Professional Documents
Culture Documents
, 2001
: , , .
www.kostasmelas.gr
........................................................................................................... 1
1. ....................................... 2
2. ............................ 15
3. .. 20
4.
............................................................................ 24
www.kostasmelas.gr
: ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
. .
.
: , ,
.
.
.
,
.
.
, . ,
.
,
.
,
.
:1) 2) .
.
www.kostasmelas.gr
1.
E = cost
,
.
. :
.
P ( , ..
)
, , F, ..
.
= (/),
: [E.F.]
= E.F/P. F = P = 1, = E
y = (y t ; r) + X (E) Ei (y ; r ; E) + g
:
(y t ; r),
(y t), t , (r)
g. X(E),
. Ei
(y ; r ; E), ,
.
L (y ; r) = c + (1 ) + L
L = L (y ; r) 1 < Ly < 0 & Lr < 0
: M = C + R
C R .
:
M = C + R (.. = (t) M(t 1)
M,
, R =
.
,
()
.
www.kostasmelas.gr
:
C = c R
c
.
= 0
.
= 1 .
0 < < 1
.
:
M=L
M = L = L (y ; r) Lo
Lo .
: M = C + R
:
M = c R + R M = c R(1 )
:
L(y ; r) Lo = c R(1 ) L(y ; r) = c (1 )B + Lo
:
B = X(E) Ei(y ; r ; E) + K(y ; r)
.
y > 0
.
.
()
.
: = c + c
.
:
y = (y t ; r) + X (E) Ei (y ; r ; E) + g
B = X(E) Ei (y ; r ; E) + K (y ; r)
L (y ; r) = c + (1 ) + L
:
1)
dy = ydy ttdy + rdr + XdE Eiydy Eirdr EiEdE - i(y ; r ; E)dE + dg
www.kostasmelas.gr
Eiy =
X EiE i(y ; r ; E)] =
( - Ky)dy dr + d = AdE
(2)
Lydy Lrdr + (1 )d = dc
(3)
3)
Lydy + Lrdr = dc + (1 )d
Lydy Lrdr = dc (1 )d
:
(s + )dy dr + 0dB = dE + dg
( - Ky)dy dr + d = AdE
Lydy Lrdr + (1 )d = dc
()
Gauss :
s+
- Ky
Ly
Lr
D1 = (s + )
0
1
1
-
- Lr
www.kostasmelas.gr
dy
dr
dB
1
1
- Ky
+ - Ly
dE + dg
AdE
dc
1
- Ky
1 + 0 - Ly
-
-Lr
D1 < 0
dy = Ddy / D1
Ddy =
dE + dg
AdE
dc
Lr
-
- Lr
0
1
1
1
1-
AdE
dc
1
1
+0
AdE
dc
Lr
s+
- Ky
Ly
DdB =
DdB = (s + )
Lr
Lr
dE + dg
AdE
dc
AdE
dc
- Ky
+ Ly
AdE
dc
- Ky
+ (dE + dg) Ly
Lr
DdB = (s + )(dc + Lr AdE) + [LyAdE dc( - Ky)] + (dE + dg) [ Lr( - Ky) Ly ]
:
- (1 ) + Lr
> 0
dy / dg =
(4)
D1
: Lr < 0 , > 0 = Kr Eir
(). .
D1 < 0. .
- Ly - ( - Ky) Lr
> 0
dB / dg =
D1
(5)
<
D1 < 0.
.
: > 0 , Ly > 0 , ( - Ky ) > 0 Lr < 0
www.kostasmelas.gr
, ( - Ky)Lr > Ly
. ( - Ky)Lr < Ly
.
.
)
: C = cost
, C = 0
M = C + R
M = C + R
M = 0 + R
M = R =
: c = 0 = 0 ,
.
.
:
1=10=1
D1 :
D2 = Lr (s + ) + Ly + ( - Ky) - (s + ) < 0
:
- + Lr
> 0
dy / dg =
(6)
D2
> 0 , Lr < 0 D2 < 0
.
- Ly - ( - Ky) Lr
< 0
(7)
D2
>
(5).
dB / dg =
www.kostasmelas.gr
(6)
(4). (6)
(4) :
- + Lr
-
< - (1 ) + Lr
<
- (1 )
>
(1 )
, 0 < < 1 .
(6)
(4) :
Lr (s + ) + Ly + ( - Ky) - (s + ) > Lr (s + ) + Ly + (1 ) [ ( - Ky) - (s
+ )]
( - Ky) - (s + ) > (1 ) [ ( - Ky) - (s + )]
[ ( - Ky) -
(s + )]
, 0 < < 1 .
[ ( - Ky) - (s + ) ] > ,
(4)
. .
. > 0
.
, (6)
(4).
,
,
.
, ,
. ,
=
.
(6) (4).
www.kostasmelas.gr
( )
. = c + = ,
,
.
(7)
(5)
(7)
(5), D2 > D1.
,
,
.
=.
