WAM August 2023 - Compressed

POLITY ................................................................................. 2 3. GOBARDHAN INITIATIVE .............................................
34
4. WORLDCOIN.................................................................. 35
1. DIGITAL PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION ACT, 2023 . 2
5. MAHARATNA AND NAVRATNA CATEGORY ................ 36
2. MONEY BILLS AND FINANCIAL BILLS ........................... 3
6. MINES AND MINERALS (DEVELOPMENT AND
3. THE DOCTRINE OF ‘REASONABLENESS’ ........................ 5
REGULATION) AMENDMENT BILL, 2023 ............................. 36
4. MEDIATION BILL, 2023 ................................................ 6
7. COASTAL AQUACULTURE AUTHORITY (AMENDMENT)
5. JUSTICE ROHINI PANEL’S FINDING ................................ 8
BILL, 2023 ............................................................................... 38
6. STANDING COMMITTEE REPORT ON ‘JUDICIAL
8. RBI - STATE OF THE ECONOMY REPORT................... 38
PROCESS AND THEIR REFORMS’ ................................................ 9
9. YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT............................................. 39
7. BILL ON ELECTION COMMISSION APPOINTMENTS ... 10
10. FUTURE OF WORK: STATE OF WORK @ AI REPORT
8. SUSPENSION OF MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT (MPS) 11
40
9. LOWERING THE MINIMUM AGE FOR CONTESTING
11. INDIA’S INDUSTRIAL POLICY ................................. 41
ELECTIONS ................................................................................ 12
12. INDIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM ................................. 42
10. SIMULTANEOUS ELECTIONS .................................. 13
13. DIGITAL AGRICULTURE .......................................... 43
GOVERNANCE & SOCIAL ISSUES ................................15
ENVIRONMENT & GEOGRAPHY ................................. 45
1. SUPREME COURT HANDBOOK ON GENDER
1. HYBRID EVS - PATH TO NET-ZERO MOBILITY ......... 45
STEREOTYPES ........................................................................... 15
2. TAKAKIA MOSS ............................................................. 46
2. NATIONAL CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK FOR SCHOOL
3. CHEETAH DEATHS ........................................................ 47
EDUCATION (NCF-SE) ........................................................... 15
4. CAPTIVE BREEDING OF HIMALAYAN VULTURE ........ 48
3. GLOBAL INITIATIVE ON DIGITAL HEALTH (GIDH) . 16
5. ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NORTH EAST ........... 49
4. WHO TRADITIONAL MEDICINE GLOBAL SUMMIT .. 17
6. STATE OF INDIA’S BIRD REPORT, 2023 ................... 50
5. STATE OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN RURAL INDIA
7. ILLICIT RED SAND BOA TRADE .................................. 51
2023 17
8. FLOOD PLAIN ZONING................................................... 52
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ....................................19 9. FUKUSHIMA WATER RELEASE ..................................... 53
10. FUJIWHARA EFFECT ............................................... 54
1. BRICS SUMMIT 2023 ................................................ 19
11. PLACES IN NEWS .................................................... 55
2. KATCHATHEEVU CONTROVERSY................................. 20
3. ECOWAS ..................................................................... 21 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ............................................ 56
INTERNAL SECURITY & DEFENCE .............................23 1. CHANDRAYAAN-3......................................................... 56
2. DRACO PROGRAM ....................................................... 58
1. ASTRA BVR .................................................................. 23
3. GENE-EDITED MUSTARD ............................................. 58
2. INS VINDHYAGIRI AND PROJECT 17 A...................... 25
4. METAGENOMICS AND PATHOGEN SEQUENCING ........ 59
3. HAVANA SYNDROME .................................................... 26
5. HELA CELLS .................................................................. 60
4. INTER-SERVICES ORGANISATION BILL, 2023 ......... 28
6. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY ................................................... 61
5. IOT AND SMART TECHNOLOGY THREATS FROM
CHINA 28 HISTORY & CULTURE ................................................... 63
6. AKIRA RANSOMWARE .................................................. 29
1. MYLARA CULT .............................................................. 63
7. HARAMI NALA .............................................................. 30
2. PIRIPKURA TRIBE ......................................................... 63
ECONOMY..........................................................................32 3. MEGALITHIC HAT STONES .......................................... 64
4. RED FORT’S SYMBOLISM ............................................. 65
1. INDIA’S CHIP DESIGN ECOSYSTEM ............................. 32
5. SANT GURU RAVIDAS ................................................... 65
2. NITI AAYOG: TOWARDS DECARBONISING TRANSPORT
33
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POLITY
1. Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023

Context
The Act was passed recently.
Major Provisions of the Act

● Applicability: The Bill applies to the processing of digital personal data within India
where such data is: (i) collected online, or (ii) collected offline and is digitised. It will also
apply to the processing of personal data outside India if it is for offering goods or services
in India.
● Consent: Personal data may be processed only for a lawful purpose after obtaining the
consent of the individual. Consent may be withdrawn at any point in time. Consent will
not be required for ‘legitimate uses’ including: (i) specified purpose for which data has
been provided by an individual voluntarily, (ii) provision of benefit or service by the
government, (iii) medical emergency, and (iv) employment. For individuals below 18
years of age, consent will be provided by the parent or the legal guardian.
● Rights and duties of data principal: An individual whose data is being processed (data
principal), will have the right to: (i) obtain information about processing, (ii) seek
correction and erasure of personal data, (iii) nominate another person to exercise rights
in the event of death or incapacity, and (iv) grievance redressal. Data principals will have
certain duties. They must not: (i) register a false or frivolous complaint, and (ii) furnish
any false particulars or impersonate another person in specified cases. Violation of duties
will be punishable with a penalty of up to Rs 10,000.
● Obligations of data fiduciaries: The entity determining the purpose and means of
processing, (data fiduciary), must: (i) make reasonable efforts to ensure the accuracy and
completeness of data, (ii) build reasonable security safeguards to prevent a data breach,
(iii) inform the Data Protection Board of India and affected persons in the event of a
breach, and (iv) erase personal data as soon as the purpose has been met and retention is
not necessary for legal purposes (storage limitation). In case of government entities,
storage limitation and the right of the data principal to erasure will not apply.
● Transfer of personal data outside India: The Act allows transfer of personal data outside
India, except to countries restricted by the central government through notification.
● Exemptions: Rights of the data principal and obligations of data fiduciaries (except data
security) will not apply in specified cases. These include: (i) prevention and investigation
of offences, and (ii) enforcement of legal rights or claims. The central government may,
by notification, exempt certain activities from the application of the Bill. These include: (i)
processing by government entities in the interest of the security of the state and public
order, and (ii) research, archiving, or statistical purposes.
● Data Protection Board of India: The central government will establish the Data
Protection Board of India. Key functions of the Board include: (i) monitoring compliance
and imposing penalties, (ii) directing data fiduciaries to take necessary measures in the
event of a data breach, and (iii) hearing grievances made by affected persons. Board

members will be appointed for two years and will be eligible for re-appointment. The
central government will prescribe details such as the number of members of the Board
and the selection process. Appeals against the decisions of the Board will lie with TDSAT.
● Penalties: The schedule to the Bill specifies penalties for various offences such as up to:
(i) Rs 200 crore for non-fulfilment of obligations for children, and (ii) Rs 250 crore for
failure to take security measures to prevent data breaches. Penalties will be imposed by
the Board after conducting an inquiry.
Key Issues
● Exemptions: The Act provides exemptions for data processing by the State on grounds
such as national security, which may lead to unchecked data collection and processing,
potentially violating the right to privacy.
● Lack of Regulation on Harms: The Act does not effectively regulate the risks and harms
arising from the processing of personal data, potentially leaving individuals vulnerable to
harm.
● Absence of Key Rights: The Act does not grant individuals the right to data portability
and the right to be forgotten, which are important for data control and privacy
protection.
● Cross-border Data Transfer: The mechanism for allowing the transfer of personal data
outside India raises concerns about whether it ensures adequate evaluation of data
protection standards in recipient countries.
● Short Appointment Terms: The short two-year term of members on the Data Protection
Board with eligibility for re-appointment may affect the board's independence.
Way Forward
● Balancing Exemptions: Address concerns about exemptions by ensuring that data
processing by the State is proportionate to the need for interference and subject to
robust oversight.
● Regulating Harms: Introduce provisions that effectively regulate and mitigate harms
arising from personal data processing, aligning with international best practices.
● Rights Inclusion: Consider including the right to data portability and the right to be
forgotten to empower individuals to control their data.
● Cross-border Data Transfer: Establish a more rigorous evaluation mechanism for allowing
cross-border data transfers, ensuring strong data protection standards.
● Appointment Terms: Extend the appointment terms of Data Protection Board members
to enhance independence and effectiveness.
2. Money Bills and Financial Bills

Context
Recently, the Minister for Parliamentary Affairs clarified that The Digital Personal Data Protection
(DPDP) Bill is a normal Bill and not a Money Bill.

Difference between Money Bills and Financial Bills:
Aspect Money Bills Financial Bills
Introduction Can only be introduced in the Lok Can be introduced in either the Lok
Sabha. Sabha or the Rajya Sabha.
President’s Must be introduced on the The President's recommendation is

Recommendation President’s recommendation. necessary for Category I at the
introduction stage and for Category II
at the consideration stage.
The originating Must originate only Category II can originate in either the
House in the Lok Sabha. Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha.
Rajya Sabha Rajya Sabha’s involvement is Rajya Sabha can fully participate,
Involvement limited; it can only provide including amendments and
recommendations. (Article 117). discussions.
Inclusion of RS Not mandatory for Money Bills to Provision for Rajya Sabha’s
Recommendations include Rajya Sabha’s recommendations to be included in
recommendations. Financial Bills.
Subjects Covered Deals exclusively with matters Deals with matters beyond those listed
listed in Article 110(1) of the in Article 110(1) and can include other
Constitution. financial provisions.
Certification Certified by the Speaker as a Money

Bill if it falls under Article 110(1).
Overriding Lok Sabha’s decision prevails in Requires agreement of both Houses

Authority case of disagreements with the for passage.
Rajya Sabha.
President’s Role The president’s recommendation is The President's recommendation is

essential for the introduction. required if the Bill involves expenditure
from the Consolidated Fund of India.
Financial Bills (I) VS Financial Bills (II):
Financial Bill (I) Financial Bill (II)
Financial Bill (I) encompasses matters related Financial Bill (II) concerns provisions involving
to money bills and general legislation. expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of
India but does not cover the subjects outlined
in Article 110.

It is presented under Article 117 (1) of the Governed by Article 117 (3) of the Constitution,
Constitution. Financial Bill (II) follows the legislative
procedure of ordinary bills.
Similarities with money bills: It can only be It can be introduced in either House of
introduced in the Lok Sabha and upon the Parliament, and while the President’s
President’s recommendation. recommendation is not necessary for
introduction, it becomes crucial during the
consideration stage.
Dissimilarities: Unlike money bills, a Financial Without the President’s recommendation,

Bill (I) can be subject to amendments or neither House can pass the bill.
rejection by the Rajya Sabha. In case of
disagreement between the two Houses, a joint
sitting can be convened by the President to
resolve the deadlock.
3. The Doctrine of ‘Reasonableness’

Context
Israeli courts have invoked the reasonableness doctrine to scrutinize political appointments and
executive decisions.
What is the doctrine of ‘reasonableness’?

● The ‘reasonableness doctrine’ is a legal principle used to evaluate the validity of
administrative decisions. It assesses whether a decision is extremely unreasonable, based
on factors like the consideration of relevant information, proper balancing of factors, and
absence of irrelevant influences.
● If a decision lacks these qualities, it can be invalidated.
● For instance, if a government decision allocates resources without adequately considering
the impact on citizens’ well-being, or if a political appointment is made without proper
evaluation of the candidate’s qualifications, the ‘reasonableness’ doctrine can be used to
challenge and overturn such decisions.
Indian context:
India has a ‘Doctrine of Non-Arbitrariness and Reasonable Classification’ originating from Article
14 (fundamental right to equality to every citizen in the country).

4. Mediation Bill, 2023
Context
The Rajya Sabha passed the Mediation Bill 2023,
which mandates individuals to attempt the
settlement of civil or commercial disputes
through mediation before approaching any
court or tribunal.
About Mediation:
● Mediation is an alternative dispute
resolution (ADR) method in which a
neutral third party, known as a
mediator, helps parties in a dispute
reach a mutually agreeable resolution.
● Mediation is considered a more cost-
effective, efficient, and less adversarial
method compared to traditional court
litigation.
What are the Key features of the Mediation bill?

