WATER

CONTENTS
Properties of
Water 01 04
Methods of Proper
Treatment and
Disposal of Sewage
and Industrial Waste
Industrial Uses
of Water 02
Kinds of Water and 05 Water Pollution
Sources of Water
Supply
03
Properties
of Water
Water
 Water is essential for life.
 It covers 2/3 of the earth’s surface.
 Human body is comprised of over 70% water.
Water Molecule
Water is formed when two
hydrogen atoms bond to one
oxygen atom.

= H2O or water
1 molecule of water
Water is POLAR!
 Water is polar because oxygen
and hydrogen have different
electronegativity values.
 The oxygen end “acts” negative.
 The hydrogen end “acts” positive.
Interaction Between Water Molecules
Negative oxygen end of one water molecule is attracted
to the positive hydrogen end of another water molecule
to form a hydrogen bond.
Hydrogen Bonds
 Formed between a highly electronegative atom.
 Weak bond, but strong in great numbers
States of Water
Water is the only substance found on Earth in all three states.

Solid Liquid Gas

Properties of Water
Physical Properties Chemical Properties
 Polar molecule  Dissociation of water
 Hydrophilic and molecules
Hydrophobic  Acids and base
 Osmosis
 Cohesion
 Adhesion
 Physical
Properties
Polar Molecule
The hydrogen ends of the molecule are positive and the
oxygen end is negative. This causes water molecules to
attract each other and other polar molecules.

Water Other polar molecules Salt dissolved in water

(example salt)
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic
Water is a polar solvent.

Hydrophilic Hydrophobic
 Greek words : hydros meaning  Greek words : hydros meaning
“water” and philia, meaning “water” and phobos, meaning
“friendship” “fear”
 Water-loving  Water-fearing
 Polar  Non Polar
Osmosis
It is the passage of water from a region of high water
concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a
region of low water concentration.
Cohesion
Have you ever filled a glass of
water to the very top and then
slowly added a few more drops?

Cohesion means sticking together.

It is a property of water, wherein
water is attracted to itself.
Cohesion
Cohesive forces are responsible for surface tension,
the tendency of a liquid’s surface to resist rupture
when placed under tension or stress.
Adhesion
 It refers to the tendency of water molecules to be
attracted, or ''stick'', to other substances.
 It causes capillary action.
Chemical
Properties
Dissociation of Water Molecules
Water has a tendency to dissociate (break up)
into ions when in solution.

Hydronium Ion

Hydroxide Ion
Acid and Base
One water molecule is made of two ions, hydrogen
(H+) and a hydroxide ion (OH-).

H + + OH-
H2 O
Acid and Base
Acid
 A solution with lots of H+ ions
 pH 0 up to 7 is acid (acidic)

Base
 A solution with lots of OH- ions
 pH above 7 – 14 is basic (alkaline)
 Industrial
Uses of Water
Importance of Water
 Industry is reliant on water for all levels of production.
 It can be used as a raw material, solvent, coolant,
transport agent, and energy source.
 Industries that produce metals, wood, paper,
chemicals, gasoline, oils, and most other products all
use water in some part of their production process.
Kinds of Water
& Sources of
Water Supply
Kinds of Water
1. Tap Water
2. Well Water
3. Mineral Water
4. Spring/Glacier Water
5. Sparkling Water
6. Distilled Water
7. Purified Water
8. Rainwater
Tap Water
It is found everywhere from the water in
your toilet to the water in the kitchen sink
or dishwasher.
Well Water
This method of water retrieval is more uncommon in this
day and age, some people are still drawing water
straight from the ground as their main source of water.
Mineral Water
As implied by the name, mineral water is
pulled from a mineral spring, which is full of
minerals like sulfur, magnesium, and calcium.
Spring/Glacier Water
This water is said to be bottled at the source, which in this
case would either be a spring or a glacier.
Sparkling Water
It is also known as carbonated water or soda
water, sparkling water is infused with carbon
dioxide gas while under pressure.
Distilled Water
It is created by boiling the water and then collecting the
steam and condensing it back into liquid form.
Purified Water
This water may seem extremely pure and
clean because of the name, it is usually just
tap or groundwater that has been disinfected
from harmful contaminants and bacteria.
Rainwater
Rainwater is, in fact, the purest form of water you can get.
Sources of Water Supply
1. Surface Water
2. Ground Water
3. Collected Rainwater
Surface Water
It is any body of water above ground, including
streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, reservoirs, and
creeks.
Ground Water
It is found underground in the cracks and spaces in
soil, sand and rock.
Rainwater
Rainwater is water that has fallen as rain.
 Methods of Proper
Treatment and Disposal
of Sewage and
Industrial Waste
Wastewater Treatment
 Usually refer to sewage
treatment, or domestic
wastewater treatment.
 It a process of removing
contaminants from wastewater,
both runoff and domestic.
Where does wastewater come from?
 Residences
 Commercial institution
 Industrial institution
How can it be treated?
It collected and transported via a network of pipes and
pump stations to a municipal treatment plan.
Stages of Water Treatment
 Pre-Treatment
 Primary Treatment
 Secondary Treatment
 Tertiary Treatment
 Sludge Disposal
Pre-Treatment
 It is done to remove large
objects/debris and non-
degradable objects from
the waste water.
 It saves the equipment
from any kind of damage.
 It has a bar screen, mesh
screen, and grit chamber.
Primary Treatment
 It is done to remove any Sludge
(Sand
suspended sand particles. Particles)

