Dr.Ahmad Al-Qawasmi yy), | © Biology Summary 1S; Med learn NNChapter 6: Heune <— J ) L, foal = atid ? éttahy TD Ebay AG: Gade = Gracals Thal energy) STeuperahae in Kein (k) Ih is co moasue 4 inslalably (bandecy b become mac stb) bid Equi andy Movin sly shk x9 lowest _G C 0: Sue AG ae Negalive > ra @ Rsitve => Relax every => Absor buss Consuves shores energy => Deckiase in See energy (1G) => Theriase in hee enegy (76) => Incréase the Stability (P stditl) | —>Decvéase the Stabily (J stil) > equilibria Aung From equilibniun Uuslable —~— feG The vilude of. AG vepveseut: He aad eet” a AG-@| AG-@ The Reverie Readtion of a exerQonic Reachow must be eraleijouc Shibk VY Ga iclaase F evar, dee — oa the fam ugh energy (unstable) stale info a less energy (t stable) stale AT ole af a fo breaks bonds tself ‘4 * Energy sored in bonds AAAS fepresenk the poleulial enclay released se Living calls Aleve” ve ‘tba > beause Vey ave open sysfens “ Pa cell vaachal equitbitun a clead He Types of work : = Chesed nie oa Anabole Reactinss Gites F afatanine bldg polprers) = Transport work Active tvansport (against oyvadeint, Pamping) ~ Mechanical work nr Muscle contiachon, beating $f Cilia, Moving chramesomes ji to dive the ot Ereky coublag nn Ege + (Gtlgonic =" Cyeapic : we os a? his wediaked BMA michotile 4» Ribose ook AP is sal leemycagig bow Ale -| EBD yh Release a amount & evetiyrny due 3 Phosphake ee oe it a> duc fo seilon behaoen sere enexy boy Lrg the ond oka HP) bal 4 te baal ag "9 ussall slaced frend wlecale (Phsphaatin) fag 0 Ph laf crajy — Unrlbhe — Reade * AP lydtolysis AG = -73 kcal/mol (under skrnclaral condttons) AG = = 13 kal ul (under cellular” concttions) « ATP is Recycka by adding phosphate fs ADP > endegonic “Whe enelgy for this vaackion is aguitd Crm colabolic reactions such os bral down ofcosebd Cake ws chemical aged hab speals up veackons, withoub beoy consumed => Eraynes 8 Calalhc pakins ro ends sth —a% Q) A small omoul of egret cailying abuge wmber & veackaus, Why? Enzguns oe we change ox consumed dang reackons (released i its i a) so they can be used t Actvalion enedjy (EA) ~> Tikal eneajy needed fy stark a veachon => Supplied as Hoernah x occdlevaling teachouts & collide move ntl reaching G ualable (igh enegy) conditions reacts Ik as The energy Lebiseen reackanls € hansition stak “ How do enzymes work ? 50 > lowering EA barier aw Veacking fansion sake easier” fest => Enaymes do not affect AG substiake a» Reactuk in cvcye caalyad action enzagne — Subse complex 9 entyme bind a Subshale Aetig ste wy Region (pocket, grave) onthe surface F He encyne Ut Ginds bs the sib & cefalyae Hho rcaclon ladwed Fit ig th is He ight binding abler He initial contact behueen substrate Lesage YS How does Hee active sik lower” EA boaview ?? 2 Overting substrake a shainng by a Pade Fuoidble microervitanment 2 Cova bond wit subsfrake \ Tie binding ben sebstale enzyme w Enzyue actuily is ableckd by: aN (+ Envivénmental facet» Optimal coeliens (Ada - Could (Coe 2- Chemicals most achive shape Mate, il Calais metledFE Haman, endayne has optimal haunperakare z 35°-40°C , optimal pil = 6-8 => optimal pH for pepsin (in the slomadh) % vor lou abou 2. SPophimal pH for Typsin (in te inkatne) a about § Sropimal keupechue for Herinoplilc backerin = Fo and wove Noke AK fempevihwe incveases > more callide as the vale increases unt aching