to establish bidirectional communications with them. ...
 Database description packet. ...
 Link-state update packet. ...
 Link-state request packet. ...
 Link-state acknowledgment packet.