Cambridge IGCSE® STUDENT’S BOOK Also for Cambridge IGCSE® (9-1) Chris PearceCONTENTS How to use this book 5 Chapter 1: Number 1.1. Square numbers and cube numbers 1.2 Multiples of whole numbers 1.3. Factors of whole numbers 1.4 Prime numbers 1.5. Prime factorisation 1.6 More about HCF and LCM 1.7 Real numbers Chapter 2: Fractions and percentages 2.1 Equivalent fractions 2.2. Fractions and decimals E 23 Recurring decimals 2.4 Percentages, fractions and decimals 2.5 Calculating a percentage 2.6 Increasing or decreasing quantities bya percentage 2.7 One quantity as a percentage of another 6 8 12 13 15 16 18 20 22 24 26 27 30 34 36 40 2.8 Simple interest and compound interest 43 2.9 A formula for compound interest E 2.10 Reverse percentage Chapter 3: The four rules 3.1. Order of operations 3.2 Choosing the correct operation 3.3 Finding a fraction of a quantity 3.4 Adding and subtracting fractions 3.5. Multiplying and dividing fractions Chapter 4: Directed numbers 4.1 Introduction to directed numbers 4.2 Everyday use of directed numbers 43> The number line 4.4 Adding and subtracting directed numbers 4.5 Multiplying and dividing directed numbers Chapter 5: Powers and roots 5.1. Squares and square roots 5.2 Cubes and cube roots 5.3 More powers and roots E 5.4 Exponential growth and decay 45 47 50 52 54 55 57 60 64 66 67 68 70 73 76 7 79 81 82 Key | E = Extended Chapter 6: Ordering and set notation 86 6.1 Inequalities 6.2 Sets and Venn diagrams E 6.3 More about Venn diagrams 88 Chapter 7: Ratio, proportion and rate 100 7.1 Ratio E 7.2 Increases and decreases using rat 7.3. Speed 7.4 Rates 7.5. Direct proportion 7.6 Inverse proportion Chapter 8: Estimation and limits of accuracy 8.1 Rounding whole numbers 8&2 Rounding decimals 8.3 Rounding to significant figures 8.4 Upper and lower bounds E 85 Upper and lower bounds for calculations Chapter 9: Standard form 9.1 Standard form 9.2 Calculating with standard form Chapter 10: Applying number and using calculators 10.1 Units of measurement 10.2 Converting between metric units 10.3 Time 10.4 Currency conversions 10.5 Using a calculator efficiently Examination questions: Number 102 ios 108 110 13 116 117 120 122 123 125 126 128 132 134 136 140 142 143 145 147 149 151 Oe} Chapter 11: Algebraic representation and formulae 11.1 The language of algebra 11.2 Substitution into formulae 11.3. Rearranging formulae E 11.4 More complicated formulae Chapter 12: Algebraic manipulation 12.1 Simplifying expressions 12.2 Expanding brackets 160 162 165 167 169 172 174 17812.3 Factorisation 12.4 Multiplying two brackets: 1 12.5 Multiplying two brackets: 2 E 12.6 Expanding three brackets — 12.7 Quadratic factorisation E 12.8 Algebraic fractions Chapter 13: Solutions of equations and inequalities Solving linear equations Setting up equations Solving quadratic equations by factorisation E 134 Solving quadratic equations by the quadratic formula E 13.5 Solving quadratic equations by completing the square Simultaneous equations Linear and non-linear simultaneous equations E 13.8 Solving inequalities 131 13.2 E133 13.6 E137 Chapter 14: Graphs in practical situations 14.1. Conversion graphs 14.2 Travel graphs E 143 Speed-time graphs £ 14.4 Curved graphs Chapter 15: Straight-line graphs 15.1. Drawing straight-line graphs 15.2 The equation y = mx +e E 15.3 More about straight-line graphs 15.4 Solving equations graphically 15.5 Parallel lines £ 15.6 Points and lines £ 15.7 Perpendicular lines Chapter 16: Graphs of functions 16.1 Quadratic graphs E 16.2 Turning points on a quadratic graph 16.3 Reciprocal graphs E 16.4 More graphs E 16.5 Exponential graphs E 16.6 Estimating gradients Chapter 17: Number sequences 17.1 Patterns in number sequences 17.2 The nth term of a sequence 17.3. General rules from patterns £ 17.4 Further sequences 182 184 187 190 192 197 202 204 210 212 217 219 222 229 232 236 238 242 246 251 256 258 261 265 267 270 272 274 278 280 285 286 288 292 296 300 302 304 309 314 Chapter 18: Indices 318 18.1 Using indices 320 18.2. Negative indices 322 18.3 Multiplying and dividing with indices 324 E 18.4 Fractional indices 327 Chapter 19: Proportion 332 E 19.1 Direct proportion 334 £ 19.2 Inverse proportion 339 Chapter 20: Linear programming 342 E 20.1 Graphical inequalities 344 E 20.2 More than one inequality 347 E 20.3 Linear programming 349 Chapter 