● Promote mediation: The Bill aims to promote, encourage, and facilitate mediation,
especially institutional mediation, to resolve disputes, commercial and otherwise.
● Mandatory Mediation: The Bill further proposes mandatory mediation before litigation. At
the same time, it safeguards the rights of litigants to approach competent adjudicatory
forums/courts for urgent relief.
● Confidentiality: The mediation process will be confidential and immunity is provided
against its disclosure in certain cases.
● Legally binding: The outcome of the mediation process in the form of a Mediation
Settlement Agreement (MSA) will be legally enforceable and can be registered with the
State district or taluk legal authorities within 90 days to ensure authenticated records of
the settlement.
● Mediation Council of India: The Bill establishes the Mediation Council of India and also
provides for community mediation.
● Services of Mediator: If the parties agree, they may appoint any person as a mediator. If
not, they may apply to a mediation service provider to select a person from its panel of
mediators.
● Disputes where no mediation is required: The Bill lists disputes that are not fit for
mediation (such as those involving criminal prosecution, or affecting the rights of third
parties). The central government may amend this list.
● Time-bound process: The mediation process must be completed within 180 days, which
may be extended by another 180 days by the parties.
What are the Concerns over the bill?

● Mandatory provision: Pre-litigation mediation is mandatory for both parties before filing
any suit or proceeding in a court, whether or not there is a mediation agreement between
them.
● Monetary punishment: Parties who fail to attend pre-litigation mediation without a
reasonable reason may incur a cost.
● Clause 26: Court-annexed mediation, including pre-litigation mediation, will be conducted
in accordance with the directions or rules framed by the Supreme Court or High Courts.
● Limited Grounds for Challenge: This could hinder parties’ recourse in case of new evidence
or unforeseen circumstances.
● Challenge Period Inadequate: The 90-day period provided to raise challenges against
settlement agreements might not be sufficient for parties to discover certain defects or
fraud at a later stage.
● Undefined Term “Exceptional Circumstances”: The term “exceptional circumstances” in
Clause 8 under which party can move court is undefined in the Bill.
● Access to Online Mediation: Online mediation requires widespread internet access, which
is not uniformly available across India.
● Mandatory Panel of Three Mediators for Community: Requiring a panel of three mediators
for community mediation limits the flexibility that mediation usually offers.
● Restrictions on Government Participation: The Bill restricts the government’s participation
in mediation proceedings only to “commercial disputes,” limiting its potential impact on
resolving broader public issues, as the government is the biggest litigant in India.
● Lack of international enforceability: Bill considers international mediation to be domestic
when it is conducted in India with the settlement being recognised as a judgment or decree
of a court. The Singapore Convention does not apply to settlements that already have the
status of judgments or decrees. As a result, conducting cross-border mediation in India will
exclude the tremendous benefits of worldwide enforceability.

5. Justice Rohini Panel’s finding
Context
Justice G. Rohini-led Commission, established in 2017
to explore the sub-categorization of Other Backward
Classes (OBC) groups, submitted its report to the
President of India on July 31, 2023, after numerous
extensions.
What is the sub-categorization of Other Backward

Classes (OBC) groups?
Sub-categorization of Other Backward Classes (OBC)
groups involves classifying existing OBC caste groups
into further categories based on their historical
dominance in availing government benefits meant for
OBCs.
Aim: It aims to ensure a more equitable distribution

of benefits among OBC communities by giving higher
shares to historically marginalized groups and lesser
shares to those that have traditionally dominated
such benefits.
The mandate of the Commission:

The Commission was tasked with first examining how much of 27% reservation (jobs and education)
and other government benefits meant for OBCs was dominated by which caste groups.
Major Findings:
● The Dominance of Few Caste Groups: A small number of caste groups among all OBC
groups were found to dominate the reservation quotas and other government benefits
meant for OBCs.
● Equitable Redistribution: The need to ensure a more equitable distribution of benefits
among OBC communities was identified, aiming to address the imbalance caused by the
dominance of certain groups.
● Reservation Allocation Formula: The Commission formulated a formula to allocate
reservation shares based on historical underrepresentation, with the objective of providing
a more significant share to historically marginalized groups and reducing the share of
dominant groups.
● Rationalization of Central OBC List: The Commission suggested corrections and
replacements in spellings within the Central OBC list, aiming to rectify errors and
inaccuracies in the entries.
Why are the Commission’s findings significant?

The findings are significant because they provide exact numbers on OBC communities benefiting
from reservations since 1992.
● Socio-Economic Data Significance: The data on socio-economic changes among OBC
communities since the inception of reservation in 1992 is of great significance as it reflects
the impact of reservation policies on these communities’ development.
● Electoral Implications: The distribution of benefits, could have direct implications on the
electoral strategies of political parties, leading them to reconsider their approach towards
caste-based vote banks.
● Caste census: The findings come amid calls for a caste census and growing interest in caste-
based surveys.
6. Standing Committee Report on ‘Judicial Process and their

Reforms’
Context
The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Grievances, Law and Justice has
recommended that judges of the Supreme Court and high courts should be required to declare
their assets annually, citing the need for transparency and public trust.
Key issues highlighted and Recommendations:

● Lack of Transparency in the Judiciary: Recommend enacting a law requiring judges of the
Supreme Court and high courts to declare assets annually. Emphasize that asset disclosure
enhances trust and credibility in the judiciary.
● Huge pendency of cases: Establish 4-5 regional
benches of SC, wherein the regional benches
may decide appellate matters
● Non-publication of Annual Report: Currently,
only a few HCs release their annual report. SC
should direct HCs to publish Annual Reports in
a unified format.
● Long Court Vacations: Suggest doing away
with long court vacations to address the
perception of inconvenience to litigants.
Acknowledge that vacations contribute to the
pendency issue.
● Lack of Social Diversity in Judicial
Appointments: Stress on appointing an
adequate number of women and candidates
from marginalized sections to high courts and the Supreme Court. Include this provision in
the Memorandum of Procedure (MoP). Currently, only 15% of registered advocates are
women.

● Increasing the Retirement Age of Judges: Propose amending the Constitution to increase
the retirement age of high court and Supreme Court judges. The current retirement age is
62 years for HC judges and 65 for SC judges.
Other improvements required:

● Strengthen E-Court System: Implement a robust e-court system for digitized records,
online filing, e-summons, and video conferencing for hearings.
● Transform Appointment System: Fill judicial vacancies promptly, establish clear
appointment timelines, and consider All India Judicial Services (AIJS).
● Case Management Software: Develop software to track case progress, automate tasks,
and improve coordination among stakeholders.
● Data Analytics and Case Prediction: Utilize data analytics and AI to predict case outcomes,
aiding judges in informed decisions.
● Public Legal Education: Promote awareness programs to empower citizens with legal
knowledge, reducing unnecessary litigation.
● Citizen Feedback Mechanism: Establish a feedback system to identify areas for
improvement in the judicial process.
7. Bill on Election Commission Appointments

Context
Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointments, Conditions of
Service, Term of Office) Bill has been proposed by the Centre in the Rajya Sabha to amend the
process of appointing Chief Election Commissioners (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs) in
order to address the impact of a Supreme Court verdict.
Background:
● In March this year, the Supreme Court ruled that a committee comprising the Prime
Minister, Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, and Chief Justice of India must appoint CEC
and ECs until a relevant law is enacted by Parliament. The court noted that the Constitution
lacked provisions for the appointments. The judgment brought the appointment process
on par with that of the CBI Director.
● The new Bill’s Aim: The proposed Bill seeks to replace the Chief Justice of India with a
nominated Cabinet Minister in the committee for appointments.
Major features of the new bill:

● Committee Composition: The bill proposes a committee for selecting members of the
Election Commission of India (ECI). The committee comprises the Prime Minister, the
Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a cabinet minister nominated by the Prime
Minister.
● Search Committee: A Search Committee will be established, led by the Cabinet Secretary.
The Search Committee will consist of two other members not below the rank of Secretary
to the government, knowledgeable in matters related to elections. This committee will
prepare a panel of five individuals eligible for appointment.

● Qualifications for Appointment: The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and other Election
Commissioners (ECs) must be individuals of integrity. They should have held or currently
hold a post equivalent to the rank of secretary. Candidates should possess knowledge and
experience in the management and conduct of elections. Earlier, there was no rule
prescribing the qualifications for appointment to the posts.
● Appointments Process: The Selection Committee, consisting of the Prime Minister, the
Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and the nominated Cabinet Minister, will
appoint the CEC and ECs from the prepared panel.
Issues with the proposed bill:

● Composition of Selection Committee: The committee consists of the Prime Minister, the
nominated Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition. This potentially gives the
Executive dominance in appointments, undermining the independence of the Election
Commission.
● Lack of Chief Justice’s Involvement: The Bill replaces the Chief Justice of India with a
nominated Cabinet Minister in the appointment process. This reduces judicial
representation in the committee and might affect impartiality.
● Search Committee: While the inclusion of a Search Committee is positive, its effectiveness
in selecting suitable candidates and avoiding bias needs to be evaluated.
● Decision Beyond Shortlist: The Bill allows the Selection Committee to choose anyone from
outside the shortlisted candidates, undermining the purpose of the shortlisting process.
● Downgrading of Election Commissioners’ Rank: The rank of Election Commissioner is
being reduced in the warrant of precedence. This could impact their stature.
8. Suspension of Members of Parliament (MPs)

Context
Recent suspensions of Members of Parliament (MPs) have raised concerns about the legality,
rationale, and constitutionality of such actions.
Method of Suspending Members in India’s Parliament:

Method Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha
Process and Under Lok Sabha Rule 373, the Speaker Chair identifies disruptive members under
Rule Used has the authority to instruct a member Rule 256.
to leave the House immediately. On the
Non-compliance of the instruction, the A suspension motion was presented to the
chair names members causing House.
disruptions under Rule 374.
The motion requires House approval. On
The government introduced a approval, the member is suspended. The
suspension motion. House may, however, by another motion,
terminate the suspension.

The motion seeks approval of the
House. If passed, the member is
suspended.
Powers of The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is The Chairman of Rajya Sabha is
the Chair empowered under Rule Number 255 of empowered under Rule Number 255 of its
its Rule Book to “direct any Member Rule Book to “direct any Member whose
whose conduct is in his opinion grossly conduct is in his opinion grossly disorderly
disorderly to withdraw immediately” to withdraw immediately” from the House.
from the House.
The Rajya Sabha Chairman does not have
The Speaker has the power to suspend the power to suspend a Member.
a Member.
Actions for Addressing Parliamentary Suspensions:

● Adhere to Established Rules: Follow Rules 374 (Lok Sabha) and 256 (Rajya Sabha)
meticulously when suspending members.
● Avoid Extended Suspensions: Ensure suspensions don’t exceed the duration of the
ongoing session; prolonged suspensions undermine democratic norms.
● Review Recent Changes: Reevaluate recent indefinite suspensions, like Adhir Ranjan
Chowdhury’s, to ensure they align with constitutional norms.
● Seek Judicial Guidance: Refer to the Ashish Shelar vs. Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
(2022) decision to clarify the legality of suspension durations.
● Promote Dialogue: Prioritize dialogue and negotiation among political leaders to address
disagreements, reducing the need for suspensions.
9. Lowering the Minimum Age for Contesting Elections

Context
A Parliamentary panel has suggested lowering the minimum age for contesting in Assembly
elections from 25 years to 18 years.
Benefits of Lowering Minimum Age Challenges
Youth Representation: This allows young Lack of Experience: Young candidates might
individuals to participate actively in the political lack the experience and maturity required for
process and bring fresh perspectives to policy effective decision-making and governance.
discussions.
Enhanced Political Engagement: Encourages Limited Understanding: Young candidates may

political awareness and involvement among have a limited understanding of the
youth, contributing to a more engaged and complexities of governance and public policy.
informed citizenry.

Diverse Leadership: Promotes diversity in Vulnerability to Influence: Young candidates
leadership by allowing representation from might be more susceptible to external
different age groups, backgrounds, and influence, as they may have less exposure to
experiences. political dynamics.
Adaptation to Modern Challenges: Inadequate Preparedness: Lowering the age

Acknowledge that young candidates may have might lead to unprepared candidates entering
insights into contemporary issues like the political arena, resulting in ineffective
technology, climate change, and social justice. representation.
10. Simultaneous Elections

Context
The Government has formed a committee, headed by former President Ram Nath Kovind, to
explore the possibility of “one nation, one election,” which refers to holding simultaneous Lok
Sabha (Parliament) and state assembly elections.
What is one nation, one election (ONOE)?