)
: = cost = 0
, = C + R
= C + R
0 = C + R
C = - R = - B
. : = 1 c = 0 . ,
.
.
:
1=11=0
D1 :
D3 = Lr (s + ) + Ly < 0
Lr
> 0
dy / dg =
(8)
D3
Lr < 0 D3 < 0
.
- Ly - ( - Ky) Lr
dB / dg =
D3
www.kostasmelas.gr
< 0
>
(9)
10
(5).
.
. ,
,
.
= 0,
. (8)
(6).
.
(9) (7).
, ,
(9) .
)
:
r = cost
dr = 0 .
.
(1), (2) (3) :
(s + )dy - dE dg = 0
( - Ky)dy + d AdE = 0
- Lydy + (1 )d + dc = 0
(10)
(11)
(12)
dE dg
, (10)
(11)
. dy dB (12)
() . , dc
.
c, . c
.
(12) ,
.
(s + )dy - dE dg = 0
(s + )dy
dg
= 1
www.kostasmelas.gr
(s + )dy - dE dg = 0
dg
dg dg
dy =
1
>0
(13)
dg
(s + )
11
, .
(11) (10) :
( - Ky)dy + AdE - d = 0
(s + )dy
dE
dg
d =
dg
( - Ky)
(s + )
(14)
.
.
.
.
[c], []
.
:
dy / dc =
D1
> 0
(15)
< 0 D1 < 0
. c
.
dB / dc = (s + ) ( - y)
D1
< 0
(16)
:
(s + ) > 0 , > 0, ( - y) > 0, < 0 D1 < 0
.
. , c
.
H D1 , , 1,
.
1
D1 (1 ) [ ( - Ky) - (s + )]
D1.
www.kostasmelas.gr
12
,
. c
.
(17)
dy / dE = [(1 )( ) + Lr]
D1
dy / dg Kr
dy / dg Kr = 0
oo =
1
(s + )
= Lr
D4
www.kostasmelas.gr
> 0
> 0
13
Ly
> 0 (21) Ly > 0, (1 ) > 0 (s + ) >0
(1 )(s + )
= - Lr
< 0 (22) > 0, Lr < 0 D4 < 0
D4
oo =
(21)
.
.
(c), y
.
, (22)
,
.
dy / dc Kr
dy / dc Kr = 0
oo =
D4
(23)
> 0
,
. , ,
www.kostasmelas.gr
14
,
(24) (15)
D4 < D1
.
:
d / dc Kr
oo =
-1
(1 )
< 0
- ( y) < 0
(26) ( y) < 0 D4 < 0
D4
.
d / dc Kr = 0
dy / dE Kr
dy / dE Kr = 0
A
(27) (s + ) > 0
(s + )
= [(1 ) + Lr] (28) Lr < 0, < 0, 1 > 0 D4 < 0
D4
oo =
. > 0 .
< 0
.
:
Lr
(29) (s + ) > 0, (1 ) > 0 Lr < 0
(1 )(s + )
d / dE Kr = 0
= [ Ly + Lr[(s + ) ( y)]] (30)
D4
Ly < 0, Lr < 0, (s + ) > 0, ( y) > 0 D4 < 0
d / dE Kr
oo =
.
> 0 (29) (30) .
(dE > 0)
Marshall Lerner.
= 1
. c,
.
,
.
www.kostasmelas.gr
15
= 1,
.
.
= x- iE i
= xEx - iE Ei i
Ex
Ei
: x = x i = iEE
x
I
= x x i i i
E
x / E = i = io
: = io (x i 1)
, > 0
x i > 1 Marshall - Lerner
= r - Eir > 0
<
()
( ).
. < 0.
i = i[y,r]
ir < 0 iy > 0
www.kostasmelas.gr
16
2.
,
,
.
, , ,
,
.
()
()
.
/ .
/ ,
= 0
B = X(E) Ei (y ; r ; E) + K (y ; r) (
)
.
, ,
/ ()
/ (c)
: = c +
0 = c +
c = -
y, r ,E
g, c
:
y = (y t ; r) + X (E) Ei (y ; r ; E) + g
B = X(E) Ei (y ; r ; E) + K (y ; r)
L (y ; r) = c + (1 ) + L
:
1)
dy = ydy ttdy + rdr + XdE Eiydy Eirdr EiEdE - i(y ; r ; E)dE + dg
dy - ydy + ttdy + Eiydy = rdr + XdE Eirdr EiEdE i(y ; r ; E)dE + dg
dy (1 - y + tt + Eiy) = (r Eir) dr + [X EiE i(y ; r ; E)] dE +dg
dy (1 - y + tt + Eiy) - (r Eir) dr = [X EiE i(y ; r ; E)] dE +dg
www.kostasmelas.gr
17
:
1 - y + tt = s
Eiy =
r Eir =
X EiE i(y ; r ; E)] =
: (s + )dy dr dE = dg (31)
2)
dB = XdE Eiydy Eirdr EiEdE i(y ; r ; E)dE + Kydy + Krdr
0 = dy(Ky Eiy) + dr(Kr Eir) + dE[X - EiE - i(y ; r ; E)]
dy(Eiy Ky) dr(Kr Eir) = dE[X - EiE - i(y ; r ; E)]
: Kr Eir =
:
-
Eiy =
X EiE i(y ; r ; E)] =
( - Ky)dy dr - AdE = 0
(32)
(33)
:
3)
Lydy + Lrdr = dc + (1 )d
Lydy Lrdr = dc
:
(s + )dy dr - dE = dg
( - Ky)dy dr AdE = 0
Lydy Lrdr + 0d
= dc
()
Gauss :
s+
- Ky
Ly
Lr
D5 = (s + )
-A
-A
0
-
- Lr
dy
dr
dE
-A
0
- Ky
+ - Ly
-A
0
dg
0
dc
-A
- Ky -
- Ly
- Lr
www.kostasmelas.gr
18
> 0
().