21: Functions 352 E 21.1 Function notation 354 E 21.2 Inverse functions 355 E 21.3 Composite functions 357 E 21.4 More about composite functions 359 Chapter 22: Differentiation 362 E 22.1 The gradient of a curve 364 £ 22.2 More complex curves 366 E 22.3 Turning points 369 Examination questions: Algebra 372 Geometry and tri Chapter 23: Angle prope 382 23.1 Angle facts 384 23.2 Parallel lines 386 23.3 Angles ina triangle 390 23.4 Angles in a quadrilateral 392 23.5 Regular polygons 395 £ 236 Irregular polygons 398 23.7 Tangents and diameters 400 £ 238 Angles ina circle 402 E 23.9 Cyclic quadrilaterals 405 £ 23.10Alternate segment theorem 408 Chapter 24: Geometrical terms and relationships 412 24.1, Measuring and drawing angles 414 24.2 Bearings 417 243 Nets 420 24.4 Congruent shapes 423 — 24.5 Congruent triangles 424 24.6 Similar shapes 427 £ 24.7 Areas of similar triangles 430 £ 24.8 Areas and volumes of similar shapes 433Chapter 25: Geometrical constructions 438 25.1. Constructing shapes 4a0 25.2 Scale drawings 442 Chapter 26: Trigonometry 446 26.1 Pythagoras’ theorem 448 26.2 Trigonometric ratios 4s2 263 Calculating angles 454 26.4 Using sine, cosine and tangent functions 455 26.5. Which ratio to use 459 26.6 Applications of trigonometric ratios 462 26.7 Problems in three dimensions 466 26.8 Sine and cosine of obtuse angles 468 269 Thesine rule andthe cosine rule 470 26.10 Using sine to find the area of a triangle 477 E 26.11 Sine, cosine and tangent of any angle 479 Chapter 27: Mensuration 486 27.1 Perimeter and area of arectangle 488 27.2. Area of atriangle 491 27.3 Area of a parallelogram 494 27.4 Area of a trapezium 495 27.5 Circumference and area of acircle 498 27.6 Surface area and volume of a cuboid 501 27.7 Volume and surface area of a prism 503 27.8 Volume and surface area of a cylinder 506 27.9 Sectors and arcs: 1 508 27.10 Sectors and arcs: 2 510 27.1) Volume of a pyramid 512 27.12 Volume and surface area ofacone 514 27.13 Volume and surface area of a sphere 516 Chapter 28: Symmetry 518 28.1 Lines of symmetry 520 28.2 Rotational symmetry 522 28.3 Symmetry of special two-dimensional shapes 523 E 28.4 Symmetry of three-dimensional shapes 525 £ 285 Symmetry in circles 526 Chapter 29: Vectors 530 29.1 Introduction to vectors 532 E 292. Using vectors 535 £ 29.3 The magnitude of a vector 540 Chapter 30: Transformations 542 30.1 Translations 544 30.2 Reflections: 1 546 E 303 Reflections: 2 304 Rotations: 1 E 305 Rotations: 2 306 Enlargements: 1 E 307 Enlargements: 2 E 308 Combined transformations Examination questions: Geometry 548 550 553 554 559 561 564 Statistics and probability Chapter 31: Statistical representation 31.1 Frequency tables 31.2 Pictograms 31.3. Bar charts 31.4 Pie charts 31.5 Scatter diagrams 31.6 Histograms E 31.7 Histograms with bars of unequal width Chapter 32: Statistical measures 32.1 The mode 32.2 The median 32.3 The mean 32.4 The range 32.5 Which average to use 32.6 Stem-and-leaf diagrams 32.7 Using frequency tables E 32.8 Grouped data E 32.9 Cumulative frequency diagrams E 32.10Box-and-whisker plots Chapter 33: Probability 33.1 The probability scale 33.2 Calculating probabilities 33.3 Probability that an event will not happen 33.4 Probability in practice 33.5. Using Venn diagrams 33.6 Possibility diagrams 33.7 Tree diagrams E 33.8 Conditional probability Examination questions: Statistics and probability . Examination questions: Mixed type Glossary Answers Index 576 578 581 583 587 591 596 599 606 608 610 612 615 618 620 624 628 631 638 642 646 649 651 654 657 661 665 672 686 692 704 766How to use this book Welcome to the Collins Cambridge IGCSE® Maths Student's Book that provides in-depth coverage of the Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics syllabus 0580 for examination from 2020. This book also provides coverage for the Cambridge IGCSE (9-1) syllabus 0980. You will find a number of features in this book that will help you with your course of study. Why this chapter matters This page is at the start of each chapter. It tells you why the mathematics in the chapter is important and how it is useful. Chapter overviews The overview at the start of each chapter shows what you will be studying and the key words you need to know. Syllabus references are included and if you are doing the Extended curriculum you must also cover the