The concept of “one nation, one election” refers to holding elections to Lok Sabha and State
Legislative Assemblies simultaneously, once in five years.
Benefits Challenges
Reducing Election Expenditure: Conducting all Constitutional Challenges: Requires

elections simultaneously minimizes expenses constitutional amendments, necessitating
on logistics, security, and campaigning. consensus among political parties and states, a
complex and lengthy process.
Better Governance: Simultaneous elections Logistical challenges: Conducting all elections

allow elected governments to focus on simultaneously involves logistical
governance rather than preparing for the next arrangements, security deployment, voter
election. It will help streamline the election rolls, and polling booth management, leading
cycle to avoid policy disruptions due to the to administrative difficulties.
Model Code of Conduct.
Voter Convenience: Ensures voters are not Anti-federal: Assembly elections focus on local
subjected to multiple rounds of voting, leading issues, and combining them with general
to better turnout and voter convenience. elections may overshadow regional narratives.
Reduced Security Concerns: Conducting Possibility of Domination by National Parties:

elections together reduces overall security Simultaneous elections may favour national
concerns and enhances security setup across parties with more resources, potentially
the country. marginalizing regional parties and issues.
Level Playing Field: Provides a level playing Impact on Democracy: Voters may struggle to

field for all parties and candidates, promoting engage with all issues simultaneously,
fairness and transparency in elections. potentially leading to uninformed choices and
undermining the democratic process.
Reduced Impact on Education: Simultaneous

elections reduce the impact on the education
sector, as fewer teachers are involved in the
electoral process.
Way forward:
● Recommendation of Parliamentary Standing Committee on Law and Justice: A two-phase
election schedule, according to which elections to some legislative assemblies whose term
end within six months to one year before or after the election date could be held during
the midterm of Lok Sabha. For the rest of the states, elections could be held along with the
general elections to Lok Sabha.
● Cost can be brought under control by ensuring that the legal cap on the expenditure of
candidates is followed by all parties.
● Concept of One year, One election will be easier than ONOE, and will have the same
benefits.
● International Examples: Simultaneous Elections are successfully held in South Africa
(national and provincial), and Sweden (including local elections as well on the same day).

GOVERNANCE & SOCIAL ISSUES
1. Supreme Court Handbook on Gender Stereotypes
Context
The Supreme Court of India recently released the Handbook on Combating Gender Stereotypes, a
30-page publication aimed at judges and the legal community.
Examples of Harmful Stereotypes Addressed:

● Misplaced Moral Censure: The handbook points out that using words like 'ravished'
instead of 'raped' is inappropriate, as well as singling out words like 'easy,' 'fallen,' and
'slut' that carry a misplaced sense of moral censure. This underscores the need to avoid
language that shames victims or perpetuates stereotypes about their behavior.
● Outdated Investigative Approaches: The publication criticizes outdated investigative and
evidential approaches, including expecting physical struggle to establish lack of consent,
relying heavily on immediate reporting of violence, and overemphasizing a victim's
drinking habits or dressing choices. These stereotypes contribute to the creation of a
'perfect victim' narrative.
● Intersectionality: While the handbook addresses some intersectional experiences, such
as the assumption that women from marginalized communities lack agency, it is criticized
for not doing enough to integrate the diverse experiences of women. For example, it
does not explicitly address the testimony of disabled women, the specific challenges
faced by Dalit women, or the experiences of queer women subjected to corrective rape.
Significance of the Handbook

● Progressive Step: The handbook is a progressive initiative that acknowledges the role of
gender stereotypes in inhibiting the transformative goals of the law and the Constitution.
It calls for actively challenging and dispelling these stereotypes, contributing to a more
gender-sensitive legal environment.
● Educational Tool: It serves as a valuable educational tool for judges and legal
professionals, providing guidance on appropriate language and dispelling harmful
stereotypes. It can facilitate the use of more inclusive and respectful language in legal
proceedings.
● Challenging Precedents: The handbook challenges past decisions like Mahmood Farooqui
v State, which endorsed harmful stereotypes, urging courts to move away from such
precedents and adopt more gender-sensitive approaches.
2. National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCF-SE)

Context
Recently, Union Minister for Education and Skill Development & Entrepreneurship released
National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCF-SE).
About NCF-SE

The National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCF-SE) is a comprehensive
curriculum framework designed to align with the National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) and
transform the Indian education system.
Key Highlights:
● Purpose: The NCF-SE aims to shape a holistic, contemporary, and Indian-rooted
educational landscape. It is intended to bring about a transformative change in the
education system and align it with the demands of the 21st century.
● Curriculum Framework: The framework follows the 5+3+3+4 design of schooling as
proposed by NEP 2020. It covers all stages of schooling, from the foundational stage to
the secondary stage.
● Learning Standards: The NCF-SE sets clear learning standards and competencies for each
school subject, enabling teachers to foster critical thinking, creativity, and a genuine
understanding of the subjects. It provides specific competencies to be achieved at the
end of each stage for each subject.
● Multidisciplinary Education: The framework promotes multidisciplinary education,
encouraging students to study the relationships between individuals, society, and the
environment. It integrates knowledge from various disciplines into the curricular goals.
● Focus on Values and Well-being: The NCF-SE places importance on nurturing values,
fostering creative pedagogies, and preparing students for practical problem-solving. It
also emphasizes well-being, including physical and mental health.
● Environmental Education: Responding to environmental challenges such as climate
change, biodiversity loss, and pollution, the framework gives due emphasis to
environmental education across all stages of schooling.
● Vocational Education: The curriculum includes specific learning standards, content,
pedagogy, and assessments for vocational education, making it an integral part of school
education.
● Language Proficiency: The framework encourages multilingualism and proficiency in
Indian languages. It expects students to be proficient in at least three languages, with a
focus on native Indian languages.
3. Global Initiative on Digital Health (GIDH)

Context
India in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global Initiative on
Digital Health as part of the on going G-20 summit in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
About GIDH
● GIDH aims to accelerate the transformation of healthcare through digital innovations,
including data convergence, health platform interfaces, and increased investments in the
digital health sector.
● Aims of GIDH
○ ALIGN efforts to support the Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020–2025;

○ SUPPORT quality assured technical assistance to develop & strengthen standards-
based and interoperable systems aligned to global best practices, norms and
standards;
○ FACILITATE the deliberate use of quality assured digital transformation tools that
enable governments to manage their digital health transformation journey.
● Pillars of GIDH
○ investment tracker;
○ ask tracker to track technologies the countries need;
○ a library of available digital tools,
○ a platform for knowledge-sharing to implement these technologies at scale.
4. WHO Traditional Medicine Global Summit

Context
WHO’s first ever Global Summit on Traditional Medicine inaugurated as part of the G20 Health
Minister’s Meeting in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
About Traditional Medicine

● Traditional medicine comprises ancient healing practices, knowledge, and methods
passed down through generations in diverse cultures.
● Ex. Ayurveda, Homoeopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Sowa Rigpa.
About WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine (GCTM)

● Located in Jamnagar, Gujarat, the GCTM serves as a center of knowledge with a focus on
evidence, learning, data, sustainability, equity, and innovation.
● It expedites global progress in traditional medicine by merging age-old wisdom with
contemporary science.
● The center's objective is to incorporate traditional medicine into national healthcare
systems and harness its potential through scientific advancement.
5. State of Elementary Education in Rural India 2023

Context
Recently, the Ministry of Education has released the State of Elementary Education in Rural India
2023 report. The report was based on a survey conducted by the Development Intelligence Unit
(DIU), a collaboration between NGO Transform Rural India and Sambodhi Research and
Communications.
Key Findings
● The survey discovered that more students use smartphones for entertainment rather
than for studying. Approximately 49.3% of rural Indian students have access to
smartphones. Of the students with access to smartphones, 76.7% primarily use them to
play video games.
● Among smartphone users, 56.6% use their devices for downloading and watching movies,
while 47.3% use them for downloading and listening to music.

● Only 34% of students with smartphones use them for studying, and 18% access online
learning via tutorials.
● 78% of parents aspire to educate their children to the level of graduation or higher.
● Students in Class VIII and above have more access to smartphones (58.32%), while even
students in Classes I–III have some access (42.1%).
● Around 40% of parents reported having age-appropriate reading materials, other than
textbooks, available at home.
● Only 40% of parents engage in daily conversations with their children about their school
learning, while 32% do so a few days a week.
● The survey identified reasons for school dropout among a subset of 56 respondents, with
factors like the need to contribute to family earnings, lack of interest in studies, and
household responsibilities mentioned.
● Regarding parent participation, 84% of parents stated they regularly attend parent-
teacher meetings at school, with short notice and a lack of willingness being common
reasons for non-attendance.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. BRICS Summit 2023
Context
15th BRICS Summit was recently held in Johannesburg, South Africa.
About BRICS
● BRICS Formation: BRICS is an acronym representing a group of five major emerging
economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. BRIC group started dialogue in
2006. South Africa later joined in 2010, making it BRICS.
● Economic Powerhouses: Collectively, BRICS nations account for 27% of global GDP.
● Population: BRICS account for over 3 billion people (42% of global population).
● Annual Summits:
○ BRICS holds annual summits where leaders from member nations come together
to discuss economic cooperation, political issues, and global challenges.
○ First Summit: The first BRICS Summit was held in 2009 in Russia.
● New Development Bank (NDB): BRICS established the New Development Bank,
headquartered in Shanghai, China, in 2014 (Fortaleza Summit), to provide financing for
infrastructure and sustainable development projects.
● Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): BRICS created the Contingent Reserve
Arrangement in 2015, a financial safety net to provide member countries with additional
liquidity in times of crisis.
Key Outcomes of the 15th BRICS Summit:

● Expansion of BRICS Membership: The most significant outcome was the decision to
invite Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE)
as new members of the BRICS group, marking a major expansion in its membership.
● Theme: 'BRICS and Africa': The summit focused on the theme of 'BRICS and Africa,'
emphasizing partnerships, development, and inclusive multilateralism with African
nations.
● President Putin's Absence: Russian President Vladimir Putin's absence due to legal and
diplomatic concerns surrounding the International Criminal Court (ICC) order was a
notable development, highlighting both the challenges and maturity of the BRICS group.
● BRICS Currency and De-Dollarization: Discussions around the proposal for a common
BRICS currency and efforts to reduce reliance on the US dollar in international trade were
prominent topics, with varying levels of support among member countries.
● Global Challenges: The summit addressed global challenges, including post-pandemic
economic recovery, climate change, and strengthening multilateralism, reaffirming the
group's commitment to addressing global issues collectively.

Significance of the Changes:
● Economic Weight: The expansion of BRICS membership significantly increases the
group's economic weight, with the inclusion of Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Iran, who are
major players in the global oil market, enhancing its influence in international economic
and energy discussions.
● Geopolitical Alternative: BRICS' expansion further positions the group as a geopolitical
alternative to Western-dominated global institutions, challenging the existing power
dynamics in international politics.
● Diversified Perspectives: The inclusion of new members brings diverse perspectives and
resources to the group, potentially enriching its discussions and initiatives on various
global issues.
● Reducing Dollar Dependency: Discussions on a common BRICS currency and de-
dollarization reflect the group's determination to reduce vulnerabilities arising from
reliance on the US dollar, aligning with their shared interest in mitigating the impact of
sanctions.
2. Katchatheevu Controversy
Context
The Katchatheevu controversy revolves around the ownership and control of Katchatheevu, an
uninhabited and barren 285-acre islet located about 14 nautical miles off the coast of
Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu, India.

About Katchatheevu Island and the
controversy
● In 1974, India and Sri Lanka signed an
agreement to demarcate the maritime
boundary between the two countries
in the waters from Palk Strait to
Adam's Bridge. The agreement
effectively transferred control of
Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka.
● The transfer of Katchatheevu to Sri
Lanka in the 1974 agreement
generated significant opposition in
India, especially from political parties in
Tamil Nadu.
3. ECOWAS
Context
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) involvement in addressing the aftermath
of the coup in Niger.
About ECOWAS
● The Economic Community of West
African States (ECOWAS) is a
regional intergovernmental
organization established in 1975
with the goal of fostering economic
integration, cooperation, and
development among West African
nations.
● Establishment: ECOWAS was
created through the Lagos Treaty
and officially came into existence in
1975.
● Headquarters: The Secretariat of
ECOWAS is headquartered in
Abuja, Nigeria.
● Member States: ECOWAS consists of 15 member states in West Africa - Benin, Burkina
Faso, Cape Verde, Cote d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali,
Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Senegal, and Togo.
● Primary Goals and Objectives:
○ Promoting Economic Integration
○ Free Movement of people, goods, and services within the region.

○ Regional Cooperation in various sectors, including industry, transport, energy,
and finance.
○ Fostering a borderless region governed by democratic principles, the rule of law,
and good governance.
○ Conflict Resolution: ECOWAS plays a role in addressing security and political
challenges through collaboration and conflict resolution.

INTERNAL SECURITY & DEFENCE
1. Astra BVR
Context
Indigenously developed Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas successfully test-fired an indigenously
developed ASTRA beyond visual range (BVR) air-to-air missile off the coast of Goa.
About ASTRA BVR

● The early 1990s marked the beginning of Astra rocket development. The French rocket
Matra Super 530D was then used as a starting point.
● In 2004, the Indian Ministry of Defence started funding the development.
● Astra is 3.8 metres long and 175 millimetres wide (254 mm including wings).
● The entire mass of the rocket surpasses 150 kilogrammes.
● According to the Astra mk1s technical description, it can attack targets flying at speeds of
up to Mach 1.4 at a distance of 110 kilometres.
● After launch, the Astra employs ‘Inertial Mid-Course Guidance’ through a secure data
connection from its mother aircraft, followed by ‘Active Radar Homing’ from its seeker’s
head for terminal guidance.
Astra Missiles
Astra Mark 1
● Limited series production of Astra Mk-1 missiles began in 2017.
● The Astra Mark 1, has a maximum head-on launch range of 100 kilometres, a speed of 4.5
Mach, and launch clearance up to 20 kilometres in height (66,000 ft).