 The velocity of wastewater is

reduced so that all the
suspended particles settle Scum
(Soap,
down due to gravity force. Oils,
Grease)
 The settled material is called
“biosolids” or sludge.
Sludge
(Feces)
Secondary Treatment
 It is a biological process that
makes use of microbes /
bacteria and algae to absorb
the organic matter.
 Microbes consume all the
organic impurities and convert
them into CO2, H2O, or
energy for their own growth.
 Chlorine

Tertiary Treatment
 It is sometimes stated as the
disinfection.
 Chlorine and chloramines
are used for the wastewater
treatment for the disinfection
process.
 Sometimes, UV radiation are
used to disinfect the water.
Sludge (biosolids) Disposal
 The final stage of wastewater treatment is removing sludge.
 The by-products of these sludge are often used for
agricultural purposes.
Methods of Wastewater Treatment
 Biological Wastewater Treatment
 Physical Wastewater Treatment
 Chemical Wastewater Treatment
Biological Wastewater Treatment
It involves the use of micro bacteria that decompose the
waste material or organic impurities and improve the
quality of water to be used for households.

Three Methods of Biological Treatment

 Aerobic Respiration
 Anaerobic Respiration
 Composting
Aerobic Respiration
 Bacteria decompose and devour the organic impurities of
wastewater and convert it to CO2 for reproduction and growth.
 Oxygen is required.
Anaerobic Respiration
 Also called fermentation process, waste of sludge present
in the wastewater is fermented at a specified temperature.
 Oxygen is not required.
Composting
It is a kind of aerobic
process, in which sludge or
bio solid is mixed with
carbon sources in the
presence of oxygen to
remove all the impurities.
Physical Wastewater Treatment
It uses physical approaches to remove impurities.

Three Methods of
Physical Treatment
 Sedimentation
 Aeration
 Filtration
Sedimentation
 It is a procedure of removing
insoluble debris from the water.
 The first unit of sedimentation tank is
known as “primary sedimentation
tank” where solids or dense
materials like stones, dust particles,
debris are removed by gravity
force, and less dense particles are
carried to the next tank.
Aeration
In this method, the air is made to circulate through water to
give it oxygen to increase its Bio-Oxygen Demand.
Filtration
 It is used for filtering out impurities present in wastewater.
 Common filter used is sand filter.
Chemical Wastewater Treatment
It uses various chemical in order to clean water.
 Chlorine is used to treat sewage because it acts as an oxidizing
chemical to kill harmful bacteria.
 Ozone is also an oxidizing disinfectant that works to destroy
viruses and harmful bacteria in the water.
 Neutralization method – base or acid is mixed with water till it
reaches the pH value of water.
 Water
Pollution
Water Pollution
It occurs when energy and other
materials are released into the
water, contaminating the quality of
it for other user.
Types of Water Pollution
 Surface Water Pollution
 Groundwater Pollution
 Microbiological Pollution
 Oxygen Depletion pollution
 Surface Water Ground Water
Pollution Pollution
It is found on the exterior It is found in soil or under rock
of the Earth's crust, oceans, structure or aquifer
rivers and lakes
 Microbiological Oxygen Depletion
Pollution Pollution
Microorganisms that thrives Microorganisms that live in
on water and fishes that water feed on biodegradable
can cause illness to land substances.
animals and humans
Different Causes of Water Pollution
 Marine Dumping
 Industrial Waste
 Sewage, mainly from households
 Nuclear waste
 Oil pollution
 Underground storage leaks
Effects on Human
Diseases caused by:
 Drinking contaminated water
 Swimming in polluted water
 Contact with chemically polluted water
Effects on Animals
 200 turtles in Australia’s surround waters die each year.
 Birds and mammals become coated with oil.
What can you do?
 Turn off running water
 Be cautious of what you pour in
your sink / flush down your toilet.
 Fertilize correctly
 Join a special society devoted to
the prevention of water pollution
 Spread awareness