corresponding Core content, for example, C1.1, and E1.1. Worked examples Worked examples take you through questions step by step and help you understand the topic before you start the practice questions. Practice questions and answers Every chapter has extensive questions to help you practise the skills you need. You will need to be able to reason, interpret and communicate mathematically when solving problems, which are important skills to acquire. Colour-coded levels The colour coded panels at the side of the question ' pages show whether the questions are at core (blue) or extended level (yol/ow). The @~ some topic headings shows that the content in that topic is at extended level only. Exam preparation Each of the four main sections in the book ends with exam questions from Cambridge International past papers. These will be useful for revision. Mark schemes, written by the author, are available in the Teacher's Pack.Topics Level Key words = 1 Square numbers and cube square, square number, square root, cube, cube oot numbers number | 2 Multiples of "2 whole numbers reser 3 Factors of factor, factor pair, lowest common multiple, a whole numbers highest common factor 4 Prime numbers prime number product of prime factors, index (indices), prime & factorisati se 5 Prime factorisation green natural number, integer, real number, & More about HCF and LCM rational number, irrational number natural number, integer, real number, 7 : i 5 jo ee rational number, irrational number, reciprocal In this chapter you will learn how to: © Identify and use: = natural numbers ~ integers (positive, negative and zero) prime numbers ~ square numbers | = cube numbers common factors and common multiples = rational and irrational numbers (e.g. r, J2) = real numbers = reciprocals - Express any number as a product of its prime factors | — Find the lowest common multiple (LCM) and highest common factor (HCF) of two | numbers. (C1.1 and E1.1) a Bis |. Reason, interpret and communicate mathematically when solving problems. - rtWhy this chapter matters A pattern is an arrangement of repeated parts. You see patterns every day in clothes, art and home furnishings. Patterns can also occur in numbers. There are many mathematical problems that can be solved using patterns in numbers. Some numbers have fascinating features. Here is a pattern. 3+5 =8 (5 miles ~8 km) 5+8 = 13 (8 miles ~ 13 km) 8 + 13 = 21 (13 miles ~ 21 km) Approximately how many kilometres are there in 21 miles? Note: = means ‘approximately equal to’. In the boxes are some more patterns. Can you work out the next line of each pattern? Now look at these numbers and see why they are special. 4096 = (4 + 0°)6 81= (8417 Some patterns have special names Can you pair up these patterns and the names? 4,8, 12,16... |_| Prime numbers Multiples (of 4) | “Cube numbers | Square numbers You will look at these in more detail in this chapter. Below are four sets of numbers. Think about which number links together all the other numbers in each set. (The mathematics that you cover in 1.3 ‘Factors of whole numbers’ will help you to work this out!) 10,5, 2,1 18, 9,6, 3,2, 25, 5,1 32, 16, 8, 4, 2,1 Chapter 1: Number 71.1 Square numbers and cube numbers What is the next number in this sequence? 1,4, 9, 16, 25, ... Write each number as: 1x 1,2%2,3%3,4x4,5%5,... These factors can be represented by square patterns of dots: 1x1 2x2 3x3 4x4 5x5 e eee eoce e@eeee cece eocee eocee eee eoee eocee ecee eovee eeeee From these patterns, you can see that the next pair of factors must be 6 x 6 = 36, therefore 36 is the next number in the sequence. Because they form square patterns, the numbers 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, ... are called square numbers. When you multiply any number by itself, the answer is called the square of the number or the number squared. This is because the answer is a square number. For example: the square of 5 (or 5 squared) is 5 x 5 = 25 the square of 6 (or 6 squared) is 6 x 6 = 36 There is a short way to write the square of any number. For example: 5 squared (5 x 5) can be written as 5? 