● The Astra may either be launched by the mother ship or in buddy mode.
● Extensive and rigorous trials have validated the Astra missile’s warhead capability,
maximum launch ranges against head-on and manoeuvring targets, long-range target
engagement capability, clear missile separation at supersonic speeds, and launch under
high ‘G’ forces, and multiple missile launches against multiple targets.
● The Astra-1 is meant to carry a 15-kilogram pre-fragmented high explosive warhead that is
ignited by a radio proximity fuse.
● The missile’s Electronic Counter-Countermeasure (ECCM) capabilities allow for
unrestricted operation in an Electronic Counter-Countermeasure (ECM) environment.
● Astra MK-1 already in Service is better than the Chinese PL-12 used by Pakistan and China.
Astra Mark 2
● Astra MK-2 is the new version of Astra MK-1 with better range and launched from an
ejector. The Astra MK-2 has a conventional dual-pulse rocket motor with improved grain
quality and with solid fuel.
● It is longer in length as a result of which more quantity of fuel can be loaded resulting in
better range. Thus Astra Mk2 missile easily exceeds the performance of the USA made AIM-
120D AMRAAM & Chinese made PL-15. It has been tested to 180 km. What sets it apart is its
striking affordability.
● Astra MK-2 shares most of the key features of its predecessor Astra MK-1 such as
aerodynamics, design, smokeless propulsion, Ku band AESA seeker, etc,. so its
development process has been very fast.
● Astra MK-2 is likely to be inducted into IAF service by end of 2023 or Q1 2024 max as every
system from design, body, dual pulse rocket motor, actuators, various sensors, warhead,
instruments and Ku band AESA seeker has been validated and tested.
● It will also come with improved high-angle off boresight capability, improved ECCM system,
will sport a way datalink (first for Indian missile) & an AESA radar which will improve the
first kill probability by a significant margin.

2. INS Vindhyagiri and Project 17 A
Context
President Droupadi Murmu launched INS Vindhyagiri, the last in
the series of three Project 17A (Alpha) frigates.
It was built by the Indian Navy at Kolkata-based Garden Reach
Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE).
About Stealth Frigate

● Stealth frigates are advanced naval warships designed
with stealth technology to reduce their radar cross-
section and visibility.
● The hull and superstructure are shaped to deflect and
absorb radar waves, minimising radar reflections.
● Emission and signature management technologies
control electromagnetic emissions to avoid detection.
● These frigates aim to have low infrared and thermal
signatures, making them less visible to heat-seeking
sensors.
● Sound-absorbing materials reduce acoustic signatures, making it harder for sonar systems
to detect them underwater.
● Stealth frigates are used in various naval operations, including anti-submarine warfare,
anti-air warfare, and surveillance.
● Their stealth features enhance survivability and effectiveness in modern naval warfare by
reducing detection and engagement ranges.
Project 17A
● Project 17 Alpha frigates (P-17A) were launched by the Indian Navy in 2019.
● Project 17A Frigates are the follow-on class of the Project 17 (Shivalik Class) Frigates, with
improved stealth features, advanced weapons and sensors and platform management
systems.
● The project was launched by the defence forces of India to construct a series of stealth
guided-missile frigates.
● These frigates are currently being constructed by two companies - Mazagon Dock
Shipbuilders (MDL) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE).
● Under Project 17A program, a total of four ships by MDL and three ships by GRSE are under
construction.
● The project's first five ships have been launched by MDL and GRSE, between 2019-2022.
● The first stealth ship launched under Project 17A was the Nilgiri, which was launched in
2019.
● Udaygiri, the second ship, was launched in May 2022.
● Project 17A ships have been designed in-house by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau
WDB.

● Aligning with the country's resolute commitment to Aatma Nirbharta, a substantial 75% of
the orders for equipment and systems of Project 17A ships are from indigenous firms,
including Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises MSMEs.
Highlights
● Stealth frigate Vindhyagiri is the sixth vessel rolled out as part of the Project 17A Frigate.
● The five other ships – INS Nilgiri, Udaygiri, Himgiri, Taragiri, and Dunagiri – were launched
between 2019 and 2022.
● The P17A ships are guided missile frigates.
● They are 149 metres long, with a displacement of approximately 6,670 tonnes and a speed
of 28 knots.
● These ships are capable of neutralising threats in all three dimensions of air, surface and
sub-surface.
3. Havana Syndrome
Context
Central government has told the Karnataka High Court that it will look into the matter of the
‘Havana Syndrome’ in India.
Background
● In late 2016, US diplomats and other employees stationed in Havana reported feeling ill
after hearing strange sounds and experiencing odd physical sensations.
● The symptoms included nausea, severe headaches, fatigue, dizziness, sleep problems, and
hearing loss, which have since come to be known as “Havana Syndrome”.
Causes
● Initially, it was speculated to be a sonic attack done by Cuban intelligence agencies.
● Later, the National Academy of Sciences noted in its report that the best explanation for
the syndrome would be pulsed, directed microwaves.

● Microwaves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than those
of visible light but shorter than those of radio waves.
● They fall within the electromagnetic spectrum between radio waves and infrared radiation.
● Microwaves have frequencies ranging from about 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz
(GHz).
● The report suggested that the victims may have been subjected to high-powered
microwaves that either damaged or interfered with the nervous system.
● It is suspected that beams of high-powered microwaves are sent through a special gadget
known as “microwave weapon”.
Microwave Weapons
● Microwave weapons are supposed to be a type of direct energy weapons.
● It uses beams of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation to heat the water in a human
target’s skin, causing pain and discomfort.
● A number of countries are thought to have developed these weapons to target both
humans and electronic systems.
● China had first put on display its “microwave weapon”, called Poly WB-1, at an air show in
2014.
● The United States has also developed a prototype microwave-style weapon, which it calls
the “Active Denial System”.

4. Inter-Services Organisation Bill, 2023
Context
Lok Sabha recently passed the Inter-Services Organisation (Command, Control & Discipline) Bill -
2023 with the aim to bolster the efficiency, discipline, and jointness among the Armed Forces.
Background
● The current Armed Forces operate under separate Service Acts for the Army, Navy, and Air
Force.
● These distinct acts have led to challenges in maintaining consistent discipline and
coordination.
● The Inter-Services Organisation (Command, Control, & Discipline) Bill - 2023 aims to address
these issues.
● It does not seek to change existing Service Acts, Rules, or Regulations that have been well-
established and legally tested over many years.
Salient Features
● Applicability: The bill applies to regular Army, Navy, and Air Force personnel. The central
government can extend its provisions to other Indian forces as needed.
● Inter-services Organisation: Existing organisations like the Andaman and Nicobar
Command, Defence Space Agency, and National Defence Academy will be considered
constituted under the bill. New Inter-services Organisations may be established.
● Expanded Command and Control Authority: The bill grants full command and control
authority to the Commander-in-Chief or Officer-in-Command of an Inter-services
Organisation, unlike the existing structure where they lack such powers.
● Commanding Officer: A Commanding Officer is introduced, responsible for unit
supervision. They also carry out tasks assigned by the Inter-services Organisation's
leadership.
● Central Government Authority: The central government will have overall authority over
Inter-services Organisations and can issue directives for national security, administration,
or public interest reasons.
5. IoT and SMART technology threats from China

Context
Chinese software technologies and applications that were once widespread are now facing bans
and restrictions worldwide due to data leaks, vulnerabilities, and national security risks.
SMART Technology
● SMART technology is a term used to describe devices and systems that have advanced
capabilities, connectivity, and the ability to gather and analyse data to make intelligent
decisions or respond to user commands.
● SMART technology is an integral part of the broader concept of the Internet of Things
(IoT), where everyday objects and devices are connected to the internet and can
communicate with each other and with users.

● SMART technology enhances convenience, efficiency, and automation in various aspects
of daily life.
Security Concerns with SMART technology

● Ambiguity in Bans: Despite bans on Chinese applications and technology in various
countries (UK, US, New Zealand, India), concerns persist regarding SMART products with
Chinese data sensors, components, and modules.
● Dependency on Chinese Components: Even SMART products manufactured in the West
rely on China for critical data sensors, modules, and transmitters.
● Backend Dependency: Chinese servers often handle data storage and software upgrades
for SMART products, creating potential security vulnerabilities.
● Data Transmission Risks: SMART devices could be susceptible to data transmission back to
China through embedded backdoors and listening channels.
● UK Report Findings: A report in the UK raised alarms about the potential use of Chinese
SMART components to track officials, stifle industrial activity, and harvest sensitive military
information.
● Formalizing Security Plans: India’s military needs to formalise strategies to address
security concerns related to SMART technologies.
● Categorising Vulnerable Devices: Analysing and categorising SMART products used in non-
technical, non-operational military spaces for potential bans on devices relaying
information to China.
● Thorough Vetting for New Implementations: Any new software or technologies
implemented in military areas must undergo strict vetting for links with China, irrespective
of their origin.
● Coherent and Institutionalised Approach: Adopting a coherent and institutionalised
approach will enable proactive prevention of data leaks and breaches through SMART
technologies and IoT with Chinese linkages, ensuring the safeguarding of sensitive military
information.
6. Akira Ransomware
Context
The Indian government's Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) issued a warning about
the Akira ransomware, which has emerged as a significant cybersecurity threat, targeting both
Windows and Linux devices.

What is CERT-IN?
● Computer Emergency Response Team - India is an organisation of the Ministry of
Electronics and Information Technology with the objective of securing Indian cyberspace.
● It is a nodal agency which deals with cybersecurity threats like hacking and phishing.
● It collects, analyses and disseminates information on cyber incidents, and also issues alerts
on cybersecurity incidents.
● CERT-IN provides Incident Prevention and Response Services as well as Security Quality
Management Services.
7. Harami Nala
Context
● The Union Home Minister recently toured the 'Harami Nala' creek in Gujarat's Kutch region,
located near the India-Pakistan border.
● This area, known for its historical ties to infiltrations, unlawful activities, and maritime
issues, provides insights into the intricacies of border security and regional relations.

Challenges
● Border Security: While Indian security efforts are robust, the channel remains a challenge due
to its historical use for illicit activities.
● Maritime Interplay: The confluence of maritime dynamics, security concerns, and border
complexities underscores the intricate nature of the region.

ECONOMY
1. India’s Chip Design Ecosystem

Context
As part of the 2nd phase of the design-linked incentive (DLI) scheme for the domestic
semiconductor industry, the Indian government is considering a proposal to pick an equity stake
in domestic chip design-making companies.
What is the domestic chip industry scenario?

● India is an important destination for global semiconductor companies.
● This is primarily because of its highly-skilled talent pool of semiconductor design en-
gineers, who make up ~20% of the world’s workforce.
● About 2,000 integrated circuits and chips are designed in India every year.
● Over 30 semiconductor design startups have been established in India following the DLI
scheme with five already having received government support.
Initiatives to promote the semiconductor industry in India:

● India Semiconductor Mission (ISM): Launched in 2021, it aims to build a vibrant
semiconductor and display ecosystem to enable India’s emergence as a global hub for
electronics manufacturing and design.
● About SemiconIndia Programme: It was approved with a financial outlay of INR 76,000
crore for the development of a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem in 2021.
● Approval has been granted for the modernisation of the Semiconductor Complex Limited
(SCL) in Chandigarh to transform it into a brownfield chip manufacturing unit.
● The government has also signed agreements with the US and Japan for cooperation on
semiconductor development, manufacturing, research, design and talent development.
What is the DLI scheme?

● The DLI scheme (launched by MeitY in 2021) aims to provide financial and infrastructural
support to companies setting up fabs or semiconductor-making plants in India.
● It will offer fiscal support of up to 50% (max ₹15 crores per application) of the total cost to
eligible participants who can set up these fabs in the country, MeitY said in a statement.
● It is expected to facilitate the growth of at least 20 such companies which can achieve a
turnover of more than ₹1500 crore in the coming five years and indigenise innovations.
How will equity stake help?

● Equity will empower design companies to sell their chip-designing services more effectively
and attract a broader client base in the market.
● It would prevent companies from selling their majority stake to large global players to scale
up the business.
● The equity infusion would be particularly encouraging for local, small and medium-sized
firms that potentially face multiple hurdles to be part of the ecosystem.

Challenges faced by the semiconductor industry in India:
● The sector is capital-intensive. Therefore, any policy directed towards the semiconductor
industry requires a long-term strategy.
● Returns from the investment are not immediate. According to the NASSCOM, it takes up
to 2-3 years before the first product is out.
● R&D becomes challenging as chipsets become smaller and functional requirements change
frequently.
● Supply chain disruptions, like what happened during the COVID-related lockdowns in
China, could dampen potential investor confidence in the sector.
● India owns a much smaller portion of the intellectual property (IP) relating to the designs,
which are mostly retained by global companies.
Way ahead:
● The government must consider how it plans to link its investments to drive more
innovation and employment generation in the sector.
● It is essential that value-added activities (with respect to chip designing) are brought into
the country.
● In other words, moving up in the value chain and enabling the ecosystem must be one of
the imperatives of the government.
● The government should put in place a robust framework for target evaluation and
governance to mitigate the moral hazard posed by politically driven equity investments.
2. NITI Aayog: Towards Decarbonising Transport

Context
NITI Aayog released the “Towards Decarbonising Transport 2023” report to support global
discussions on sustainable transport during India’s G20 presidency.
What is Decarbonising Transport?

