LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

1.2.1 Gas Metal Arc Welding 3

1.2.2 Butt Welds 4

1.2.3 Fillet Welds 4

2.1 Single Pore and Cluster of Pore in Weld 6

2.2 Schematic Drawing of an Internal Crack 6

2.3 Schematic Drawing of a Surface Crack 7

2.4 Toe Radius in a Fillet Weld 7

2.4(a) Photograph of Weld 8

3.1 Data Mining Models and Tasks 9

3.1(a) Data Mining Cycles 9

3.2 Data Mining Techniques 11

4.0 SNR for the Inspection of the lack of Penetration Defects 21

4.2 The basic Procedure for Penetrant Testing 22

4.3 Magnetic Field Deviates due to Defects 24

4.4 Schematic Description of Radigraphy 25

4.5 Schematic view of a Schearophy setup 26

5.1 Simulation of a wave 30

5.2.1 Array Ultrasound imaging 31

5.2.4 Normalized Spectra 33

i
5.2.5 Phase of a Ultrasound Signal 35

ii
 LIST OF TABLES

5.2.4 Compared Real Diameter 34

iii
 LIST OF ABBERIVATIONS

Non-Destructive Testing
1 NDT

2 GMAW Gas Metal Arc Welding

3 GTAW Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

4 SMAW Shielded Metal Arc Welding

5 SAW Submerged Arc Welding

6 CART Classification and Regression Tree

7 CHAID Chisquare Automatic Intersection Detection

8 SNR Signal to Noise Ratio

ABSTRACT
iv
 Welding is the process that is great importance between the joining of two metals.
Most of the welding methods are used to joins metal pieces by meting them and causing them
together as the weld solidifies during its cooling. Due to the unexpected environmental the
welding process will meet the defects which includes temperature, rabid heating and cooling,
flowing liquid metal and different types of gases are form in the weld.

Since defects are by the means of undesired, several ways for inspecting welds have
been developed. Lots of defects can be detected using destructive testing, e.g. by cutting the
weld into pieces or by loading it until it fractures. All welding processes can give rise to
defects, which weakens the joint and can eventually lead to the failure of the welded
structure. In order to inspect welds for detects, without affecting the usability of the product,
non-destructive testing (NDT) is needed. NDT includes a wide range of different techniques,
based on different physical principles, each with its advantages and disadvantages.

The system is aimed at increasing inspection speed, accuracy and at the same time
reducing subjectivity associated with the manual interpretation of the weld radiographs. The
system detects the weld defects, classifies it, and displays the output with greater accuracy
compared to the previously existing methods. It implements its different types of
preprocessing methods that helps in the automatic recognition of weld defects efficiently.