13 squared (13 x 13) can be written as 13? So, the sequence of square numbers, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, ..., can be written as: 12, 22, 3, 42, 52, 62, ... The square root of n is the number of which the square is n. This can be written as Vn. For example, the square root of 16 (4) can be written as V6. Square numbers have exact square roots, for example: ‘the square root of 9 is 3: /9 = 3 2 V25 = 5 the square root of 100 is 10: 100 = 10 the square root of 25 is 8 1.1 Square numbers and cube numbersEXERCISE 1A @ tre square number pattern starts: 149 16 25 Copy and continue the pattern above until you have written down the first 20 square numbers. You may use your calculator for this. @ Work out the answer to each of these number sentences. 14+3= 143455 1434547= Look carefully at the pattern of the three number sentences. Then write down the next three number sentences in the pattern and work them out. @ Find the next three numbers in each of these number patterns. (They are all based on square numbers.) You may use your calculator. 1 4 9 16 250 (3649 a2 5 1017, 26) 87 BD £5 b2 8 1% 632 50 72 «8S OS ‘ 5) ¢ with the square numbers c3 6 W 18 27 38 on the top line. do 3 8 15 24 35 Ag 6B BD @ 2 Work out the values of both expressions in each pair. You may use your calculator. 3442 and 8 S412? and 13? 742m and 25% 94402 and 412 b Describe what you notice about your answers to part a. This will help you communicate mathematically with others. 13? = 169. What is /769? Find V25 Find V81 Find 121 Find J400 @ 4 andst are square numbers with a sum of 85. Find two different square numbers with a sum of 85. eance Chapter 1: Number 9The following exercise will give you some practice on multiples, factors, square numbers and prime numbers. EXERCISE 1B PY @ wiite out the first three numbers that are multiples of both of the numbers shown. a 3and4 b 4and5 © 3and5 d 6Gand9 e @ Here are four numbers. 10 16 350 «49 Sand7 Copy and complete the table by putting each of the numbers in the correct box. pete es eee) Even number Multiple of 7 @ Arrange these four number cards to make a square number. IJ CG how many seconds will it be before they both ring together again? From this box, choose one number that fits each of these descriptions. a amultiple of 3. and a multiple of 4 a square number and an odd number a factor of 24 and a factor of 18 a prime number and a factor of 39 an odd factor of 30 and a multiple of 3 a number with 5 factors exactly 10 a multiple of 5 and a factor of 20 zyereanc a prime number that is one more than a square number An alarm flashes every 8 seconds and another alarm flashes every 12 seconds. If both alarms flash together, how many seconds will it be before they both flash together again? A bell rings every 6 seconds. Another bell rings every 5 seconds. If they both ring together, 13 21 15 7 18 6 16 10 1.1 Square numbers and cube numbersCube numbers What is the next number in this sequence? 1,8, 27, Write each number as: 1x1x1,2x2x2,3x3x 3, These factors can be represented by cube patterns of dots: Txtxt 2x2x2 3x3x3 Sey eo ee Oat ° o © Oe Oo OE ° oe Cee From these patterns, you can see that the next pair of factors must be 4 x 4 x 4 = 64, therefore 64 is the next number in the sequence. Because they form cubic patterns, the numbers 1, 8, 27, 64, ... are called cube numbers. When you multiply any number by itself twice, the answer is called the cube of the number or the number cubed. This is because the answer is a cube number. For example: the cube of 5 (or 5 cubed) se 5x5 = 125, There is a short way to write the cube of any number. For example: 5 cubed (5 x 5 x 5) can be written as 5? 10 cubed (10 x 10 x 10) can be written as 10? So, the sequence of cube numbers, 1, 8, 27, 64, ..., can be written as: BASIS You will learn more about cubes (and cube roots) in Chapter 5. EXERCISE 1C e@ The cube number pattern starts: 18 27 64 Copy and continue the pattern above until you have written down the first 12 cube numbers. You may use your calculator for this. Chapter 1:Number 11@ work out the answer to each of these number sentences. 14+8= 14+8+27= 14+8+27+64= Look carefully at the pattern of the three number sentences. What kind of numbers are these? Now write down the next three number sentences in the pattern and work them out. @ Find the next three numbers in each of these number patterns. (They are all based on cube numbers.) You may use your calculator. 