Decarbonising Transport refers to the process of reducing or eliminating carbon dioxide (CO2) and
other greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector.
Examples: Promoting electric vehicles, using alternative fuels, improving energy efficiency, and
investing in public transport and active mobility.
Status of emission from the transport sector:

● As of 2021, the transport sector in India contributes to around 14-15% of the country’s total
greenhouse gas emissions.
● Within the transport sector, road transport contributes to more than 90% of the total CO2
emissions.
● India has the target to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.
Key Highlights of the Report:

● India has still no overall emissions or energy targets for the transport sector.

● India’s transport-sector emissions could increase 65% by 2030 and 197% by 2050 (from 2020
levels).
● Contributors: Road > Rail transport.
Recommendations of the Report:

● Increase Reliance on Zero-Carbon Electricity: The transition towards using renewable
energy sources for powering transport.
● Market Ramp-Up of Power-to-X Fuels: Develop and invest in the production of carbon-
neutral alternatives for energy-dense fuels used in long-haul aviation and maritime
shipping.
● Eliminate Fossil-Fuel Subsidies: Phase out subsidies that favour carbon-intensive trans-
port modes, redirecting resources towards sustainable alternatives.
● “Avoid, Shift, Improve” strategy: It focuses on three main actions: avoidIng unnecessary
trips, shifting to sustainable modes of transport, and improving the energy efficiency of
vehicles and transportation systems.
Initiatives taken by India:

● Bharat Stage VI Emission Standards.
● Forum for Decarbonizing Transport in India by NITI Aayog and WRI India.
● FAME India (part of the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan).
● National Electric Mobility Mission Plan.
● Incentives under the Production Linked Incentive scheme.
● Decarbonising Transport initiative of the ITF: Promotes carbon-neutral mobility to help
stop climate change.
3. Gobardhan Initiative
Context
The GOBARdhan initiative in India, aimed at converting waste to wealth through biogas and
compressed biogas (CBG), has shown promising results and attracted significant investments.
About the Scheme:

Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources Dhan (GOBARdhan) was launched in 2018 by the
Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, with the aim of converting
waste to wealth with the aim of promoting a circular economy.
It is a part of Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) Phase II under Solid Waste Management.

Objectives:
● Safely manage cattle and
agricultural waste in villages and
make the villages clean.
● Convert organic waste to biogas
and organic manure for rural use.
● Promote environmental sanitation
and curb vector-borne diseases in
rural areas.
● Create rural employment and in-
come generation opportunities by
involving entrepreneurs, SHGs, and
youth groups in setting up
GOBARdhan units.
Financial incentive: The government provides technical assistance and up to 50 lakhs of financial
support per district for the safe disposal of cattle and organic waste.
Budget 2023- 24 Announcement: Establishment of 500 new ‘waste to wealth’ plants, including 200
compressed biogas (CBG) plants, with private sector and stakeholder Ministries/ Departments’
support. These will include 75 plants in urban areas and 300 community or cluster-based plants.
4. Worldcoin
Context
Worldcoin is an initiative to create a digital network where individuals can claim a stake and join
the digital economy. The project involves scanning individuals’ irises through a device called “Orb”
to collect biometric data and issue them a World ID.
● In exchange, participants receive a cryptocurrency called Worldcoin [WLD]. The goal is to
build the “world’s largest identity and financial public network” accessible globally.
● To be a part of the Worldcoin network, individuals can become “Orb operators” and scan
the irises of others, or they can get their own irises scanned to receive a World ID and WLD
cryptocurrency.
Features:
● Worldcoin uses biometric data to ensure unique participation and avoid duplications. The
company claims to use zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) to maintain users’ privacy and
comply with Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
● WLD’s price fluctuates, and it was criticized, especially by NSA whistle-blower Edward
Snowden, for using biometrics for verification.
● Worldcoin has been introduced in India, with Orb operators scanning people’s eyes at
various locations in cities like Delhi, Noida, and Bangalore.

5. Maharatna and Navratna Category
Context
The Government of India has elevated Oil India Limited to the ‘Maharatna’ category, granting the
company enhanced decision-making powers in financial matters.
Criteria for qualification:

Criteria for Maharatna Status Criteria for Navratna Status Criteria for Miniratna Status
Shall have Navratna status. Miniratna Category - I or Miniratna Category-I status:

Schedule ‘A’ CPSEs. ● Made profit in the last
3 years continuously.
● Pre-tax profit is Rs.30
crores or more in at
least 1 of the 3 years.
● Having Positive net
worth status.
Listed on the Indian stock Excellent’ or ‘Very Good’ Miniratna Category-II status:
exchange with prescribed rating in 3 of last 5 years. ● Made profit for the
public shareholding. last 3 years
continuously.
Average annual turnover > Rs. Composite score of 60 or ● Having positive net
25,000 crore (last 3 years). above in the following 6 worth status.
performance indicators ● Not defaulted in the
Average annual net worth > including Net Profit to Net
repayment of
Rs. 15,000 crores (last 3 years). Worth, Cost of Services,
loans/interest
Earning per share, etc. payment on any loans
Average annual net profit
after tax > Rs. 5,000 crores due to the
(last 3 years). Government.
● Not dependent upon
Significant global budgetary support or
presence/international Government
operations. guarantees.
6. Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment

Bill, 2023
Context
Parliament passed the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2023,
(MMDR Amendment) in a bid to attract private sector investment in the exploration of critical and
deep-seated minerals in the country.

What are critical and deep-seated minerals?
● Critical Minerals: Critical minerals are natural resources that are essential for various
industries, including technology, manufacturing, and clean energy. E.g., Lithium, nickel,
cobalt etc.
● Deep-Seated Minerals: Deep-seated minerals refer to minerals that are found deep within
the Earth’s crust and are typically more challenging and costly to explore and mine
compared to minerals closer to the surface. E.g., Gold, Copper, Diamonds etc.
● India’s import dependency for critical and deep-seated minerals:
● 100% dependency: lithium, cobalt, nickel, niobium, beryllium, tantalum,
● Very high dependency: copper, zinc, lead, gold, silver, platinum group elements
(PGEs), and diamonds.
● India’s current status:
● India is the world’s 4th largest producer of iron ore and the 2nd largest producer
of coal as of 2021.
● India is the second-largest producer of Aluminium globally.
● India’s mineral demand is projected to rise by 3% in 2023, fuelled by expanded
electrification efforts and overall economic growth.
Key provisions of Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2023:
Key Provisions MMDR Act 1957 MMDR Amendment Bill
Private Sector to Limited to State Allows the private sector to mine 6 atomic minerals-
Mine Atomic agencies for lithium, beryllium, niobium, titanium, tantalum and
Minerals. exploration. zirconium. The central government can auction
mining leases and composite licences for critical
minerals.
Auction for No provision for an The state government grants licences through
Exploration exploration licence competitive bidding, while the Central government
Licence. auction. prescribes auction details.
Maximum Area in Prospecting licence: Up Bill allows activities under a single exploration
which Activities to 25 sq. km. licence in an area of up to 1,000 square kilometres.
are.
Incentive for The state conducts auctions for mining leases if

Exploration resources are proven after exploration. Licensee
Licence. receives a share in the auction value of the mining
lease for prospected minerals.
Mines and Minerals Bill 2023 endeavours to stimulate private sector involvement through:
● Expanding Mining Opportunities: The Bill excludes six atomic minerals that were
previously reserved exclusively for government entities.
● Enabling Exploration Activities: The Bill overturns the Act’s prohibition on certain
exploration activities like pitting, trenching, drilling, and sub-surface excavation.

● Introduction of Exploration License (EL): The Bill introduces a new exploration license (EL)
aimed at promoting reconnaissance-level and prospective-stage exploration by private
players.
● Defining Exploration Area: The Bill specifies the maximum exploration area, allowing
activities within 1,000 square kilometres under a single exploration license.
● Central Government Auctions: The Bill empowers the central government to conduct
auctions for composite licenses and mining leases specifically for critical and strategic
minerals.
7. Coastal Aquaculture Authority (Amendment) Bill, 2023

Context
The Lok Sabha has passed the Coastal Aquaculture Authority (Amendment) Bill, 2023, to
decriminalize offences related to coastal aquaculture activities, promoting ease of business.
What is Aquaculture?
● Aquaculture involves cultivating aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and aquatic
plants under controlled conditions.
● It is a controlled environment where aquatic organisms are bred, reared, and harvested for
various purposes, including food production, research, and conservation.
Key provisions of the bill:

● Decriminalization of Offences: The bill removes the possibility of jail time for certain
offences in coastal aquaculture and replaces it with fines. Instead of jail time, the bill
imposes fines of up to ₹1 lakh for certain offences.
● Expansion of Scope: The bill widens the scope of the Coastal Aquaculture Authority’s
activities and reduces regulatory gaps. The Coastal Aquaculture Authority’s procedures will
be adjusted to be more responsive to stakeholders’ needs.
● Promotion of Environment-friendly Aquaculture: The bill encourages newer forms of eco-
friendly aquaculture, like cage culture and seaweed culture.
● Quality Assurance and Safe Products: The bill promotes safe and high-quality aquaculture
products by preventing harmful substances.
● Disease-free Broodstocks and Seeds: The bill supports the creation of disease-free and
improved aquatic life for coastal aquaculture.
8. RBI - State of the Economy Report

Context
The State Of The Economy report suggests that despite a global slowdown, the Indian economy
has likely maintained healthy growth in the first quarter of the current financial year.
Key findings of the Report:

● GDP growth: The RBI predicts 8% economic growth for April-June.
● Global Recovery Status: The global economic recovery is slowing down.
● Export Situation: Exports decreased by around 16% in July.
● Positive Economic Indicators: Private consumption and investment activity may
counterbalance export decline. E-way bill volumes showed robust growth. FMCG sales
experienced an increase.
● Areas of Economic Concern: More households/individuals are seeking MGNREGA work
compared to last year. Non-oil imports decreased, indicating weak domestic demand.
● Investment Intention Study: In 2022-23, plans were made for 982 projects worth over Rs 3
lakh crore. 60% of projects funded by banks and institutions are in infrastructure.
● Future Investment Cycle: Strong bank and corporate balance sheets suggest a positive
future for investment.
● Inflation: Retail inflation in India surged to a 15-month high of 7.44% in July, driven primarily
by increased prices of food prices.
9. Youth Unemployment
Context
Despite being the fastest-growing large economy, India faces the challenge of high youth
unemployment alongside economic growth.
What is unemployment?
● Unemployment is a situation when a person actively searches for a job and is unable to find
work. Unemployment indicates the health of the economy.
● According to the latest annual Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), released by the
National Statistical Office (NSO), India’s unemployment rate in July 2021-22 to 4.1%
Reason for High Unemployment in India Despite High Economic Growth:

● Lop-Sided Development Policies: India’s growth and unemployment coexist due to
imbalanced policies that create fewer jobs for new labour force entrants.
● Demographic Composition: Over 50% of India’s population is below 25, and over 65% is
below 35. Despite high growth, job creation hasn’t kept pace with this demographic.
● Less Focus on Human Infrastructure: India’s progress in physical infrastructure hasn’t
been matched in education and skills. The absence of strong human infrastructure limits
job growth.
● Shift to Rural Manufacturing: Urban-centric physical infrastructure investments conflict
with manufacturing’s move to rural areas for cost competitiveness.
● Constrained Growth in Rural Areas: Poor physical and human infrastructure in rural areas
hinders growth drivers and limits the size of the manufacturing sector.
Recommendations:
● Address Lop-Sided Development Policies.
● Improve Rural Human Infrastructure.
● Scale Up Tertiary Education.