optimal femperdhue wd iP hmpoabve increased a» the ono becowe inachve tr As the Conealliahion ob Ye subshak GaerARS ste fal of He reackon (iworases) abl all enzyye wrolecabes become engaged aon scfiualed te To increage the vahe & He reaction when the enya is Sabewaked) we lave bo imcrtage the amount of the extyme We Cfackars 2» Abn-pickin erayne helpers Inorganic (such as vals) janie A> Coentynes (Such as vifamins) ww Calls requlle Heir wcbbolc pallusags by. )) Swwifching on or of the genss that encodes a specific endyme 2) Reayliking Ve ackvity 4 evens a Fy Cregunes: Tndalors Competitive inkibibrs Non-compehtive inbibtors => Binds the ackue sik => Bind another sie => Blocks He enhy AS subshake fy =>dhanges te dope making He achve He aclve sike sike fess elective > Can be ovetione by increasing subshab conc\ F He binding iss weak wy Reverrible inbibition , covalent siarevenible inlabitonte Allosteric reqlehon. eee emeyes competed fom pave than sulamit) the binding ot a gab aioh toa site affect the funcon encther sie aclialor3 (stimulae), aibifovs (ubibit) A. singe reaulting, molecde can affect all subunits MPT & Sadi egal hal con any ong och [kis akype o alloshaie regulation taf con amplify enryne achiil one bind hie active site £ 1 sdbuitas vette Ye abliuity for the subshiake of all subunits his exphined by leew globin (hangport pekin wt an excyne) WS feedbad idibition The end praduct ino pathway wlsbits on prevents coasting chemical ae F sipthess more producks Hla needed Medes 2 {)Some encymes af insorkd in membranes 2 ATp. acts as iwebifors for cababolic alk s ‘am acts as ackwabivs for calsbolic plays 3) The vowiely Lekween emdymeh is dhe fo Gk 4) AG for We lydichsis glucose = - 466 5) Diuhlgellles or mative enjanisvns Fhat convert Chewial ewaigy fo light by biokutinescenceChapter 10: Rlenkal energy is due fy the anagned fem Glhbole paheaags Break chun complex molecules» Fe Enovgy is reed due fs the bransha Sone discribe sal & veoveas cmon MED 5. become simple, in AB and He est is cieipaed more Stable ost less enatgy (los) a5 eal Hk Redbox Reacbons Reackions involve the Oridahon : lose elechans (e- conor) np charge becomes more positive Reductiou: ‘gain ekchns € accephr) > charge becomes less posifive Oxidising agent wa _get reduced (gain €7) a Reduci aap oridtaed (lose €7) Nobs : an > ts alin idle Uustable, bows ebchivejebvity ee => Some redox veachons out High energy, Complex 5 ( ys © | invalve the achal hanshr of e7 absorb Release Such as OQ, + Methane Stable, High cleclonegebivty low ene Simple Fe Orygan las a Vergy wr stiong pulling vo Reduction So, the Auy fraushor Af eleclrans boworel angen _~ Release eneijy A Ovaouic molecules aching as tuels lave abundane Hl abnes Lybxcause H las a very Jow cechanesabirty oy ox Calabolic pabhoys : => Acicbic kespuakion 9 Ves 0, & ETC + Te wast cMciut => racic Kspivalion > Uses ETC wibrout Or => Binartaton a» docrit use Or ad ETC Cluillkop elechans)wap" (wicdtinawide Adevine Dinucleotide); A coesegue ‘ax detivakve of (ae with oo Vikawine_siacinn ee ee oe Can € so rept shoved Prom the substiake eneliy taped be make ATP sx NAD* accepls 26° £14" feviaing ADH Nokes # Tie otter pain. is rlesal Hon NAD ws Onidaed fori judo Me solution NADH 9 Reduced’ forin wy NADH hanslers the 2e7 to _thel WC ETC _braushevi Hee 227 be Oxygen LFlechén feusport chain £ oe Orygen accepts 24* Forning HzO => coussls mainly A prsheins => Euleargls + ber witeduadtial mewbrar Prakargoles « Plasma membrane => Traushering elechaus Frau the by end Toy tbe kel l KW Aersbic Repirabion Elkangokes. 