1 8 27 64 a2 9 28 65 bo 7 26 «63 c2 16 54128 d 1000 729 S512 343 @ @ Work out the values of these expressions. B+ 543? B+7P+03 3+ 74? b Describe what you notice about your answers to part a. @ Work out the values of these expressions: 122 + 1? and 9 + 10, Your answer is Bender's (a character in Futurama) serial number. It is sometimes called the - Hardy-Ramanujan number after the Indian mathematician Ramanujan who noticed that this is the smallest number that can be expressed as the sum of two cubes in two different ways. @ Work out the values of these expressions: 69? and 69° on your calculator. What do you notice about the digits in your answers? 1.2 Multiples of whole numbers When you multiply any whole number by another whole number, the answer is called a multiple of either of those numbers. For example, 5 x 7 = 35, which means that 35 is a multiple of 5 and it is also a multiple of 7. Here are some other multiples of Sand 7: multiples of Sare: 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 multiples of 7 are: 7 14 21 28 35 42 12.1.2 Multiples of whole numbersEXERCISE 1D @ write out the first five multiples of: a3 b7 c 9 du e 16 Remember: the first multiple is the number itself. Advice and Tips @ se your calculator to see which of the numbers below are: There igno point testing a multiplesof4 b multiples of 7 ¢ multiples of 6. odd numbers for multiples of even 72 135 «102)-«161' 197, 132,78 91 216 S14 numbers such as 4 and 6. ind the biggest number that is smaller than 100 and that is: a amultipleof2 _b_amultiple of 3 © amultiple of 4 d amultipleof5 —e amultiple of 7 f amultiple of 6. @ A party of 20 people are getting into taxis. Each taxi holds the same number of passengers. If all the taxis fill up, how many people could be in each taxi? Give two possible answers. @ tere isa tist of numbers. 6 8 12 15 18 28 a From the list, write down a multiple of 9. b From the list, write down a multiple of 7. ¢ From the list, write down a multiple of both 3 and 5. @ How many numbers between 1 and 100 are multiples of both 6 and 9? List the numbers, 1.3 Factors of whole numbers A factor of a whole number is any whole number that divides into it exactly. So: the factors of 20are 1 2 4 5 10 20 the factors of 12are 12 3 4 6 12 Factor facts Remember these facts. + 1is always a factor and so is the number itself. + When you have found one factor, there is always another factor that goes with it - unless the factor is multiplied by itself to give the number. For example, look at the number 20: 120=20 so 1 and 20 are both factors of 20 2%10=20 so2and 10 are both factors of 20 4x%5=20 so4and 5 are both factors of 20. These are called factor pairs. Chapter 1: Number 13You may need to use your calculator to find the factors of large numbers Example 1 Find the factors of 36. Look for the factor pairs of 36, These are: 1x36=36 2x18=36 3x12=36 4x9=36 6x6=36 6 is a repeated factor so is counted only once. So, the factors of 36 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36. EXERCISE 1E @ what are the factors of each of these numbers? a 10 b 28 c 18 d 17 e 25 f 40 g 30 h 45 i 24 j 16 @ what is the biggest factor that is ess than 100 for each of these numbers? a 110 b 201 c 145 d 117 e 130 f 240 @ Find the largest common factor for each pair of numbers, ‘Advice and Tips a 2and4 b 6and10 © 9and 12 ~~ forthel Look for the largest d 1Sand25° e Yand15 f 12and21 jlmberthat has both g iand21 h 25 and 30 i 30and50 numbers in its j 55and77 multiplication table. @ Fina the highest odd number that is a factor of 40 and a factor of 60. Lowest common multiple The lowest common multiple (LCM) of two numbers is the smallest number that appears in the multiplication tables of both numbers. For example, the LCM of 3 and 5 is 15, the LCM of 2 and 7 is 14 and the LCM of 6 and 9’is 18. Example 2 Find the LCM of 18 and 24, Write out the 18 times table: 18, 36, 54,72), 90, 108, Write out the 24 times table: 24, 48, 72>, 96, 120, ... You can see that 72 is the smallest (least) number in both (common) tables (multiples). 