● Promote Tier II Cities: The focus of economic growth should shift to Tier II cities, where
new job opportunities and GDP growth can be generated.
● Address Urbanization and De-Industrialization Divergence: Policymakers need to consider
rural structural transformation that includes not only agricultural productivity but also the
manufacturing sector.
● Integrate Human and Physical Infrastructure: To overcome the limitations of poor physical
and human infrastructure in rural areas, a comprehensive approach that aligns both
aspects is necessary for sustainable job growth.
10. Future of work: State of Work @ AI Report

Context
As per LinkedIn’s first ever global ‘Future of Work: State of Work @ AI’ report, Indian professionals
are rapidly acquiring AI skills in response to the growing prominence of Artificial Intelligence in the
workplace, with the number of AI-skilled individuals increasing 14 times since 2016.
Key Findings:
● India is among the top five countries in terms of AI talent growth, along with Singapore,
Finland, Ireland, and Canada.
● AI Skills Index value highlights the significant increase in members with at least 2 AI skills
on their profiles compared to January 2016.
● Recognition among 60% of workers and 71% of Gen Z professionals in India that acquiring
AI skills could enhance their career prospects.
● Two out of three Indians plan to learn at least one digital skill in 2023, with AI and Machine
Learning being among the top skills of interest.
Analysis:
Positives of AI at the Workplace Negatives of AI at the Workplace
Efficiency and Productivity. Fear of Job Displacement.
Data Analysis and Insights: AI can analyze large Privacy Concerns: The use of AI may involve
data- sets quickly and extract valuable insights the collection and analysis of personal data,
for better decision-making. raising concerns about privacy and data
security.
Improved Customer Experience: AI-powered Bias and Fairness Issues: AI algorithms can
chatbots and virtual assistants enhance inherit biases present in the data they are
customer support by providing instant and trained on, leading to discriminatory
accurate responses. outcomes.
Innovation and New Opportunities: AI drives Skill Gap and Training: There may be a gap in
innovation by enabling the development of required skills as jobs evolve, necessitating

new products, services, and business models. continuous training and upskilling.
Cost Savings and ROI: Implementing AI Ethical Dilemmas: AI applications raise ethical
technologies can lead to cost savings and concerns regarding transparency,
higher return on investment in the long run. accountability, and the potential misuse of
technology.
11. India’s industrial Policy

Context
The author discusses India’s protectionist policies in manufacturing and electronics, contrasting
them with targeted approaches in the US and EU.
What meaning of Protectionist measures?

● It refers to economic policies and actions taken by a country to protect its domestic
industries, businesses, and workers from foreign competition.
● These measures can include tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and other barriers that make
imported goods more expensive or difficult to access, thereby promoting domestic
production and consumption.
● The goal is to shield domestic industries from foreign competition and support local
economic growth.
Issues with India’s Protectionist Measures:

● High Tariffs: Import restrictions and high tariffs on electronic goods like laptops and
tablets, make tariffs the highest among competing economies.
● Broad Protectionism: Protective measures spanning 14 sectors, some lacking a clear
strategic basis (e.g., textiles, food processing).
● Challenges in the Electronics Sector: Rapid technological changes in the electronics sector
make domestic manufacturing keeping pace with global advancements a challenge.
● Lack of Targeted Strategies: India’s industrial policy lacks targeted sector-specific
strategies, unlike the US and EU’s approaches.
● Missed Opportunity: Failure to fully integrate with global value chains can hinder
competitiveness and growth in certain sectors.
● Trade Barriers for Innovation: Excessive protectionism can hinder exposure to global
competition and restrict innovation and efficiency.
● Limited Focus on Technological Advancement: India’s policy may not prioritize
technological advancement, putting it at a disadvantage in rapidly evolving industries.
What should India do?

● Embrace Open Trade in Electronics: Rapid technological changes in the electronics sector
make import substitution difficult. Given global value chains and the success of top
exporters as importers, India should adopt open trade policies for smoother cross-border
transactions.

● Learn from Asian Economies: China and Vietnam’s success in the electronics sector stems
from open trade policies. China’s dual trade regime, allowing duty-free entry for
components, boosted exports. India could benefit by adopting similar strategies.
● Combine Incentives with Trade Liberalization: Following countries like South Korea, India
should merge financial incentives with trade liberalization. Shifting from import
substitution to export expansion can enhance competition, efficiency, and innovation.
12. Indian Fiscal Federalism

Context
The evolving dynamics of India’s fiscal federalism require reconsideration due to various factors,
such as the shift to a market-based economy, changes in the fiscal landscape, and amendments to
the Constitution.
What is the meaning of India’s fiscal federalism?

India’s fiscal federalism refers to the division of financial powers and responsibilities between the
central government and state governments within the framework of a federal system. It involves
how revenue is generated, shared, and utilized to fund public services and governance across
different levels of government in the country.
Issues with the India’s fiscal federalism:

● Replacement of Planning Commission with NITI Aayog.
● Authority of GST Council under Goods and Services Act.
● Impact of widespread cess and surcharges on divisible pool size.
● Neglect of integrating the third tier of governance.
● Lack of consistent financial reporting across all government tiers.
● No comprehensive review of off-budget borrowing practices.
● States are subject to restraint through Article 293(3) under the oversight of the Union and
the FRBM Act, but the Union frequently evades such checks.
● The substantial use of the National Small Saving Fund (NSSF) for financing central PSUs
through loans is not included in the Union’s fiscal deficits.
Why is there a need for re-evaluating Article 246 and the Seventh Schedule?
● Changing Political Landscape: India’s shift from a single-party to a multi-party system has
led to new dynamics in governance.
● Altered Dynamics: Changes in politics, society, technology, demographics, and
development approaches have significantly transformed the landscape.
● Additional Burden: Central legislations like MGNREGA, RTE Act, and NFS Act have placed
extra responsibilities on states.
● Constitution-Making Gap: The original constitution-making process didn’t adequately
address the division of responsibilities and taxation authority.
● Borrowed Framework: The constitution borrowed heavily from the Government of India
Act 1935, lacking the subsidiarity principle.

● Missed Opportunity: The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments provided a chance for
reconsideration, but no substantial steps were taken.
● Complexity Introduced: Introduction of Schedule XI and Schedule XII complicated matters
without clear operational significance.
Need for Specificity: These schedules need to be broken down into specific activities and sub-
activities, similar to Kerala’s approach, for practical relevance.
What should be done:

● Equity in Intergovernmental Transfers: India’s transfer system should prioritize equity.
The 16th Finance Commission should focus on equity in tax devolution.
● Revisiting Article 246 and Seventh Schedule.
● Subsidiarity Principle for Division of Functions: The introduction of a new local list
detailing the responsibilities of local governments is necessary.
● Empowering the Third Tier: Recognizing local governments’ role, the upcoming Union
Finance Commission should address this.
● Reviewing Off-Budget Borrowing: Off-budget borrowing practices by both the Union and
States need review. Transparency is crucial, and all income and expenditure transactions
should be accounted for within the budget.
13. Digital Agriculture

Context
During India’s G20 presidency, member countries are focusing on transforming their agriculture
ecosystems into sustainable and resilient systems. This involves developing an integrated digital
agriculture ecosystem with standards and protocols for data interoperability.
What is Digital Agriculture?

● Digital Agriculture refers to the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
and data ecosystems to provide timely, targeted information and services to enhance the
profitability, sustainability, and efficiency of farming practices.
● Examples of digital agriculture include:
○ Agricultural Biotechnology: E.g., developing microorganisms for specific
agricultural purposes.
○ Precision Agriculture (PA): It relies on the use of ICT to optimize resource
application.
○ Digital and Wireless Technologies: e.g., weather monitoring systems, robotics,
drones, and other wireless devices.
Benefits of Digital Agriculture:

● Increases agriculture productivity: Digital tools and data-driven insights can lead to better
crop management, optimizing yields and overall production.
● Prevents soil degradation: Precision farming techniques can help reduce soil erosion and
nutrient loss, preserving soil health.

● Reduces chemical application in crop production: Targeted application of inputs like
fertilizers and pesticides can minimize environmental impact.
● Efficient use of water resources: Digital sensors and data can aid in precise irrigation,
minimizing water wastage and enhancing water efficiency.
● Disseminates modern farm practices: Information dissemination through digital platforms
empowers farmers to adopt best practices and innovations.
● Changes in the socio-economic status of farmers: Increased productivity and reduced
costs can lead to improved income and livelihoods for farmers.
Challenges for Digital Agriculture:

● High Capital Costs
discourage many farmers,
especially those with limited
resources, due to substantial
initial investments.
● Small Land Holdings in India
complicate adopting large-
scale digital technologies, as
smaller plots are less
conducive to certain
solutions.
● Renting and Sharing
equipment, common due to
financial constraints, hinder
individual technology
adoption as not all farmers
have timely access.
● Illiteracy in Rural Areas is a
significant barrier, as many
rural farmers lack computer literacy, impeding their effective use of digital tools.

ENVIRONMENT & GEOGRAPHY
1. Hybrid EVs - Path to Net-zero Mobility

Context
Hybrid EVs present a big opportunity for economically developing countries for the transition to
becoming net-zero.
About
● Net-zero for a
vehicle includes
emissions at both
the tailpipe of the
vehicle and at the
power plant.
● Making vehicles
net-zero requires
cutting emissions from both new and
existing vehicles.
● Apart from fuel economy, an
important metric is the net emissions
of a vehicle.
● Well-to-wheel emissions include both
tailpipe emissions and emissions due
to fuel production – electricity or fossil
fuels.
● The life-cycle emissions is a more
comprehensive index that includes
well-to-wheel emissions and emissions
due to vehicle and battery production,
maintenance, and end-of-life recycling.
● In the case of full EVs: the lower the
emissions from power production, the
lower the vehicle’s well-to-wheel and
life-cycle emissions.

Challenges in Transitioning to Electric Mobility
● Fast-Charging Infrastructure: Successful transition requires fast-charging infrastructure
along highways to alleviate range anxiety and encourage full EV adoption.
● Grid Access and Reliability: Many regions lack access to a reliable grid, posing challenges
for slow and fast-charging capabilities.
● Vehicle Costs: Mass-market EV prices are much lower in economically developing
countries, hindering widespread adoption due to high battery costs.
2. Takakia Moss
Context
Takakia, a genus of moss that has survived for millions of years, is now threatened by climate
change.
About
● Takakia, a distinctive
moss genus, has
flourished for millions
of years in high-
altitude regions on
the Tibetan Plateau.
● Surprisingly, the
habitat that
sustained Takakia for
aeons is undergoing
rapid transformation
due to climate
change.

● This underscores the pressing need for conservation initiatives to protect this unique moss
genus and its habitat.
Climate Change Impacts on Takakia

● Changing Habitat: Takakia’s habitat, which sheltered it for millions of years, is now
experiencing rapid climate change within decades.
● Temperature and Glacier Shifts: Recorded measurements since 2010 indicate a
temperature increase of nearly half a degree Celsius per year on the Tibetan
Plateau, accompanied by a glacier’s retreat of almost 50 metres per year.
● Species Resilience: Unlike some other plants that benefit from warming, Takakia’s
populations have diminished over the study period. Its struggle to cope with rising
temperatures raises concerns about its survival.
3. Cheetah Deaths
Context
Tblisi, a female cheetah that had been originally translocated from Namibia, had unfortunately
passed away at Kuno National Park. This had marked the 9th cheetah fatality at Kuno, and it had
included the loss of three out of the four cubs that had been born at the park. With a mortality rate
of 30% among the 20 translocated cheetahs within just over four months, the situation had raised
significant concerns.
Cheetah’s Role as an Evolutionary Force

● Prey Population Control: By chasing and catching its prey, the cheetah naturally removes
weak, sick, and young individuals from the population. This process ensures that only the
fittest individuals survive, leading to a healthier and stronger prey population.
● Maintaining Biodiversity: As a top carnivore, the cheetah plays a vital role in regulating the
population of herbivores, such as the blackbuck, which is its major prey species. By
controlling herbivore populations, the cheetah indirectly influences the abundance and
distribution of other plant and animal species in the ecosystem, thereby contributing to
biodiversity.
● Balancing Ecosystem Dynamics: The cheetah’s presence helps maintain a balance between
predator and prey species. This ecological equilibrium is essential for the overall stability
and health of the ecosystem.
● Ecosystem Services: Cheetahs, like other top carnivores, provide ecosystem services by
influencing the behaviour and distribution of their prey species. This, in turn, affects
vegetation dynamics and nutrient cycling, contributing to the overall functioning of the
ecosystem.
Economic Benefits of Reintroduction

● Ecotourism Revenue: Reintroducing cheetahs can boost ecotourism in the regions where
they are present. Tourists from India and around the world are likely to visit these areas to
witness the magnificent cheetahs in their natural habitat.
● Employment Opportunities: The growth of ecotourism and wildlife-related activities
creates employment opportunities for local residents. Jobs in hospitality, guiding, park

management, and conservation efforts can improve the livelihoods of nearby
communities.
● Community-Based Ecotourism: The presence of cheetahs can encourage the development
of community-based ecotourism initiatives. Local communities can actively participate in
tourism ventures, leading to a sense of ownership and empowerment.
● Sharing of Gate Receipts: Revenue generated from ecotourism and wildlife tourism can be
shared with nearby buffer zone villages. This revenue-sharing model incentivizes local
communities to support and protect the cheetah population, fostering positive attitudes
towards conservation.
● Increase in Real Estate Value: Areas surrounding national parks and wildlife reserves with
cheetah populations may experience an increase in real estate value due to their proximity
to these ecologically significant regions.
● Research and Education Opportunities: The reintroduction of cheetahs presents
opportunities for research and educational programs. Institutions and researchers can
conduct studies on cheetah behaviour, ecology, and conservation, contributing to
scientific knowledge and environmental education.
● Wildlife-Based Enterprises: The presence of cheetahs can encourage the development of
wildlife-based enterprises, such as handicrafts, souvenirs, and local products, catering to
tourists interested in supporting local communities and conservation efforts.
● Positive Perception: Successful reintroduction projects can enhance India’s international
image as a country committed to wildlife conservation and ecological restoration. This
positive perception can attract international support and collaborations for further
conservation initiatives
Challenges in Reintroduction and Conservation

● Mortality Risks: During the reintroduction process, cheetahs may face various mortality
risks, such as snaring, attacks by leopards and feral dogs, starvation, disease, and road kills.
● Adaptation to Indian Conditions: The cheetahs being reintroduced are originally from
Southern Africa, which has a different climate and photoperiod than India.
● Enclosed Protected Areas: Some cheetahs have experienced management-related deaths
within enclosed protected areas, such as cubs dying due to malnourishment and females
being killed by males.
● Disease Management: Cheetahs may be susceptible to certain diseases in the Indian
environment.
● Genetic Diversity: The reintroduced population may suffer from reduced genetic diversity
due to the small number of individuals initially brought in. A lack of genetic diversity can
lead to inbreeding depression and hamper the long-term viability of the population.
● Interactions with Livestock: Cheetahs may occasionally prey on livestock, leading to
conflicts with local communities.
4. Captive Breeding of Himalayan Vulture

Context
Researchers have successfully recorded the first instance of captive breeding of the Himalayan
vulture (Gyps himalayensis) in India.