:
dy / dg = - Lr
D5
>0
dy / dc =
D5
>0
(35)
> 0 D5 > 0
,
, .
= 0 .
,
0
C,
r = cost dr = 0.
. dr = 0
() :
(s + )dy dE dg = 0
( - Ky)dy AdE
=0
Lydy + dc
=0
()
.
:
Lydy + dc = 0
Lydy = - dc
dy = dc
dy = 1
> 0
Ly
dc
Ly
() :
(s + ) dc dE dg = 0
Ly
, c
dc = 0 dE dg = 0
dE = - dg
> 0,
Marshall Lerner.
,
dy / dg dr = 0 = 0
www.kostasmelas.gr
19
,
.
,
dB = dr = 0
,
,
Y = C + I + X M.
. ,
.
:
1)
r
oo (
)
2)
r
0 (
0)
:
dy / dg Kr
dy / dg Kr = 0
dy / dc Kr
dy / dc Kr = 0
oo
(36)
= 0
=
oo =
1
s + Ky
> 0
(37) s + Ky > 0
1
Ly
> 0
(38) Ly > 0
-
- Ly + Lr( Ky) (s + )
> 0
(39)
(r = ) .
,
.
()
(c).
.
= C + R R = B = 0
.
www.kostasmelas.gr
20
(
)
, : ( r = )
.
d = 0 r = .
.
(38), (39)
.
www.kostasmelas.gr
21
3.
,
-
.
() , ..,
,
() ().
.
V ()
.
(40)
B - X(E) + Ei (y ; r ; E) - K (y ; r) V = 0
. :
y = (y t ; r) + X (E) Ei (y ; r ; E) + g
B = X(E) Ei (y ; r ; E) + K (y ; r) + V
L (y ; r) = c + (1 ) + L
:
(s + )dy dr + 0dB = dE + dg
( - Ky)dy dr + d = AdE + dV
Lydy Lrdr + (1 )d = dc
s+
- Ky
Ly
Lr
0
1
1
dy
dr
dB
(V)
dE + dg
AdE + dV
dc
.
D1 :
D1 = Lr (s + ) + Ly + (1 ) [ ( - Ky) - (s + )] < 0
:
www.kostasmelas.gr
22
dy / dV = (1 )
D1
(41)
> 0
dB / dV = Ly + Lr(s + B)
D1
> 0
(42)
(41)
.
(42)
.
() :
(1)
.. dV < 0 ( )
,
. ,
.
:
:
, dc = 0,
/ dy = 0
dy dg = - dy dV
dg
dV
(43)
- (1 ) + Lr
> 0
(4)
D1
dy / dg =
(1-)
dy/dV =
________
> 0
(41)
D1
(43) :
- (1 ) + Lr
dg = - (1-) dV
www.kostasmelas.gr
23
D1
dg =
D1
- (1 )
- (1 ) + Lr
dV
/ .
dg = 0
dy / dc =
D1
> 0
dy dc = - dy dV
dc
dV
(15)
dy / dV = 1
D1
dc = - 1
D1
D1
dV
>0
(41) :
dc = - (1 ) dV
/ .
(2) : = 1
. (41) (
) (42)
1 ( = 1, D1 (42))
. , ,
dB/dV 1.
.
(3)
. ,
,
, ,
, .
,
,
.
www.kostasmelas.gr
24
(4)
.
. ,
, .
,
, :
()
.
,
() .
www.kostasmelas.gr
25
4.
. ,
:
-
dy / dg
dy / dc
dE = 0
dB = 0
H .
, ..
.
1 .
1) ( = 0),
(6)
(34). a-priori
.
a-priori.
2) ( =1),
dy/dg (8)
(34). ,
( D3 )
( D5 )
.
3) r = ,
,
(13).
r = cost,
,
. ,
,
www.kostasmelas.gr
26
.
4)
.
5) = , , dy/dg
.
.
6) ,
1
1)
2)
3)
r =
4)
5)
6)
www.kostasmelas.gr
(dg)
(dc)
dE = 0
dE = 0
dB = 0
dB = 0
dB = 0
dE = 0
dB = 0
dB = 0
27