14 1.3 Factors of whole numberseae (a Highest common factor The highest common factor (HCF) of two numbers is the biggest number that divides exactly into both of them. For example, the HCF of 24 and 18 is 6, the HCF of 45 and 36 is 9 and the HCF of 15 and 22 is 1. Example 3 Find the HCF of 28 and 16. Write out the factors of 28: 1, 24) 7, 14, 28 Write out the factors of 16: 1, 2(4} 8, 16 You can see that 4 is the biggest (highest) number in both (common) lists (factors). EXERCISE 1F @ Find the Lem of each pair of numbers. a 24and 56 b 21 and35 © 1and 28 d 28 and 42 e t2and 32 f 18and27 9 15and25 h 16 and 36 @ Find the AcE of each pair of numbers a 24and 56 b 2tand 35 ¢ 12and28 d 28 and 42 e 12and32 18 and 27 g 15and 25 h 16 and 36 i 42and27 j 48and6a k 25 and 35 1 36and54 @ the ice of two numbers is 6. The LCM of the same two numbers is 72. What are the numbers? Explain how you reached you answer. 1.4 Prime numbers What are the factors of 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13? Notice that each of these numbers has only two factors: itself and 1. They are all examples of prime numbers, Chapter 1:Number 15So, a prime number is a whole number that has only two factors: itself and 1 Note: 1 is not a prime number, since it has only one factor - itself. The prime numbers up to 50 are: 2,3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47 EXERCISE 1G e@ Write down the prime numbers between 20 and 30. @ Write down the only prime number between 90 and 100. @ vecide which of these numbers are not prime numbers. 462 108 «= 848365711 @ wren three ditferent prime numbers are multiplied together the answer is 105. What are the three prime numbers? @ A shopkeeper has 31 identical soap bars. He is trying to arrange the bars on a shelf in rows, each with the same number of bars Is it possible? Explain your answer. 1.5 Prime factorisation Every whole number that is not prime can be written as the product of prime factors. For example: B5=5x7 40=2x2x2x5 465 =3x 5x31 5929 =7x7x 11x11 5 and 7 are the prime factors of 35. 2and 5 are the prime factors of 40. You can use indices to write the product more easily. For example: 40=23x5 The small 3 is an index. 5929 = 7? x 11? 96 =2x2x2x2x2x3=2x3 Writing a number in this way is called prime factorisation. You can write the numbers in a different order but you can do the factorisation in only one way. So for 96 there must be five 2s and one 3. 16 1.5 Prime factorisationExample 4 Write 630 as a product of prime factors. Check the prime numbers (2, 3, 5, 7, ...) in turn to find which of them divide into 630. 2 is a factor of 630. 630 +2=315 Now do the same with 315. 2isnota factor of 315 but 3is. 315+ 3= 105 3 is a factor of 105. 105+3=35 3isnota factor of 35butSis. 35 5=7 7 isa prime number, so stop there. It is more convenient to write the divisions in a column, like this. z 3/31 1 3 5.3 Now list the prime numbers, including the final 7. 630=2x3x3x5x 72x39 x5x7 EXERCISE 1H Work out these numbers. a 2x3 b 3xSx7 c 2x5? d 24x3x17 e 2x3x7x17 ff 5x7 g 3x1 hh 23x 13? @ write each of these numbers as a product of prime factors. a 90 b 152 < 64 d 330 e 289 f 800 9 97 h 1001 Which of these numbers can be written as the product of exactly two prime factors? 77 124 129 245 221 103 450 =2x 3? x 5? a Use this fact to write 900 as a product of prime factors. b Write 1800 as a product of prime factors. © Write 1350 as a product of prime factors. Match each number to the correct product of prime factors. 144 2x34 200 23? 324 Bx s 500 Px Chapter 1:Number 17eco F) @ 2 Find the smaitest number that has four different prime factors. 2 b Find the smallest number that has five different prime factors. @ 2-227 Use this fact to write each of these numbers as a product of prime factors. a 612 b 306 © 408 @ whieh of these numbers cannot be written as a product of prime factors? 70 WN 72 (73) 74 75 76 7 78 79 ® 539=7? x 11 847 =7x 1? 539 x 847 = 456533 Use these facts to write 456 533 as a product of prime factors. 1.6 More about HCF and LCM You can use prime factorisation to find the LCM or the HCF of two or more numbers. Example 5 B10 =2%34xS 252=2? x 3?x7 a Find the HCF of 810 and 252. b Find the LCM of 810 and 252. @ To find the HCF, multiply all the prime numbers (including repeats) that occur in both lists. There is one 2 in both numbers, There are two 3s in both numbers. The HCF is 2 x 3? = 18 b To find the LCM, multiply all the prime numbers (including repeats) that occur in either list. You need to multiply two 2s, four 3s, one 5 and one 7. The LCM is 2? x 34x 5x 7 = 11340 Why does this work? You can check that 18 is a common factor: 810+ 18=45=3?x«5 and: 252+18=14=2x7 Since the answers to these divisions have no common factor, 18 is the highest common factor. You can check that 11340 is a common multiple. 