Exploring Numerical Integration Techniques for the

Gamma Function and Complete Elliptic Integral of the

First Kind
Dipesh Shrestha
December 2023

Abstract

In this project, we explore numerical methods for evaluating the Gamma func-

tion and the Complete Elliptic Integral of the First Kind. For the Gamma function,

we utilize traditional composite quadratures like the trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules,

demonstrating their accuracy. Introducing adaptive quadratures enhances precision, ef-

fectively addressing errors linked to varying function behaviors. Notably, the evaluation

of the Complete Elliptic Integral adopts Gaussian quadrature, leveraging strategically

chosen nodes and weights for superior accuracy. Results reveal that Simpson’s rule

converges faster, while adaptive quadratures prove more effective in enhancing accu-

racy. The use of Gaussian quadrature in the Complete Elliptic Integral emphasizes its

superiority in handling complex mathematical structures.

1 Introduction

The Gamma function, denoted by Γ(x), has a rich history originating in the 18th century
with the works of Adrien-Marie Legendre. It serves as an extension of the factorial function
to real and complex numbers. The Gamma function is defined by the integral:

Z ∞
Γ(x) = tx−1 e−t dt (1)
0

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This extension allows the computation of factorials for non-integer values, providing a pow-
erful tool in various mathematical and scientific applications. For positive integers, there
exists a direct relationship between the Gamma function and the factorial function:

Γ(n) = (n − 1)! (2)

Numerically solving the Gamma function involves employing various methods. Tradi-
tional approaches use composite quadratures such as the trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s
rule, while adaptive quadratures dynamically adjust step sizes for enhanced precision.
The Complete Elliptic Integral of the First Kind, denoted by K(x), has its origins in the
19th century, where mathematicians such as Carl Jacobi and Niels Abel made significant
contributions. Elliptic integrals arise when attempting to find the arc length of an ellipse
and are defined as integrals involving algebraic functions and square roots.
It is defined as:
Z π
2 1
K(x) = p dθ (3)
0 1 − x2 sin2 (θ)

Beyond its historical significance, the Complete Elliptic Integral finds applications beyond
mathematics. For instance, it can be used to determine the period of a simple pendulum.
The relationship between the period T and the length of the pendulum L is given by:

s r !
L 2g
T =4 K (4)
g L

where g is the acceleration due to gravity.

In this project, we apply diverse numerical integration techniques to calculate the Gamma
function and the Complete Elliptic Integral of the First Kind. We explore scenarios where
these computations hold particular significance.

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2 Numerical Results and Discussion

2.1 Gamma Function

Equation (1) provides the general gamma unconstrained function. But, we are interested in
the computation of gamma function for positive real number, x, given as:

Z ∞
Γ(x) = tx−1 e−t dt, x > 0 (5)
0

We observe that the integrand for the equation (5) is tx−1 e−t . 1 depicts the graphs for
this integrand for different values of x:

2.2 Complete Elliptic Integral of First Kind

3 Conclusion

[Summarize the findings from the results and draw conclusions. Discuss any implications or
limitations of the study.]

4 Contributions Beyond Coursework

[Provide a one-page summary highlighting your personal contributions beyond the course-
work. This may include any additional research, problem-solving, or innovative approaches
undertaken.]

5 References
[List any references used in your write-up. Follow the citation style specified by your in-
structor or preferred style (e.g., APA, MLA).]

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 (a) Integrand Function for x = 1, 2, 3 (b) Integrand Function for x = 3, 4, 5

(c) Integrand Function for x = 5, 6, 7 (d) Integrand Function for x = 7, 8, 9

(e) Integrand Function for x = 48, 49, 50 (f) Integrand Function for x = 98, 99, 100

Figure 1: Integrand Functions for Different Values of x