Highlights
● Observations: Researchers closely observed the housing, feeding, frequency of feed, and
the growth and coloration of the nestling.
● Vulture Conservation Breeding Centers: India has established four Vulture Conservation
Breeding Centers (VCBC) in Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, and West Bengal. These
centers focus on conserving White-rumped vultures, Slender-billed vultures, and Indian
vultures, all of which are categorised as ‘Critically Endangered.’
5. Ecological Significance of North East

Context
Umiam Lake in Meghalaya highlights the delicate balance between economic growth and
ecological preservation in Northeast India.
About

Highlights
● Biodiverse Region: Northeast India boasts abundant natural resources, including oil, gas,
minerals, and freshwater. It features vital biodiversity hotspots like the Garo-Khasi-Jaintia
hills and the Brahmaputra valley.
● Environmental Challenges: Despite being industrially underdeveloped, deforestation,
floods, and existing industries threaten the region’s fragile ecosystem.
● Environmental Litigation: PILs and judicial activism under Articles 32 and 226 have led to
impactful environmental litigation, imposing penalties and guidelines.
● National Green Tribunal: The National Green Tribunal imposed heavy fines on states like
Meghalaya and Manipur for illegal mining and improper waste management.
6. State of India’s Bird Report, 2023

Context
The State of India’s Birds (SoIB) report based on data collected from approximately 30,000
birdwatchers has unveiled concerning trends regarding India’s bird population.
Highlights
● A substantial decline in numerous bird species, attributing this decline to a range of factors.

● Widespread Decline: Among the species analysed, 60% of those assessed for long-term
trends show decline, while 40% exhibit a decline in current annual trends.
● Raptors and Vultures: Birds consuming vertebrates and carrion, including raptors and
vultures, have significantly declined, possibly due to pollutants or prey availability
reduction.
● Endemics and Biodiversity Hotspots: Endemic species in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka
biodiversity hotspot have experienced rapid declines over the past decades.
● Positive Outlook: Certain generalist species, exemplified by the Indian peafowl,
demonstrate remarkable increases in abundance, with a 150% rise observed over the past
decades.
● Conservation Priority: The report classifies species into High, Moderate, and Low
Conservation Priority, with 178 species as High Priority, 323 as Moderate, and 441 as Low
Priority. Noteworthy species include the Ruddy shelduck, Indian courser, Narcondam
hornbill, and Nicobar megapode.
7. Illicit Red Sand Boa Trade

Context
● A recent report by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)-India exposes 172 incidents of
red sand boa (Eryx johnii) seizures spanning 2016-2021.
● It is illicitly traded under the notion of its role in black magic practices.

8. Flood plain zoning
Context
● Punjab has been grappling with severe floods for over a month, predominantly affecting
villages along rivers like Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, and Ghaggar.
● These areas, known for their fertile floodplains, have been hit the hardest due to floods
exacerbated by encroachments and construction.
Highlights

● Zoning of flood plains refers to the practice of categorising and regulating different areas
within flood-prone regions based on their vulnerability to flooding and the intensity of
flood events.
● This aims to manage land use and construction activities in these areas to minimise the risks
associated with flooding, protect communities and infrastructure, and maintain the natural
functions of flood plains.
● It involves designating specific zones within flood-prone regions and establishing
regulations and guidelines for development, construction, and land use in each zone.
● No Zoning in Punjab: National Green Tribunal guidelines state that construction should not
occur within 500 mt. of a river’s central lining.
● Punjab’s Lag: Despite NGT’s directives and the need for floodplain zoning, Punjab has yet
to initiate the process. Encroachments persist, putting riverside villages at perpetual risk.
Impact of Inaction (People and Ecosystems Affected)

● Risk to People and Property: Unregulated construction leads to increased flood risks
further inland, causing greater harm during floods.
● Environmental Impact: Concretization of flood plains delays water drainage and affects
soil fertility and quality.nd the need for floodplain zoning, Punjab has yet to initiate the
process. Encroachments persist, putting riverside villages at perpetual risk.
● Impact of Inaction: People and Ecosystems Affected
● Risk to People and Property: Unregulated construction leads to increased flood risks
further inland, causing greater harm during floods.
● Environmental Impact: Concretization of flood plains delays water drainage and affects
soil fertility and quality.
9. Fukushima water release

Context
● Japan’s decision to release cooling water from the Fukushima nuclear power plant into
the Pacific Ocean has sparked a complex debate.
● Amidst concerns about radiation, environmental impact, and transparency, understanding
the facts is vital.
About Fukushima Disaster
● The Fukushima disaster refers to a series of nuclear incidents that occurred at the
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Okuma, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.
● It followed the powerful earthquake and tsunami that struck on March 11, 2011.
● The disaster resulted in the release of radioactive materials and had significant implications
for both human health and the environment.
● It is considered one of the most severe nuclear accidents in history, alongside the
Chernobyl disaster.
Why is Fukushima Water Being Released?

● Storage Constraints: The Fukushima facility’s storage tanks are at full capacity due to the
need for constant cooling of damaged reactors since the 2011 tsunami disaster.

● Vast Water Volume: The plant requires 170 tons of cooling water daily, with rain and
groundwater further exacerbating the issue. The site holds 1,343 million cubic meters of
water across 1,046 storage tanks.
● Release Process: Filtered water undergoes a one-kilometre tunnel before entering the
Pacific Ocean. This process is expected to span 30 years while the radioactive waste
remains on land.
Regulatory Approval and Skepticism

● Regulatory Endorsement: Both Japan’s atomic agency and the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA) have approved the release, stating negligible radiological impact.
● Skepticism and Concerns: Environmentalists, fishing experts, neighbouring states, and
public sentiments accuse Japan of underplaying radiation levels. Concerns encompass
ocean contamination, ecological harm, economic loss, and damage to reputation.
Water Preparation and Tritium

● Filter System: Contaminated water passes through the Advanced Liquid Processing
System (ALPS), capable of filtering 62 radioactive elements but not tritium.
● Tritium Dilution: The plant agency intends to dilute tritium concentration to 1,500
Becquerel per liter, a fraction of the safety standard, before releasing it.
● Tritium Safety: Experts assert that tritium, a weak radioactive form of hydrogen, poses
minimal risk as it emits weak beta particles, easily blocked by materials like plastic or skin.
Pacific Ocean’s Role and Controversy

● Dilution Principle: Experts stress that “the solution to pollution is dilution.” When water
is sufficiently diluted, it becomes safe for both humans and the environment.
● Tritium Focus and Critique: Greenpeace accuses the government and plant agency of
focusing on tritium to divert attention from other radioactive elements that won’t be
filtered out.
● Alternatives and Considerations: Alternatives like additional tanks or evaporation exist.
However, concerns over tank leaks and airborne radioactive releases complicate these
options.
10. Fujiwhara Effect

About
● The Fujiwhara effect is a meteorological phenomenon involving the interaction of two
hurricanes.
● When two hurricanes with similar strengths come close to each other, they can gravitate
towards a common point.
● They may either merge, forming one larger storm, or spin around each other before
separating.
● If one hurricane is significantly stronger, the weaker one can orbit and eventually be
absorbed by the stronger hurricane.
● The Fujiwhara effect is a rare occurrence and can result in a change in the path and
intensity of the storms involved.

11. Places in News
Context
1. Yasuni National Park
● Yasuni National Park is located in Ecuador's Amazon Rainforest and is renowned for its
exceptional biodiversity. It is considered one of the most biodiverse places on Earth, with
a wide range of plant and animal species, including many rare and endemic ones.
● Threatened by Oil Exploration: The park faces significant environmental threats due to oil
exploration and extraction activities in the region. Yasuni has large oil reserves beneath
its lush forests, making it a focal point for debates between conservation efforts and
economic interests.
2. Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary

● Gibbon Sanctuary: Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary is a protected wildlife sanctuary
located in the state of Assam, India. It was established primarily to conserve the Western
Hoolock Gibbon, a species of small ape found in this region.
● Biodiversity: This sanctuary is not only home to the Western Hoolock Gibbon but also
harbors a diverse range of flora and fauna. It encompasses lush forests, wetlands, and
grasslands, providing habitat for various species of birds, reptiles, and mammals.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
1. Chandrayaan-3
Context
Brief Background of Chandrayaan 1 and 2
● Chandrayaan-1 (2008) was India's maiden lunar mission and a significant milestone in
space exploration. It confirmed the presence of water molecules on the Moon's
surface, changing the understanding of its composition.
● Chandrayaan-2 (2019) aimed to further this exploration with a lander and rover.
Although the lander's soft landing did not go as planned, it still contributed valuable
data.
About Chandrayaan 3
● Mission Objectives of Chandrayaan-3
○ Achieving a successful soft landing on the lunar surface (Moon’s South Pole)
○ demonstrating a rover's mobility on the Moon
○ conducting in-situ scientific experiments
● Chandrayaan-3 consists of an indigenous Lander module (LM), Propulsion module
(PM) and a Rover with an objective of developing and demonstrating new
technologies required for Inter planetary missions.
Changes and Improvements in Chandryaan - 3

● The landing area has been expanded, providing flexibility to land safely within a larger
designated area.
● The lander has been equipped with more fuel to enable longer-distance travel to the
landing site or alternate locations.
● Additional navigational and guidance instruments are on board Chandrayaan-3 to
continuously monitor the Lander’s speed and make the necessary corrections.
● This includes an instrument called Laser Doppler Velocimeter, which will fire laser
beams to the lunar surface to calculate the Lander’s speed.
Why Moon’s South Pole?

● Occurrence of water ice in permanently shadowed craters. Region is also rich in
minerals. Water and minerals are resources for future explorers.
● South pole features craters in which sunlight doesn’t reach the interiors. Such craters
are cold traps that contain a fossil record of hydrogen, water ice and other
compounds from early solar system.
Payloads on Chandrayaan 3 Lander Module

Payload Objective

Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound To measure the near surface plasma (ions and electrons)
Hypersensitive ionosphere and density and its changes with time
Atmosphere (RAMBHA)
Chandra’s Surface Thermo To carry out the measurements of thermal properties of

physical Experiment (ChaSTE) lunar surface near polar region.
Instrument for Lunar Seismic To measure seismicity around the landing site and
Activity (ILSA) delineating the structure of the lunar crust and mantle.
LASER Retroreflector Array It is a passive experiment to understand the dynamics of

(LRA) Moon system.
Payloads on Chandrayaan 3 Rover Module

Payload Objective
LASER Induced Breakdown Qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis & To derive
Spectroscope (LIBS) the chemical Composition and infer mineralogical
composition to further our understanding of Lunar-surface.
Alpha Particle X-ray To determine the elemental composition (Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca,Ti,
Spectrometer (APXS) Fe) of Lunar soil and rocks around the lunar landing site.
LASER Retroreflector Array It is a passive experiment to understand the dynamics of

(LRA) Moon system.
Significance of India's Moon Landing

● Historic Achievement: India's Chandrayaan-3 successfully landed on the moon's south
pole, making India the fourth country to achieve a soft landing on the lunar surface
and the first to do so at the moon's southern pole.
● Symbolism and Prestige: The achievement carries immense symbolism, showcasing
India's technological prowess and elevating its global standing. It represents a
moment of arrival for India.
● Scientific Advancements: The mission contributes to ongoing space research, aiding
the development of communication, remote sensing technologies, and climate
monitoring. The lunar landing boosts India's capabilities in understanding
underground water levels and predicting weather patterns, crucial for climate-
vulnerable regions.
● Economic Opportunities: It could stimulate its economy by fostering private space
exploration initiatives. The potential for a trillion-dollar space sector and the
acceleration of efforts to combat climate change through research on lunar resources
are promising.