18 1.6 More about HCF and LCMSince the answers to these divisions have no common factor, 11340 is the lowest common multiple. 11340 +810 = 14=2x7 11340 + 252=45=3?x5 Example 6 Find the LCM of 21, 27 and 35. W=a3x7 2753? 35=5%x7 Looking at the prime numbers that occur in any of these, you need three 3s, one 5 and one 7. The LCM is 3? x 5x7 = 945. EXERCISE 11 @ 222% 62-238 Use these facts to find: athe HCF of 72 and 162 b the LCM of 72 and 162. @ v05=3%5%7 2as=5x7 ._ Use these facts to find: a the HCF of 105 and 245 b the LCM of 105 and 245. @ 2» write 240 as the product of prime factors. b_ Write 126 as the product of prime factors. © Find the HCF of 240 and 126. d_ Find the LCM of 240 and 126. a Write 72 and 108 as the product of prime factors. Find the HCF of 72 and 108. ¢ Find the LCM of 72 and 108. o a. Find the HCF of 64 and 144. b Find the LCM of 64 and 144 a_ Find the HCF of 132 and 693. b Find the LCM of 132 and 693. 24=2?x3 60=2x3x5 36=2?x 3? Use these facts to find: athe HCF of 24, 60 and 36 b the LCM of 24, 60 and 36. ‘a Find the HCF of 25, 35 and 45. b Find the LCM of 25, 35 and 45. a Find the HCF of 105, 135 and 375. —b_ Find the LCM of 105, 135 and 375. Find the HCF of 288, 432 and 648. Write the LCM of 288, 432 and 648 as a product of prime factors. o Chapter 1: Number 19@ @ Fina the HcF of 63 and 200. b Find the LCM of 63 and 200. @ in question 1 you found the HCF and LCM of 72 and 162. a Work out the product of 72 and 162. b Work out the product of the HCF and the LCM of 72 and 162. ¢ Investigate whether there is a relationship between the product of the HCF and the LCM of two numbers and the product of the numbers themselves. d_ Is there a similar result for the HCF and the LCM of three numbers? 1.7 Real numbers So far you have only been looking at natural numbers, which are whole, positive numbers: 0, 1,2,3,4, Sine if you also include negative whole numbers you have the integers: 3, -2, -1,,0, 1, 2, 3. And if you include decimals too you have the real numbers. There are two sorts of real numbers Rational numbers are integers or fractions such as 17, 33, -8.75 or 22, Irrational numbers cannot be written as fractions. Examples of irrational numbers are 2, V17 and r. ifn is a natural number that is not a square number, then Vn is irrational. The reciprocal of the number n is 3 (n=0) & a The product of a number and its reciprocal is 1 The reciprocal of the fraction 3 is Example 7 Find the reciprocalof a 28 ob 28 ¢} d 52 a The reciprocal is 3, b The reciprocal is y'y = 32 = § © The reciprocal is? =8 d_53=%. The reciprocal is 4 Notice that in part b you could use a calculator to get 1+2.8=0.3571 to4d.p. This is only an approximate answer. For an exact answer you must use fractions. 20 1.7 Real numbersEXERCISE 1J @ State whether each of these numbers is an integer or not. a vi00 b 85:6 «359 d7 e 20 £) 6.3% 10 g 9.27x 7.23 ho 5411 i) -/36 @ state whether each of these numbers is rational or irrational. a 129 & b 8 © ve 7 ayo ! eV = f 2.832 & 9 165x213 | hox+2 J i 10-x 1 Find the reciprocalsof_ a 300 b 03 ¢ 41 d 625 Here are some numbers and their reciprocals. Which are the odd ones out? 25°12 75 05 The reciprocal of x is 0.25. The reciprocal of y is 10. Work out the value of xy. |s it possible to find two numbers, A and 8, in the following cases? If so, give an example. a Aand Bare not integers, A + Bis an integer. b Aand Bare not integers, A x Bis an integer. © Aand Bare integers, A x B is not an integer. ©@ 1170 Find two irrational numbers that multiply to make an integer. If this is not possible, say so. =e Try to find two irrational numbers which add up to an integer. If this is not possible, say so. > Try to find two irrational numbers which add up to a rational number. If this is not possible, say so Check your progress Core | can identify square numbers and their square roots I can identity cube numbers | can find factors, common factors and the highest common factor | can find multiples and the lowest common multiple can identify prime numbers | understand the difference between rational and irrational numbers | can find the reciprocal of a number Chapter 1:Number 21ole tesg 2 ala eee ace Topics Level Key words numerator, denominator, cancel, lowest terms, il simplest form, proper and improper