3. shages: Prakargoles ) Glyclysis sbeak don glacose ints 2 pyle 2TCA cycle a» Compbhs glucose Lveak down 3) Oridative php Slie wast Gor) low eneniy ead Belfer of ATP if Ekchenegabialy Sa Glycalyss Ww B Ocewsts in the Gloplasm Ww ccukis in the presence & 2 ov wet 910 shps divided info 2 phases : Enesgy savestwent phase Buongy pay pA phase Subshak level pha all spend 2 ATP Repay (forning) 4 ATP.) phosphafe Fram. he eee ‘aD bbrak glucose ink Reasrangivg the alos Fevining Arp Occures ‘uithoul ETC peste foviniv 2 pytivake G3P and DHAP CRB OP Nokes: > Oridelive Plsphergblon: adding ® to Aop Cay ATP, cccures ETTNowy Ipralant Ables on glycolysis : ) Ske et Consume ao £3 /skps Hab Loin ATP = 7 £ lo 2) Step mumbo 6 forins 2.AADH /shep number 4 fins 24,0 3) Phosphobiictoknase: Te eyme Hut cablyae He 3! stop hawkers phosphate fo (hraclose b-phesphak) Foraing (bichse 6 - &phosphale) 4) Enolase :The exayme that cafilyse the 4! step rs boning (=) im 2-phosphoglycaale Cowvartng it Fo PhosphetnelRrauk (PEP) 9 a wolecuk with (igh ew 5) G3P 2 Gljceralbeyde 3-phophale, DHAP= Dilyliny Acne Phaplale Te net produck: A Glycalysis pew glucose molecule + Jo Release £ Hz WW Rywak opdabion (age © Occurs in the mitochondria (cukatgots) bul in Gybosol (prekea jokes gia oder He ndhdodl by cle hae a) w Shops: 1) Release @; 2) fornny NADH 3)ablaching CoA Lovin acelyl A. © Coenzyme A (4): Sublur conbsig conpound, clevivulive “t wifamis, los igs ones Te not pracuck: A Paviarale Cridabion pers No ATP Ryycwale mokcul: Squbhesis Glucose wokcules Ww TCA cyk 3 ® Called Citvic acid eycle, lich cycl aud Tearbowfic acid re) egele CTA_ Sent Soldie fe r OF ficeNotes é ‘TCA cycle release 2CO, in skps 3 and + 2) TCA cycle forus 3NADK im steps 3,4 and & 3)TCA cycle fovins 4 ATP. (or GIP) im skp 5 4) TCA cycle forms 1 FADH; is step & 5) Cikvake is converkl to isocibvale by Removing HO Hue adlg Hi gain !) Fumarate is cowverted fr malate by xdldina 4.0 TCA cycle eve locakd in the milochondiial mabrix All the emtypues og Except Hie enayne of He BM skp (inner wifichoudial wenlsave) The nol produck f TA cycle pers pyyiwvale molecule, par ogle : 2C02,3AMOK, FADM, 1 ATP Gr GT8) glucose molecule + 4CO, , 6MADK, 2 FON, 2 ATP (or CTP) $e Orde Peghlioc x frstlelc gyeup z Non-prokin Components wasinly preleins > Source of em For ETC» WADU READ DY cp 2a 20° => tanslers 2e¢ bo Compl | Comples.| (Ups FeS) as CoQ a9 Complex Mand 1X Egfodissmes)—» O; => transhevs 2e7 to Comples Il (FeS) ag CoQ a3 Comper Il and IX (gfsdudmes)» O, Flowpichins The first wokeule in ETC, Its prastlebe graup is Flan soe tac FeSz Iron-Sulfur protein ,lhs prasthebic groups are GorymeQ, Ubiquinone (GQ): Inydlraphebic, mobile, fhe only member Pal: isnt prakein. Gyfochsines (Cyp): proteins in Compleres tt and WV, the last one (before O2)is Cyto3 Hew prosthetic group is Conbains itorx ETC 's ‘wopat kant bo Hasler electrons slep by step £ velease energy ‘Ma move tanagable way (Nok in an ekpolsive way) ATP syuthase v3 Ib is an enzyme Fhat makes ATP (fram ApP+®) Oke ae ech ene Cela) awd pina namie (pakagde) The cuniy released due to the tansher of alow ETC is used bo fa Ban aha f He bce of imi