● Geopolitical Dynamics: The United States' Artemis Accords aim to promote space
cooperation through shared rules and principles. While many allies have signed on,
China and Russia have not, indicating a potential divergence in approaches to space
exploration.
2. DRACO program
Context
● NASA, in collaboration with DARPA, has selected Lockheed Martin to design and build a
nuclear-powered propulsion system for the DRACO program.
● It is a breakthrough technology that could propel astronauts on a faster journey to Mars.
About
● DRACO stands for Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations.
● It aims to leverage nuclear reactions to significantly reduce travel time, making
interplanetary missions more efficient and safer.
● The spacecraft will orbit at an altitude of approximately 700 to 1,994 kilometers, staying in
orbit for over 300 years to ensure safe decay of radioactive elements.
Highlights
● Shorter Journey to Mars: DRACO's nuclear-powered propulsion system has the potential
to significantly shorten the travel time to Mars, allowing astronauts to reach the planet in
just three to four months, which is half the current duration.
● Enhanced Fuel Efficiency: DRACO utilises nuclear reactions, specifically the splitting of
uranium atoms, which are far more efficient than traditional rocket engines relying on fuel
combustion. The engine heats hydrogen gas using a nuclear reactor, resulting in greater
fuel efficiency for interplanetary travel.
● Reduced Exposure to Deep Space: The faster journey to Mars made possible by DRACO
would limit astronauts' exposure to the challenging and hazardous conditions of deep
space. This reduction in exposure could help mitigate potential risks to astronauts' health.
3. Gene-edited Mustard
Context
Indian scientists have developed the first ever low-pungent mustard that is pest and disease-
resistant. It is based on CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, while being non-GM and transgene-free.
Challenges in Traditional Mustard Varieties

● Pungency: Traditional mustard varieties contain high levels of glucosinolates, sulphur and
nitrogen-containing compounds that contribute to the characteristic pungency of mustard
oil and meal.
● Palatability: High glucosinolate content limits the acceptability of mustard oil among
consumers who prefer milder flavours and odours in cooking mediums.
● Feed Quality: Rapeseed meal, the byproduct of oil extraction, is used in livestock and
poultry feed. High glucosinolates make the meal unpalatable for certain animals and can
lead to reduced feed intake, goitre, and organ abnormalities.

Advantages of Low-Pungent, Pest and Disease-Resistant Mustard
● Improved Palatability: Lowering glucosinolate levels in the seeds results in mustard oil
with milder flavour and odour, making it more acceptable to consumers.
● Enhanced Feed Quality: Reduced glucosinolates in rapeseed meal make it more palatable
and nutritious for livestock, poultry, and aqua feed, leading to increased feed intake and
improved growth.
● Pest and Disease Resistance: The developed mustard variety exhibits enhanced resistance
against pests and diseases, contributing to higher crop yields and reduced need for
chemical pesticides.
Contributing to India's Agricultural Goals

● Reduced Import Dependence: India is a major importer of edible oils. Developing high-
quality, low-pungent mustard contributes to reducing reliance on imported vegetable
oils.
● Enhanced Crop Yield: GE mustard's pest and disease resistance lead to increased crop
yields, ensuring food security and domestic self-sufficiency.
● Improved Livestock Nutrition: Lower glucosinolate content in rapeseed meal enhances
its quality as livestock feed, resulting in improved animal health and productivity.
4. Metagenomics and Pathogen sequencing

Context
● Genome sequencing technologies, specifically metagenomics, were instrumental in
pinpointing the COVID-19 pandemic's causative agent.
● Metagenomics revolutionised the process of identifying pathogens and conducting
surveillance.
● It enabled rapid responses to emerging health threats, such as the COVID-19 outbreak.

Metagenomics and COVID-19
● Genome sequencing was
rapidly applied to identify
SARS-CoV-2, resulting in it
being among the most
sequenced organisms to
date.
● Instead of traditional
microbiological techniques,
patient samples were
directly subjected to
genome sequencing,
significantly speeding up
virus identification.
● The success of genome

sequencing gave rise to technologies like the CovidSeq assay and stimulated the launch of
national and international initiatives for the surveillance of the SARS-CoV-2 genome.
Application in Pathogen Surveillance

● Genome Surveillance Technologies: Several technologies based on genome sequencing,
such as the CovidSeq assay, were developed for SARS-CoV-2 detection.
● GISAID Repository: GISAID became a repository for global genome-sequence data,
reflecting high-throughput genome surveillance activities.
● India’s Initiatives: India initiated a national genome-sequencing and surveillance program
for SARS-CoV-2, fostering national-level efforts.
5. HeLa Cells
Context
HeLa cells, an exceptional lineage of human cells obtained from a cancer-afflicted woman, have
significantly contributed to various domains of scientific exploration and advancements in
medicine.

About
● In 1951, Henrietta Lacks was diagnosed with cervical cancer and underwent a tissue biopsy
at Johns Hopkins Hospital.
● A fraction of Lacks’ tumor cells, later termed HeLa cells, displayed an exceptional trait –
the ability to perpetually divide and multiply in laboratory conditions.
● Unlike typical human cells that have finite lifespans, HeLa cells displayed continuous
division, enabling their perpetual growth.
● This property revolutionised research by offering a consistent and adaptable medium for
experiments.
Utility for Scientific Progress

● Polio Vaccine: HeLa cells played a pivotal role in cultivating the poliovirus, facilitating the
development of the polio vaccine.
● Cancer Research: HeLa cells fueled insights into cancer biology, aiding in testing
treatments and understanding disease mechanisms.
● Genetic Insights: These cells were the first human cells to be cloned, deepening our grasp
of genetics and cellular biology.
● Drug Testing: HeLa cells revolutionised drug testing, aiding in drug development and
assessing safety profiles.
● Space Exploration: Their journey extended to space, contributing to the understanding of
cellular behaviour in microgravity.
6. Superconductivity
Context
Independent researchers found that the LK-99 material (claimed to be a superconductor) is not a
superconductor at room-temperature and ambient-pressure.
About Superconductivity:
● Superconductivity is a phenomenon where certain materials can conduct electric current
with zero resistance, allowing electricity to flow without energy loss as heat.

● Initially, superconductivity was observed at extremely low temperatures, below -250º C,
posing challenges for practical applications.
● In the 1980s, copper-oxide superconductors with higher transition temperatures were
discovered, but still required extremely cold conditions.
● Ambient-condition superconductors, which operate at or near room temperature, have
remained elusive despite decades of research.
● Superconductors exhibit unique quantum properties, enabling the development of
advanced technologies such as medical imaging, maglev trains, and quantum computers.
Applications of Superconductivity:
● Medical Imaging: Superconducting magnets are used in magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) machines to create high-resolution images of the human body, improving medical
diagnostics.
● Maglev Trains: Superconducting magnets in maglev (magnetic levitation) trains eliminate
friction and allow for high-speed transportation with minimal energy consumption.
● Quantum Computers: Superconducting qubits are essential components in quantum
computers, enabling quantum entanglement and computation at speeds far surpassing
classical computers.
● Power Transmission: Superconducting cables could revolutionize power transmission,
reducing energy losses during long-distance electricity delivery.
● Particle Accelerators: Superconducting materials are used in particle accelerators like the
Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to generate powerful magnetic fields for particle
experiments.
● Energy Storage: Superconducting energy storage systems can store and release
electricity efficiently, aiding in grid stability and renewable energy integration.
● Transportation: Superconducting propulsion systems have the potential to revolutionize
aviation and space travel, making transportation more energy-efficient.

HISTORY & CULTURE
1. Mylara Cult
Context
● The recent discovery of two ancient sculptures in Basrur near Kundapura in Udupi district
has offered substantial evidence supporting the existence of the ancient Mylara cult in the
coastal region.
● Estimated to originate from the 15th and 17th centuries A.D., provides valuable insights into
the historical importance of the Mylara cult and its historical presence in the area.
2. Piripkura Tribe
Context
Recently, the last survivors of an Amazon rainforest tribe- Piripkura found in Brazil.

3. Megalithic Hat Stones
Context
A large number of megalithic hat stones were found from a single site during a recent
archaeological salvage excavation conducted by the Kerala State Archaeology Department at
Nagaparamba in Kuttippuram village, near Tirunavaya.
Megaliths
● These were constructed either
as burial sites or
commemorative (non-
sepulchral) memorials.
● The former are sites with actual
burial remains, such as
dolmenoid cists (box-shaped
stone burial chambers), cairn
circles (stone circles with
defined peripheries) and
capstones (distinctive
mushroom-shaped burial
chambers found mainly in Kerala).
● Non-sepulchral megaliths include memorial sites such as menhirs.
● In India, archaeologists trace the majority of the megaliths to the Iron Age (1500 BC to 500
BC).
● In India, these are concentrated in the states of Maharashtra (mainly in Vidarbha),
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
Highlights

● Hat stones, popularly called Thoppikkallu in Malayalam, are hemispherical laterite stones
used as lid on burial urns during the megalithic period are found here.
● The findings may throw light on the life and culture of people who lived in those parts more
than 2,000 years ago.
4. Red Fort’s Symbolism

Context
● India marks its Independence Day on August 15th each year with the hoisting of the
national flag at the Red Fort in Delhi.
● This tradition, initiated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, holds deep historical
importance in India's journey towards self-rule and liberation from colonial rule.
About
● The Red Fort, or "Lal Qila," was built during the reign of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, from
1638 to 1648, as the main residence for Mughal emperors.
● It is a masterpiece of Mughal architecture, characterised by red sandstone walls and
intricate marble decorations, blending Persian, Timurid, and Indian styles.
Significance
● UNESCO World Heritage: The Red Fort was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in
2007, recognizing its historical and cultural significance.
● Layout: The Red Fort is a massive structure with over 2 kilometers of walls, designed in an
irregular octagon shape with prominent entrances like the Lahore Gate and Delhi Gate.
● Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas: The complex includes the Diwan-i-Aam (Hall of Public
Audience) and the Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience).
● Mumtaz Mahal: Within the complex is Mumtaz Mahal, often mistaken for the Taj Mahal,
serving as the burial place of Shah Jahan's wife Mumtaz Mahal.
● Historical Significance: The Red Fort played a pivotal role during the Delhi Sultanate and
Mughal eras, symbolising the seat of power and authority.
● Impact of British Rule: Under British rule, the fort lost its grandeur and became a British
garrison, erasing some of its Mughal heritage.
● Role in India's Independence Struggle: The Red Fort regained prominence during the
Indian National Army (INA) trials and Jawaharlal Nehru's flag hoisting in 1947, symbolizing
India's sovereignty and struggle for freedom.
● Continuing Tradition: Today, the tradition of hoisting the national flag and delivering the
Independence Day address from the Red Fort continues, emphasising India's historical
identity and its victory over colonial rule.
5. Sant Guru Ravidas

Context
Sant Ravidas birth anniversary.


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POLITY ................................................................................. 2 3. GOBARDHAN INITIATIVE .............................................

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1. Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023

Major Provisions of the Act

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2. Money Bills and Financial Bills

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President’s Must be introduced on the The President's recommendation is

Certification Certified by the Speaker as a Money

Overriding Lok Sabha’s decision prevails in Requires agreement of both Houses

President’s Role The president’s recommendation is The President's recommendation is

Financial Bills (I) VS Financial Bills (II):

Financial Bill (I) Financial Bill (II)

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Dissimilarities: Unlike money bills, a Financial Without the President’s recommendation,

3. The Doctrine of ‘Reasonableness’

What is the doctrine of ‘reasonableness’?

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What are the Key features of the Mediation bill?

What are the Concerns over the bill?

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What is the sub-categorization of Other Backward

Aim: It aims to ensure a more equitable distribution

The mandate of the Commission:

Why are the Commission’s findings significant?

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6. Standing Committee Report on ‘Judicial Process and their

Key issues highlighted and Recommendations:

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Other improvements required:

7. Bill on Election Commission Appointments

Major features of the new bill:

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Issues with the proposed bill:

8. Suspension of Members of Parliament (MPs)

Method of Suspending Members in India’s Parliament:

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Actions for Addressing Parliamentary Suspensions:

9. Lowering the Minimum Age for Contesting Elections

Benefits of Lowering Minimum Age Challenges

Enhanced Political Engagement: Encourages Limited Understanding: Young candidates may

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Adaptation to Modern Challenges: Inadequate Preparedness: Lowering the age

10. Simultaneous Elections

What is one nation, one election (ONOE)?

Reducing Election Expenditure: Conducting all Constitutional Challenges: Requires

Better Governance: Simultaneous elections Logistical challenges: Conducting all elections

Reduced Security Concerns: Conducting Possibility of Domination by National Parties:

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Reduced Impact on Education: Simultaneous

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Examples of Harmful Stereotypes Addressed:

Significance of the Handbook

2. National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCF-SE)

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3. Global Initiative on Digital Health (GIDH)

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4. WHO Traditional Medicine Global Summit

About Traditional Medicine

About WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine (GCTM)

5. State of Elementary Education in Rural India 2023

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