fraction, mixed number, top heavy 1 Equivalent fractions Ba 3 Recurring decimals EXTENDED | terminating decimal, recurring decimal aay. Percentages, fractions ercentage, decimal equivalent q ) Yas and decimals z aes a a quantity, multiplier multiplier ercentage change, percentage increase, y 7. One quantity as a = Bercentage charige, percentag F 5 Calculating a percentage Bs 6 Increasing or decreasing quantities by a percentage percentage decrease, percentage profit, percentage of another percentage loss DW 5 simple interest and simple interest, compound interest, principal, = — compound interest annual rate \ 9 A formula for compound HC imterest formula 10 Reverse percentage EXTENDED unitary method, multiplier this chapter you will learn how to: EXTENDE | |[o® Use the language and notation of simple vulger and decimal Write recurring decimals | a fractions and percentages in appropriate contexts; recognise | as fractions. (E1.5) . equivalence and convert between these forms. (C1.5 and E1.5) Carry out calculations © Calculate a given percentage of a quantity. (C1.12 and E1.12) involving reverse percent- © Express one quantity as a percentage of another. (C1.12 and E1.12) ages, for example, finding Sie | © Calculate percentage increase or decrease. (C1.12 and E1.12) the cost price given the = | © Use given data to solve problems on personal and small business selling price and the finance involving earnings, simple interest and compound interest, | __Percentage profit. (E1.12) «| including discount, profit and loss. (C1.16 and E1.16) © Use formula for compound interest. (C1.16 and E1.16) IE © Extract data from tables and charts. (C1.16 and E1.16) fe zWhy this chapter matters We use percentages and fractions in many situations in our everyday lives. Why use Because: ractions and percentages? * basic percentages and simple fractions are quite easy to understand + they are a useful way of comparing quantities * fractions and percentages are used a lot in everyday life. Who uses them? Here are some examples of what you might see: + Shops and businesses = Everything at half price in the sales! ~ Special offer — 10% off! +. Banks ~ Interest rates on loans 6.25% ~ Interest rates on savings 2.5%. + Salespeople ~ Earn 7.5% commission on sales. * Government — Half of government workers are over 55. ~ Unemployment has fallen by 1%. + Workers ~ My pay rise is 2.3%. ~ My income tax is 20%. Chapter 2: Fractions and percentages 3 © | SEE eeCeca 2.1 Equivalent fractions Equivalent fractions are two or more fractions that represent the same part of a whole. Example 1 Complete the following. 3x40 aKa 16 a Multiplying the numerator by 4 gives 12. This means is an equivalent fraction to 3. b To change the denominator from 5 to 15, you multiply by 3. Do the same thing to the numerator, which gives 2 x 3 = 6. So, ss The fraction 3 in Example 1a, is in its lowest terms or simplest form. This means that the only number that is a factor of both the numerator and denominator is 1. A fraction in which the numerator (top number) is smaller than the denominator (bottom number) is called a proper fraction. An example of a proper fraction is 2 In an improper fraction the numerator (top number) is bigger than the denominator (bottom number). An example of an improper fraction is 2. It is sometimes called a top-heavy fraction A mixed number is made up of a whole number and a proper fraction. An example of a mixed number is 13. Example 2 Convert 14 into a mixed number. +B means 14 +5. Dividing 14 by 5 gives 2 with a remainder of 4 (5 divides into 14 two times, with # left over). This means that there are 2 whole ones and # left over. 4_5,5,4 so, 1-3 4344 EXERCISE 2A @ ony anc complete the following. 2x40 130 2 5x4" 20 baa a s 2x0 3x80 43° am" 18 © 47 xm 12 ‘ 24 2.1 Equivalent fractions@ i0 * 20 7 ut 7 4 50 ° 40 fs @ write each fraction as a decimal 8 3 19 745 © 20 © 35 5 1 1 at it 1 16 * 20 3 a Convert each test score into a percentage. Give each answer to the nearest whole number. Err conn Peers Mathematics 38 out of 60 English 29 out of 35 Science 27 out of 70 History | 56 out of 90 Technology 58 out of 75 b fall the tests are of the same standard, which was the best result? @ copy and complete the table. oes td Pe eric 34% 0.85 | 3 40 45% 0.3 Zz 3 84% 0.45 3 8 Chapter 2: Fractions and percentages 33