a prolou Gracin > then H* vebarn back fo the wmafrix Havel ATP syubhase a> moving ond) Spining, the volebr ap Cafaly ing AIP synthesis. inclveck use ot energy Chemiosmosis, Palon—mobive fovee > Wtis the use proton gadeint fo do a work (uch as ATP. syubhesi) Nokes: ) BH2 oP He enetiy in glucose is asad by wake ATP role rast is lost as host DUacoupling. prakeins : prOkeins im he inner mitochondrial membrane a decrease She Seis ot ATP generition fe forte heat be suche body kempevahie 2) the total ATP syublesaed is abut = \32 ATP => 2 Cglycoksis) 4 2 (TCA) 4 28 (ETC 4, Chemiosmosis) = 32 Substvate level phesphorjlabion 4 Oxidobive Phesphaglabion 2) The hausher H clechans release enough fo pumps pe ane ga ae => NADH (Frou wilrchondiia) 9 10H 9 Foviing 2.6 ATP => NADH (Fam case ghealyis) > Fanny LS ATP less because f energy seal Is ackuely Hrinsport NADH ty the switochoncis => FAD, Wy 6H" 5 Fovining 16 ATP las aanse it Fisk it © be ler ety lie (ome sah)te The Flow £ during aerobic respwabion : ) eo ny Glucose» WADH, FAD» ETC a> Ornygen 2) energy ao» Glacase > NADH, FAD Hy wp ETC ~rCheniosiosis x» ATP ake Anaevabic Respivation rr» in certain prrakiaxioles => (t uses ETC but > It use another electronegative wedecule with less elctronegabwity (cllicency) Man O, (such as $07) > Matin baclaia uses SO? A> so Hhe by product is HS wok 120 (HS har valten egg odor) Ww erinentatinn => In cllda respivation. ay wale ATP by substak level and oxidakive phosphorjlabion e and => Fevimentation «3 make ATP only by substrate level phosphaglation and => Fevinenfabion = glycolysis. AVAD* vacycling (vegeuevilion) ol Fevimentakon He Pyvwake converted fo ethanol by 2 shepsé V) Relase C08 Posy acobldgde 2) Reding acelllelyde by AMOH Fovining Etowol + NAD” I used by yeast Gung) & backeia I used in winencalug, , brewivs and baking W Rewvale is converted oluctly fo lacks boa We Rekawe f COp Fe Used by Fungi, Luckevia of muscles WS Used in wmaling yogurt aud cheese ax Muscles use [ache acid fermenkton edhen Oz is Scare (wok enough) in CRN cnc, MD accumulation xy which brousported fo Hee liver fo vegenerile pyriteseu fernentahon aay ave the last 2” acceplrs trl. aevabie rspwation + Op is the \ast 27 acceptar- In anaeidbic véspirahon a» Elechanegative molecu is Hw last 7 acceptor Ongausisuss av classiliecl intos NFbiigde ancetabe . only Anactbic Respiration aud fesiuentabion Tout Seviive ‘uw He presence & Or @ is foie for them) 2) Obligate aciebe ~» only Aevabic Respiration (such as vertebrates lovain) 3) Faculakive anaudhe .» Both Fevinentation + Respiration (such as yeast , Some backria f muscle cells) WS Glyalyss A TA cycle hase rany imbesechons with other cababolic aud anabolic pathways Calabolic 1) staveh aud gycogen rr> brélen davsn inks glucose ry enters ghycolysis 2) Proteins a broken down inks amina acid rap Removing Hoeiv amie gop by deawinabion ry Hien enfer 3) Fats Glyceral xs converted to G3P_ > ‘unlehiedliaks ia Falty acids » Waken down by to 2C Fraguents which ave @uverfed fo acbyGA renter TCA Anabolic 1) Pyvwale Gu be used fo make glucose 2) Accky GA Grn be used te make fals 3) DHAP can be used to male feks 4) We Can Syubhesis hall Af the 20 amine aciol Hee vest ane Regulation ob Respivation: phosphobractokinase (slep 8 Gycolsis) > the pacemaher sf respiration lndibited by ATP. aud chrale , ackvaled by AMP aud AOP DRAMQO2